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Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a common problem in many countries throughout the world. This study aimed at understanding the status of vitamin D deficiency in relation to age, gender, geography and season among relatively bigger numbers of population residing in central and western regions of Nepal.Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out by reviewing the records of vitamin D tests in two centers of Nepal- namely united reference laboratories at Pokhara and Chitwan Medical College at Chitwan. A total of 3320 individuals who were tested for clinical suspicion of vitamin D deficiency over a period of one year were included in the study. Results: Mean vitamin D level was 18.7 ng/mL. Majority of subjects tested for vitamin D were females (71.36 %) with female to male ratio of 2.49:1. Hypovitaminosis D (? 30 ng/mL) was found in 84.5% subjects and was moderate to severely deficit (

Hemodialysis remains a commonly available treatment option for many patients with end-stage renal disease. In addition to regular hemodialysis, these patients require regular use of medicines, follow fluid restriction and dietary modification. Hence, adherence to treatment remains a major factor to improve survival and quality of life among these patients. Therefore, this study was carried out to identify the adherence to treatment among patients undergoing hemodialysis.A cross-sectional study was conducted among 160 patients undergoing hemodialysis at three centers of Bagmati province of Nepal from July to December 2020. We used End-Stage Renal Disease Adherence Questionnaire (ESRD-AQ) to record the adherence scores in different domains of treatment adherence. The scores were compared with different sociodemographic variables using nonparametric tests.Out of a total score of 1200, the overall obtained mean score was 1084.07±125.58. The percentage of the respondents adhering to dialysis, medicines, fluid, and diet was 91.9%, 76.3%, 48.9%, and 43.0% respectively. Male patients scored significantly higher score in the diet. And the married patients scored higher in adherence to fluid. Patients with middle socio-economic status scored significantly higher score in adherence to hemodialysis treatment.More than half of the respondents were non adherent to fluid and diet. Periodic motivation by health care professional and dietary counseling by dietitians might be helpful to improve the adherence to treatment.

Hypertension, diabetes, glomerulonephritis, obesity, and family history of kidney diseases are major risk factors for chronic kidney disease. Due to the paucity of data on a national level regarding the prevalence, risk factors, and complications of chronic kidney disease, we performed this meta-analysis.We searched online databases from January 2000 till October 2020. Two reviewers screened articles using Covidence software. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software version 3 was used for data analysis.Among chronic kidney disease patients, 35.96% were found to have high LDL, 34.22% had hypercholesterolemia, 39.18% had hypertriglyceridemia, and 42.23% had low HDL. Pigmentary changes were reported in 37.71%, pruritus in 30.96%; and xerosis in 48.55%. Among the reported nail problems, the brown nail was reported in 7.19%, half and half nail in 6.07%, and white nail in 20.65%.The prevalence of chronic kidney disease among high-risk cohorts in Nepal was significant among risk group with hypertension and diabetes being the most common risk factors. The most common stage of chronic kidney disease was Stage V, and the common complications were skin problems and dyslipidemia.