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Ecotones generally present high diversity because they unite fauna that is characteristic of different biomes in a single location. Here, we inventoried medium and large-sized mammals at three sites (from 83 to 342 ha of native vegetation) in an ecotone between Atlantic Forest and Pampa in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, using complementary methods (camera trapping and active search). Between July 2017 and June 2018, we recorded 22 native mammals from seven orders and 15 families, representing 46.8 % of the species expected to occur in the region (N = 47). Eight species are threatened in Rio Grande do Sul, four in Brazil, and one globally. We also detected two exotic species (Sus scrofa and Lepus europaeus) and one domestic (Canis familiaris). The most recorded species were Cerdocyon thous, Mazama gouazoubira, and Dasypus novemcinctus, which accounted for 61 % of all detections. Species richness varied between 6 and 14 species among sampling sites, showing low similarity in species composition between pairs of sites (from 4 to 13 %), with only two species (C. thous, and Procyon cancrivorus) in common. Comparing our assemblages with others throughout the Atlantic Forest and Pampa of Rio Grande do Sul, we observed that small remnants of native vegetation still support the presence of regionally threatened species. Thus, despite anthropogenic pressures present at our study sites, such as poaching and roadkill, small remnants of native vegetation safeguard important mammal species and play an essential role in the long-term survival of the mammalian fauna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Xenarthra, which are endemic to the Americas, consist of two distinct clades, the Pilosa (anteaters and sloths) and the Cingulata (armadillos). The association between xenarthrans and humans dates back to ancient times. Although these associations do not appear to have negatively impacted all wild populations, hunting probably contributed to the extinction of some xenarthrans in archaeological-geological times and, more recently, to the depletion or extinction of local populations. Undoubtedly, human activities are increasingly impacting the wild populations of many xenarthran species. According to the last assessment for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 15 of the 30 species of Xenarthra are classified as Least Concern, five as Data Deficient, five as Near Threatened, and five are included in a threatened category, with one (Bradypus pygmaeus) being considered Critically Endangered, and four (Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Bradypus torquatus, Priodontes maximus, and Tolypeutes tricinctus) designated as Vulnerable. Here, we discuss the current taxonomic challenges of working with xenarthrans and the impacts of those challenges on the conservation of these animals. We evaluate the main threats affecting the Xenarthra now and in the future, we identify some successful conservation initiatives, and we highlight the importance of initiatives by individual experts. Our goals are to summarize the current status of xenarthrans and to facilitate the development and implementation of conservation strategies for these animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medium to large-sized mammals are the most affected by habitat loss and hunting, while at the same time playing important roles in the ecosystem. The knowledge about this group in the Caatinga, the dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil, however, is still scarce. In this study, we carried out the first systematic survey of medium to large-sized mammals in the Rio Grande do Norte state, with camera traps installed in 188 points distributed in 10 priority areas for the conservation of the Caatinga biodiversity. With a sampling effort of 7271 camera-days, we obtained 1607 records of 14 native medium to large-sized mammals, distributed in six orders and 10 families: eight species of the order Carnivora, two species of the order Cingulata, and one species for each of the other orders (Artiodactyla, Didelphimorphia, Pilosa e Primates). The richness recorded represents a third of the 45 large and medium-sized mammal species found in the Caatinga, and half of the large and medium-sized mammal species recorded in northern Caatinga dominium, significantly increasing the knowledge about the group in the region. Among the recorded species are three threatened felids, including a large top predator (Leopardus tigrinus, Herpailurus yagouaroundi, and Puma concolor). The low number of records of some species and the absence of others indicate the critical status of the mammal fauna in the state and highlight the importance and urgency of the creation of new protected areas in the Caatinga of the Rio Grande do Norte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To control illegal wildlife-product trade and protect endangered species of animals, unambiguous identification of the captured specimens is essential. Forensic genetic tools have contributed to identify animal species for conservation purposes promoting accurate results for informing public policies and management of the biodiversity. The southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides) is the largest non-human primate of the Neotropical region and is critically endangered (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species), mainly due to the illegal hunting for bushmeat. In this study, we describe a molecular method using PCR/RFLP to differentiate between bushmeat of southern muriqui and the meat of the domestic animals most commonly consumed in Brazil (Bos taurus, Ovis aries, Capra hircus, and Sus scrofa). The method is based on the amplification and digestion with BanI restriction enzyme of the 16S mtDNA region. We also examine 16S mtDNA sequences of the southern muriqui and other 13 sympatric and parapatric wild species of mammals also hunted for bushmeat to examine whether homologies of the BanI restriction sites could lead to species misidentification. The results indicate the utility of this tool as it represents a simple and cost-effective method to differentiate southern muriqui samples from those of the examined domestic and wild sympatric and parapatric species. We hope this molecular tool will help public authorities in crime prevention, and enhance law reinforcement of illegal hunting of threatened animal species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]