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Neurological conditions are the leading cause of disability and mortality combined, demanding innovative, scalable, and sustainable solutions. Brain health has become a global priority with adoption of the World Health Organization's Intersectoral Global Action Plan in 2022. Simultaneously, rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) are revolutionizing neurological research and practice. This scoping review of 66 original articles explores the value of AI in neurology and brain health, systematizing the landscape for emergent clinical opportunities and future trends across the care trajectory: prevention, risk stratification, early detection, diagnosis, management, and rehabilitation. AI's potential to advance personalized precision neurology and global brain health directives hinges on resolving core challenges across four pillars-models, data, feasibility/equity, and regulation/innovation-through concerted pursuit of targeted recommendations. Paramount actions include swift, ethical, equity-focused integration of novel technologies into clinical workflows, mitigating data-related issues, counteracting digital inequity gaps, and establishing robust governance frameworks balancing safety and innovation., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.)

This paper analyses all the peer-reviewed articles published by European authors in 161 neurological journals screened by ISI in accordance with Current Contents/Life Science and Current Contents/Clinical Medicine in the period 1995–1998. Our aim was to report the amount and quality of neurological research in the different countries of the European Union (EU), the USA and the world. The number of papers, the impact factors (IF), the population of the source country and gross domestic product (GDP), were downloaded. Data show that in the EU there is a progressive increase in the number of published papers from 1995 to 1998 and that large countries such as Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Italy rank at the top four places for absolute number of papers. The gap in the number of papers between the USA and the EU significantly diminished in the examined period, from a difference of 14 % to 6 %. However, when the IF is considered, the USA performed better than EU, although excellent results have been obtained by the United Kingdom, Ireland, Netherlands and Sweden. When the number and quality of papers are plotted against the number of inhabitants or GDP, Sweden, the Netherlands and Finland are the leading countries in Europe. The present study demonstrates that neurological research in the EU is active and productive, is steadily increasing and is now a relevant part of all biomedical world research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a combination of motor and non-motor dysfunction. Dysphagia is a common symptom in PD, though it is still too frequently underdiagnosed. Consensus is lacking on screening, diagnosis, and prognosis of dysphagia in PD. Objective: To systematically review the literature and to define consensus statements on the screening and the diagnosis of dysphagia in PD, as well as on the impact of dysphagia on the prognosis and quality of life (QoL) of PD patients. Methods: A multinational group of experts in the field of neurogenic dysphagia and/or PD conducted a systematic revision of the literature published since January 1990 to February 2021 and reported the results according to PRISMA guidelines. The output of the research was then analyzed and discussed in a consensus conference convened in Pavia, Italy, where the consensus statements were drafted. The final version of statements was subsequently achieved by e-mail consensus. Results: Eighty-five papers were used to inform the Panel's statements even though most of them were of Class IV quality. The statements tackled four main areas: (1) screening of dysphagia: timing and tools; (2) diagnosis of dysphagia: clinical and instrumental detection, severity assessment; (3) dysphagia and QoL: impact and assessment; (4) prognostic value of dysphagia; impact on the outcome and role of associated conditions. Conclusions: The statements elaborated by the Consensus Panel provide a framework to guide the neurologist in the timely detection and accurate diagnosis of dysphagia in PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors describe three 2016 papers that appeared in various journals relating to magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in multiple sclerosis (MS). The papers include "MRI Criteria for the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis: MAGNIMS Consensus Guidelines" in "The Lancet Neurology," "Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Evolving From Radiologically Isolated Syndrome" in "Annals of Neurology," and "Cortical Atrophy Patterns in Multiple Sclerosis Are Non-Random and Clinically Relevant" in "Brain."

Hoefer likely benefited from continuously being in one institution and not being uprooted like he had been a decade earlier; Putnam left Columbia in 1947 and Houston Merritt took over as head of the Institute in 1948, but Hoefer stayed there [[8]]. Hoefer had known Merritt also since Boston, and Merritt provided an affidavit for Hoefer's 1939 American naturalization [[9]]; thus, he likely supported Hoefer. Keywords: Paul Friedrich Adam Hoefer; Neurologist refugee; History of neurology EN Paul Friedrich Adam Hoefer Neurologist refugee History of neurology 6181 6183 3 10/13/22 20221101 NES 221101 Some recent articles have explored the fates of pioneering neuroscientists who were displaced from pre-World War II Germany, including Munich's Felix Plaut [[1]]. [Extracted from the article]

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become an increasingly common modality for control of several neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, dystonia, essential tremor (ET), and others. Our experience has demonstrated the need for emergency physicians to familiarize themselves with the potential complications of the DBS device as well as the device itself. Therefore, our aim in this paper was to elucidate the number and nature of DBS and non-DBS presentations to the emergency department (ED) and to educate and familiarize ED physicians about DBS devices and their potential complications. We also aimed to devise a simple protocol for DBS management so that all ED physicians would have access to the knowledge or referral capabilities when managing a DBS patient. The objective of the present study was to review the number and nature of ED encounters in patients with deep brain stimulation (DBS) devices implanted for movement and neuropsychiatric disorders. Methods: The series of encounters reviewed included 215 unique patients with DBS implantation who were identified using an IRB approved database and a paper chart review. Patients in the study included those implanted at University of Florida (UF), as well as those implanted at outside institutions, so long as they were followed at UF. The cohort included n = 215 DBS patients. 25.6% of all 215 patients presented to the ED at least once, with the most common presentation occurring as a result of a decline in mental status when taking into account all visits (6%). Reasons for presentation to the ED included neurological (54.6%), infections/hardware issues (27.9%), orthopedic/focal problems (10.5%), and medical issues (7%). In total, 29 patients arrived at the ED for DBS related issues (23.2%). Of those who presented to the ED ( n = 55), the average age was 53.1 (range 10–80 years). Headache was the most common complaint within the neurological category (22.1%), followed by change in mental status (15.1%), and syncope (9.3%). When examining the data by ED diagnosis, change in mental status occurred most commonly in Parkinson’s disease (19.6%). Falls were most common in essential tremor (27.2%), and headache occurred most commonly in the dystonia group (52.1%). Across all diseases, mental status change was the most common indication for an ED encounter (6%). Parkinson disease patients most commonly presented with altered mental status (8%), essential tremor patients revealed a high preponderance of falls (6.5%), and dystonia patients tended to present with headache (7.1%). It was concluded that a large number of patients with DBS will present to the ED for many reasons, the majority of which will not be direct complications of their DBS device. Neurological issues were the most common chief complaint, with individual differences depending on the underlying disease. It is important for ED physicians to consider non-DBS related complaints in the presentation of these unique patients since these issues comprise the majority of the ED visits. However, when properly evaluating these patients, management of their DBS device, or referrals to neurosurgery and neurology, if necessary, are imperative. In addition to device management, regular ED standards of care should apply to this special cohort of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Patients with blepharospasm in addition to involuntary contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle also have non-motor symptoms (psychiatric, sleep, cognitive, and ocular). In this paper, we investigated the relationship of non-motor with motor symptoms and the total burden of non-motor symptoms in patients with blepharospasm. Results were compared with those of age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Methods: We enrolled 60 patients with blepharospasm and 40 age-matched healthy controls. In all patients, the severity of blepharospasm was assessed clinically with the Blepharospasm Severity Rating Scale. All the participants underwent a psychiatric, sleep, cognitive, and ocular symptom evaluation. We investigated the correlations between motor, non-motor symptoms, and patients' clinical and demographic features. Results: The frequency of psychiatric, sleep, and cognitive disorders and ocular symptoms was higher in blepharospasm patients than in healthy controls. Non-motor symptoms coexisted in the majority of patients and there was no correlation between non-motor and motor symptoms. The total burden of non-motor symptoms did not associate with motor symptoms and demographic features in blepharospasm. Conclusions: Non-motor symptoms are independent of motor features and likely belong to the clinical spectrum of blepharospasm. The presence of non-motor symptoms possibly reflects a complex network disorder of blepharospasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article features clinician William Barnett Warrington who made pertinent neurological observations in the early years of the 20th century. He studied medicine in Manchester, England and Dublin, Ireland and took Manchester MB ChB in 1891 and London MB in 1893. He was an active member of the Livepool Medical Institution (LMI) and supported its meetings which was a focal point for clinicians from general hospitals in the city. His publications included a paper on musculo-spiral nerve injuries.

This paper reviews the main neuropsychological features of movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), multiple system atrophy (MSA), Huntington’s disease (HD), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), and diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD). These neurodegenerative disorders all share a prominent frontal lobe-like syndrome which can be explained by damage to connections between the basal ganglia and the cortical areas involved in movement, and in behavioural and mood control. In this paper different types of cognitive and mood alteration are described in an attempt to identify additional reasons for the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism-like syndromes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebrovascular diseases are one of the favorite topics of manuscripts submitted to the Journal of Neurology. In this summary paper, we briefly present those manuscripts that in our opinion were most relevant in selected areas of vascular diseases of the brain.

Peripheral nerve disorders have been a Cinderella subspecialty for neurologists because of the limited treatment options and difficulties in obtaining a genetic diagnosis. In the last decade, there has been great progress in the management of patients with peripheral nerve disease. In this paper, we review a selection of diagnostic and therapeutic papers in this area published in the Journal of Neurology over the last 24 months.

In the last decade, "end-of-life" issues have gained prominence in political and social debates in many countries. The deliberate ending of the life of a patient upon his/her own request has become a hotly contested topic. This paper discusses the implications of this debate and of corresponding policy and legal developments for neurology. We discuss the nomenclature of the "choices for death", euthanasia, doctor-assisted suicide and palliative care as well as the social dynamics underlying these developments. We suggest that we need a more nuanced and empirically based understanding of the process of the "choice for death and its implications for medical practice." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, I review the main papers in neurogenetic research published in the Journal of Neurology over the last year.

This short review summarizes developments and achievements made during the last few years in spinal neurology and includes all relevant papers published in the Journal of Neurology during this time. A focus of the review concerns the debate about the significance of translational medicine in spinal cord injury with the introduction of new drugs directed to achieve some spinal cord repairs.

This paper presents the evolution of ideas on headache symptoms from antiquity through the 19th century. A thorough study of texts, medical books and reports along with a review of the available literature in PubMed was undertaken: observations on headaches date back nearly 4,000 years to the ritual texts of Mesopotamia. Nicolaes Tulp, Thomas Willis and Gerhard van Swieten also made important contributions on various forms of headaches in the 17th and 18th centuries. Edward Liveing and William Gowers made the major contributions to the field in the late 19th century. Overall, observations on headaches span a timeline of nearly 9,000 years. The work of the physicians during the 18th and 19th century, however, set the basis for scientific research.

The Tullio phenomenon refers to sound-induced disequilibrium or oscillopsia. Patients with this condition frequently present to neurologists, many of whom are unfamiliar with the condition and its diagnostic criteria. Indeed, due to the unusual nature of the symptoms patients are often misdiagnosed as having psychiatric disturbances. Tullio patients describe disequilibrium, auditory and visual symptoms, which are recurrent, brief, and often triggered by loud noises or middle ear pressure changes, e.g. the Valsalva manoeuvre. Many cases are associated with superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SCCD). Early work suggested that the presence of sound-induced torsional eye movements and visual field tilts were consequent upon a utricular-mediated ocular tilt reaction. However, more recent evidence from imaging and oculographic research, as well as data from our patient series indicates that these ocular abnormalities are usually the result of superior semicircular canal stimulation. The clinical history and a focussed examination are often sufficient to make the diagnosis, which can be confirmed with high resolution CT imaging of the temporal bones. In some patients, surgical occlusion or resurfacing of the affected canal can ameliorate symptoms and signs. The aim of this paper is two-fold: Firstly, to review the clinical features of the Tullio phenomenon, and secondly, to highlight our own observations in three cases with a new clinical syndrome consisting of Tullio's phenomenon with bilateral vestibular failure, a pure horizontal nystagmus in response to sound, and no evidence of canal dehiscence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crowned dens syndrome (CDS) is a clinicoradiological entity defined as acute neck pain due to deposition of crystals surrounding the odontoid process. Crystal deposition may occur without symptoms or exhibit myelopathy by compressing the spinal cord. Neck pain on lateral rotation has been described in the previous papers for CDS. We tested the validity of “painful neck on rotation” as a potential diagnostic tool to differentiate CDS from meningeal irritation. Patients 1 and 2 were relatively young females and showed acute cervico-occipital pain, with marked limitation on neck rotation. Patient 2 was suspected to have neck strain, since there was no fever and no elevated CRP. In contrast, patient 3 was an older female and showed headache and limitation of neck rotation. Cerebrospinal fluid was normal in spite of inflammatory reaction on laboratory markers. All three patients showed absence of or only a mild limitation on neck flexion. A computed tomography scan focused on the craniocervical junction revealed mottled calcification around the odontoid process. Painful neck on rotation may have diagnostic implications for CDS in patients with cervico-occipital pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports various activities and services offered by the European Neurological Society (ENS). The Scientific Committee of ENS' Nineteenth Meeting on June 20-24, 2009, has issued a Call for Papers with deadline for submission being February 11, 2009. The ENS Fellowship Stipend Programme aims to promote continuous medical education and research in clinical and experimental neurology. A table offering details of the ENS Fellowship Awardees from 1998 to 2007 is also presented.

Our aim was to revisit the papers published by Scherer 1933 describing four cases of sporadic olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) thought to represent the earliest description of striatonigral degeneration. One should note that extrapyramidal rigidity associated with OPCA was then considered a type of cerebellar parkinsonism. Two of Scherer's four patients had severe parkinsonism masking cerebellar signs. Pathologically both cases displayed marked degeneration of the striatum and nigra and partially developed pontocerebellar atrophy. Cerebellar ataxia was the outstanding feature in the other two, their pathological study showing severe pontocerebellar lesions and incipient striatonigral atrophy. Scherer stated that the severity of parkinsonism in OPCA is not correlated with the degree of cerebellar degeneration but with that of striatum and nigra. We conclude that Scherer gave the first accurate description of striatonigral degeneration. Moreover, his contribution was essential in ruling out the prevalent notion of cerebellar parkinsonism in OPCA.

This paper reviews the clinical diagnostic approach to hereditary neuropathies in adults by analysing: elements that point to a neuropathy of inherited origin, different modalities of presentation, laboratory and instrumental diagnostic tests, including molecular tests, symptoms and signs of involvement of other organs. Different phenotypes may be identified according to: disease course; involvement of motor, sensory, autonomic fibres; site of lesion (neuropathy versus neuronopathy); calibre of involved fibres (small-fibre versus large-fibre neuropathy); presence of distinctive symptoms (neuropathic pain); involvement of other organs or apparatus. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy, Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy, Fabry disease, Tangier disease, Porphyric Neuropathies, Refsum disease, Hereditary Neuropathy with liability to Pressure Palsies, Hereditary Neuralgic Amyotrophy, and other rare disorders involving the peripheral nervous system are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the names of researchers who volunteered as publishing referees for papers featured in the periodical "Journal of Neurology," in 2002. Alphabetical lists; Cities of origin

This article presents a profile of biologist Bernard Brouwer. Although an extra-ordinary chair of neuropathology and psychiatry was founded in 1851 and there had been ordinary university chairs of psychiatry and neurology in the Netherlands since 1893, it was not until 1923 that the first separate chair of neurology was founded in Amsterdam. Brouwer became the first professor of neurology in the Netherlands and this choice was not without reason. Brouwer took his medical degree at the University of Amsterdam and obtained his doctor's degree with the thesis "Deaf-mutism and acoustic tracts." He studied several subjects, including the comparative anatomy of the cerebellum. He wrote an important paper on cerebellar degeneration associated with pelvic or abdominal malignancy and considered it to be caused by a toxic agent.

Presents a guideline in submitting research articles to Steinkopff Verlag's Journal of Neurology. Instructions in submitting manuscripts; Description of statements that must accompany the manuscripts; Requirements in submitting illustrations.

The measurement of functioning and well-being from the perspective of the patient has in recent years become central to the assessment of health and the evaluation of treatment regimes. The past decade has seen an enormous growth in the application of measures designed to assess quality of life in a vast array of medical specialities. However, the use of such measures in neurology has been relatively limited, and this has certainly been the case in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The European ALS Health Profile Study is a longitudinal survey of patients diagnosed with ALS or other motor neurone diseases in which patients are aksed to complete questionnaires concerning their subjective health status. Data from clinical assessments are also collected. It is intended that the information collected will provide more systematic and detailed evidence of the impact of the disease from the perspective of the patient. This contribution documents results from baseline assessment obtained from data supplied by clinicians, carers and patients themselves. Three outcome measured are assessed in this paper: the SF-36, a generic measure of well being and functioning, the ALS Functinal Rating Scale and the Carer Strain Index. The evidence presented here suggests that these measures provide a meaningful and valid picture of the impact of the disease. The data indicate that ALS has substantial adverse effects both upon the functioning and well being of patients and carers, as well as an association between the emotional health status of patients and carers, and between the physical health status of patients and carers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This paper gives an overview of the clinical importance of SPECT and PET imaging of the dopaminergic system in the differential diagnosis and for the determination of the progression rate of Parkinson's disease (PD). D2 receptor imaging can help to differentiate multiple system atrophy (MSA) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) from PD. In patients treated with neuroleptics it is possible to determine the rate of striatal D2 receptor blocking using this technique. This occupancy rate parallels the occurrence of parkinsonian side effects. Its measurement helps in the selection of newer atypical neuroleptics, which can be used to treat drug-induced psychosis in PD because they do not aggravate parkinsonian symptoms. Imaging of dopaminergic neurons with [123I]β-CIT SPECT or [18F]DOPA PET is a way to visualize and quantify the nigrostriatal dopaminergic lesion in PD. Findings correlate with clinical rating scales and demonstrate the feasibility of detecting the preclinical lesion in patients with hemiparkinson or familial PD. [123I]β-CIT SPECT can easily distinguish patients with essential tremor and patients with “lower body parkinsonism” due to a subcortical vascular encephalopathy. MSA and PSP cannot be separated from PD with this method alone. Longitudinal studies with [123I]β-CIT SPECT and [18F]DOPA PET can quantify the progression rate in PS. SPECT results from our own group show a low rate of progression in patients with a long duration of disease and a more marked progression rate in patients with shorter disease duration. In the former groups regions in the striatum with higher β-CIT binding at the time of the first SPECT scan decline faster than regions with lower binding. These findings suggest a curvilinear course of progression which starts at different time points in different striatal regions and which levels off after several years of disease duration. These findings are in line with data from PET studies and underline the importance of an early start of neuroprotective strategies. Preliminary data from PET and SPECT studies in early PD suggest that dopamine agonists might have a slight neuroprotective effect and might slow down the rate of progression of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterised by a massive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Yet glial cells may also participate in the pathophysiology of the disease. Indeed, glial cells can produce trophic factors which may stimulate neuronal survival or, alternatively, they could produce toxic compounds which may be involved in neuronal degeneration. This paper reviews the potentially protective or deleterious effects of glial cells in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson’s disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional changes in the organisation of neuronal circuitries are generally used to explain parkinsonian motor symptoms and levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Based on information from histology and neurophysiological microrecordings of specific basal ganglia nuclei, the most widely accepted scheme is based on a central loop which starts in the cerebral cortex, makes multiple relays in the basal ganglia, and returns to the cerebral cortex. Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies, however, reveal no significant differences in the excitability of the motor cortex between normal subjects and patients with Parkinson’s disease. Furthermore, electrophysiological and audiospinal facilitation studies indicate that the activity of reticular nuclei is altered in Parkinson’s disease. It therefore appears that a circuit with the cortex as the only recipient of basal ganglia output is an oversimplification. This paper explores the relationships between various basal ganglia nuclei and proposes a subcortical pathway via which modifications in the basal ganglia may influence motor function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers news briefs of the European Neurological Society (ENU) as of August 1, 2012. Statistics of the abstracts was evaluated at the 22nd meeting of the ENU in Czech Republic. Professor Massimo Filippi of Italy has been honored with the Serono Symposia International Foundation's Award in Neurology. The European Board of Neurology (EBN) board examination in neurology will be held at the 16th Congress of the European Federation of Neurological Societies (EFNS) on September 7, 2012.

The article focuses on the three articles published which summarizes the current treatment of neurological disorders. The first article re-evaluated experimental treatments in acute stroke and the findings of the animal studies were compared with clinical trials. The second paper describes the effects of the free-radical-trapping agent NXY-059 in humans while the third one deals with the summary of the possible efficacy of intraputamenal glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor infusion in Parkinson disease.

Lists reviewers of papers submitted to the "Journal of Neurology" in 2004.

Presents abstracts of research papers on the clinical application of ion channels in neurology. Non-sodium channel blocking effect of the pentapeptide QYNAD; Protection of axons from nitric-oxide-mediated degeneration by blockers of sodium and calcium entry; Mechanisms underlying cerebellar motor deficits due to mGluR1-autoantibodies.

Reports on developments related to European Neurological Society (ENS) as of November 2001. Research papers of ENS Fellow Svenja Happe; Congress announcements.

Isolated REM sleep behaviour disorder (iRBD) is characterised by dream enactment behaviours, such as kicking and punching while asleep, and vivid/violent dreams. It is now acknowledged as a prodromal phase of neurodegenerative disease—approximately 80% of people with iRBD will develop dementia with Lewy Bodies, Parkinson's disease or another degenerative brain disease within 10 years. It is important that neurologists and other clinicians understand how to make an early accurate diagnosis of iRBD so that affected people can have the opportunity to take part in clinical trials. However, making a diagnosis can be clinically challenging due to a variety of reasons, including delayed referral, symptom overlap with other disorders, and uncertainty about how to confirm a diagnosis. Several methods of assessment are available, such as clinical interview, screening questionnaires and video polysomnography or 'sleep study'. This review aims to support clinical neurologists in assessing people who present with symptoms suggestive of iRBD. We describe the usefulness and limitations of each diagnostic method currently available in clinical practice, and present recent research on the utility of new wearable technologies to assist with iRBD diagnosis, which may offer a more practical assessment method for clinicians. This review highlights the importance of thorough clinical investigation when patients present with suspected iRBD and emphasises the need for easier access to diagnostic procedures for accurate and early diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]