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The paper here provides an effective key for separation of species of the genus Sphyraena Röse from the northern part of the South China Sea for both taxonomic and field identifications. Six species, namely S. barracuda (Walbaum, 1792), S. jello Cuvier, 1829, S. novaehollandiae Günther, 1860, S. pinguis Günther, 1874, S. toxeuma Fowler, 1904, and S. africana Gilchrist and Thompson, 1909, are listed in the key. All except S. barracuda were found during this study. Generic and species problems are discussed and comparisons of each species are made with closely related forms. The species names adopted in this paper are also explained. The first record of S. novaehollandiae from this area is reported.

The paper is introductory to several papers on various aspects of the genus Hippothoa, in preparation by Ryland, Gordon and Hastings. The name Hippothoa is provisionally used throughout as including Celleporella and Reptolatereschara. Some features that must be considered in discussing the validity of these genera are indicated: colonial form, interzooidal communication, polymorphism, early astogeny. The presence of zooeciules in most of the uniserial species is demonstrated, and a single instance of avicularia is described. Notes are given on some type and other specimens in the British Museum, and several lectotypes chosen. The problem of the identity of H. distans MacG. is resolved, with reference to its lectotype, and the species redescribed. Notes are given on various unidentified uniserial specimens from Australia. Finally, the need for more work on the Polyzoa growing on seaweeds, particularly on Australian coasts, is noted.

Phenotypic variation in both hydroid and medusa stages of Obelia species causes taxonomic difficulties. This variation is considered in detail, and some new taxonomic guidelines are proposed.The problem of relating plankton-caught medusae to their respective hydroids is addressed and new taxonomic characters considered, so that the problem comes close to being solved. The European species are near-cosmopolitan in coastal waters and the paper in effect completes a revision of the genus Obelia. Together with two previous papers it comprises the first world-wide revision of any hydroid genus since 1901. The systematic position and validity of the Hydrozoan genus Obelia and the subfamily Obeliinae are discussed.An identification section is provided, with notes on young and infertile specimens. Differences from species of Laomedea and related genera are considered.

1. A morphological study of five body regions of the Lepidoptera has been made, these being (a) the radial system of the mesothoracic wing, (b) the mesothoracic sternopleural region, (c) the ventral thoraco-abdominal articulative (and adjacent) structures, including the integumental components of the tympanum where present, (d) the dorsal thoraco-abdominal articulation, etc., and (e) the metathoracic furca or endosternite. These regions were selected because the nature of the variation they exhibit suggested that, of the much larger number of regions primarily investigated, they are the most likely to provide information on the evolution of the higher taxa in the order. None of these regions had been investigated at all fully previously, and therefore a considerable amount of basic morphological study was necessary as a preliminary to phylogenetic discussion. This morphological work has been extended to include the primitive Lepidoptera (with the Trichoptera) in the case of the mesosternopleural region, and in the regions of thoraco-abdominal articulation, in order to clarify basic homologies where these were obscure in the Ditrysia. 2. Included also in the preliminary morphological treatment are two other body regions, the variation of which is not complex, and can be more briefly described. These regions are the prothoracic sclerites and the metanotal subdivisions - both of these showing interesting variation throughout the order which can be easily interpreted from the phylogenetic standpoint. 3. Following reference to the basic morphology of each region studied, a broad outline of the evolutionary dynamics of each character complex is given in order to provide a basis for discussion of the evolutionary trends manifested within the superfamilies. 4. In sections four and five of this work, the character complexes which were the subject of morphological study earlier are examined further with regard to their dynamics as manifested within each of the Ditrysian superfamilies. The formation of the concepts which are outlined here is based on consideration of all information derivable from all of these character complexes along with previously published information on other aspects of Lepidopterous anatomy. Resulting from this, a re-organization of the superfamilies has been possible on a phylogenetic basis. The chaotic state of the past literature on the classification of the Lepidoptera, the result of superficial taxonomic work, renders the comparison of the present system with previous ones clearly impossible within the scope of the present paper, but it is noted that many of the superfamily groupings do not differ very widely from those in some of the more comprehensive early studies, such as Forbes (1923). Through lack of material, no radical re-organization of the primitive Ditrysian superfamilies included in the Tinaeoid complex has been attempted, and for the same attempting to convey a very great deal of information by means of varied labelling of the two components of the suture. Reference both to the text, and to the figures given in the introductory (morphological) section of this paper, should however, enable anyone to appreciate these factors from the figures given. (3) Abbreviations used with reference to wing veins and pupal tracheae follow the standard Comstock-Needham system, apart from the identification of Cu2, which follows Tillyard's (1969) interpretation.Note also that a few of the less common structures have been explained with the captions to the figures.

The frog Heleioporus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) calls from a burrow. This paper examines the acoustic properties of the burrow by experimentally actuating plaster casts taken from five species: H. eyrei, H. psammophilus, H. albopunctatus, H. inornatus and H. barycragus. These findings are correlated with the properties of both natural calls of the frogs from the burrow and calls induced from the frog outside of the burrow. The morphology of the burrow enhances the principal frequency component of the call by resonance. Frogs call from a slight bulge beneath the burrow entrance. This calling site corresponds to the optimum position for generating a sound pressure maximum within the burrow. This was determined experimentally in an artificially constructed burrow with a complex internal sound source. In addition to optimizing the acoustic properties of the burrow the frog, in this position, has an open visual field from the burrow entrance. We conclude that the burrow system may compensate for the lack of a vocal sac in these frogs.

This paper describes the findings from two series of observations on variation in C. austropalpalis L. and R. In Series I the distribution of head capsule lengths of 174 larvae, collected from 11 breeding sites in S.E. Queensland, was polymodal. Polymodality was also shown by the wing lengths of 15♂, 27♀ reared from 7 of the sites. In Series II the head lengths of 302 larvae from 5 sites (one not in Series I) gave the same polymodality, interpreted as representing 3rd and 4th instars of two forms A (smaller) and B (larger). 276 of these larvae, grouped on head length, were reared on agar and small nematodes, producing 62♂, 70♀ C. austropalpalis and 13♂, 5♀ C. narrabeenensis. The latter was not the cause of the polymodality. Adult wing lengths were bimodal in each sex. Form B was longer winged than form A. Within each form there was no significant correlation between larval head length and adult wing length. Only one of the many additional characters (19 in ♀; 22 in ♂) examined, differed between the two forms. Form B had more distinctly patterned wings with the intercalary pale spot more obvious. The results are discussed.

This paper is a revision of the most primitive genus of the Ascothoracida, Synagoga Norman. The three previously described species, S. mira Norman, 1888 (the type), S. metacrinocola Okada, 1926, and W. sandersi Newman, 1974, are partly redescribed to correct errors and to add new details. A new genus, Waginella gen. nov., is proposed for the latter two species, and the diagnosis of Synagoga is restricted.Synagoga normani sp. nov. lives on the soft coral Dendronephthya sp. in shallow water near Mombasa, Kenya. It is larger than S, mira and its appendages differ in minor respects. New specimens of W. metacrinicola and W. sandersi from their respective type localities were examined. The major features of S. sandersi's internal anatomy are similar to W. metacrinicola (Okada 1926). Crinoids from S. sandersi's type locality showed no evidence of ascothoracid infestation. The new specimens of W. sandersi were infested with cryptoniscid isopods; a questionable record of the same isopod species suggests that the ascothoracid may have a depth range of 260-5200 m. W. axotremata sp. nov. is very similar to, but smaller than, W. metacrinicola, and lives attached by a cement pad to the cirri of several species of the bathyal stalked crinoid Metacrinus (considered Saracrinus spp. by Roux 1981) in the Philippines and Indonesia. It may be a protandric hermaphrodite. Seminal receptacles are found in species of both genera, so these organs probably originated very early in the history of the Ascothoracida.Synagoga's range includes the Mediterranean and East Africa; a newly described, Synagoga-like ascothoracid larva from the Caribbean (Grygier 1983 b) implies that the genus' real range may be pan-tropical. If a recent study of the history and biogeography of isocrinid crinoids (Roux 1981) is correct, the sister group of W. metacrinicola and W. axotremata should be found parasitizing the Caribbean crinoid Cenocrinus; if there are no ascothoracid parasites of non-metacrinine crinoids, then Waginella may have only become sessile in the early Cenozoic.Synagoga spp. and Waginella sandersi are very generalized in many respects, but none is entirely plesiomorphic; no one species is the 'most primitive' ascothoracid. Waginella's anteroventral carapace pores and W. axotremata's cement production do not appear to be homologous with similar attributes of cirriped cyprid larvae, so the distant relationship between Cirripedia and Ascothoracida postulated on the basis of comparative spermatology (Grygier 1981 a, 1982), is left unrefuted.

The paper deals with four species of Azotus Howard and the two species of Coccophagoides Girault known from India. A. qadrii Agarwal, A. delhiensis Lal and A. chionaspidis Howard are distinguished and a tentative key to the Indian species of this genus is given. A. indicus Khan and Shafee is considered a synonym of delhiensis. A biological basis is suggested for distinguishing between C. orientalis (Agarwal) and C. utilis Doutt, since these are found to be morphologically identical in the female sex (males unknown in orientalis). The genera Mesidia Foerster and Prococcophagus Silv. are recorded for the first time from India; the former based on a specimen identified as M. pumila Mayr.

(1) Attention is drawn to the lack of published data concerning the macrobenthic fauna of deposits of clean sand in the Solent area. (2) The major environmental parameters of three sandbanks associated with Langstone Harbour are summarized. (3) A total of 49 macrobenthic species were recorded intertidally and their frequency of occurrence and maximum density determined for each sandbank. (4) Apparent differences in the exposure of the three sandbanks were reflected not only in sediment diversity but also in species abundance and composition: greater shelter resulted in greater diversity of both sediments and fauna. Polychaetes, bivalves and crustaceans all occurred on the more sheltered banks but on the most exposed, crustaceans predominated while bivalves were absent. (5) The results of this paper reveal a broad similarity between the fauna of the Langstone Harbour sandbanks and comparable deposits elsewhere. (6) Evidence is presented to suggest that although many species have fully recovered, a number, especially bivalves, remain far less common or absent since the severe winter of 1962/63. (7) Several species new to published data for the Solent area, and one new to the south coast of England have been recorded in littoral and shallow sublittoral samples.

For several decades there have been no reports on the black muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons), and it has been listed as an endangered species. During the past few years we have discovered there are black muntjac in 37 countries of four provinces in east China. The geographical distribution is very narrow, and limited to the eastern part of China which lies between 28°-31°N. lat. and 117°-120°E. long. This paper describes the results of our study of the black muntjac. Details are given of the habitat and distributions of the 43 adult specimens captured and studied recently.

This paper deals with a number of African encyrtid species of which little was previously known, and it includes new host and distribution records, certain nomenclatoral changes and taxonomic descriptions. It also deals with four species that were originally described from other zoogeographical regions and are here recorded for the first time from the Afrotropical region.Unless otherwise stated, material mentioned in this study is housed in the National Collection of Insects, Pretoria (NCI).

The New Zealand braconid fauna is remarkable in that the only chelonine genus represented is Ascogaster; no member of the world-wide genus Chelonus has yet been found. The New Zealand species of Ascogaster are revised, keyed and illustrated. Of the 12 species, nine are new, two (crenulata Cameron, elongata Lyle) are redescribed and quadridentata, which was introduced into New Zealand for biological control of codling moth, was redescribed in a recent paper. One new synonym is established. The classification and biology of chelonines are briefly reviewed and the faunal relationships between Australian and New Zealand species of Ascogaster are discussed.

This paper reports new data on Australian aegid isopods of the genera Aega, Rocinela and, new to Australia, Alitropus. Aega laevis (Studer) is redescribed. New synonymies reported are Aega meinerti (= A. serripes), A. ommatophylax (=A. vigilans) and A. spongicola (=A. nodosa).The status of Aega cyclops is questioned. The following new species are described: A. lethrina sp. nov., A. coroo sp. nov., and A. beri sp. nov. Descriptive notes and figures are given for A. quadratisinus and A. synopthalma. Rocinela oculata and Alitropus typus are recorded for the first time from Australia. Discussion is given on the taxonomy of the family.

This paper deals with the composition and geographical distribution of the Benue river basin ichthyofauna. A checklist is given for Lower Benue river fishes which is based almost entirely on museum registered specimens. This list comprises about 128 species representing 64 genera, 28 families and 11 orders. Neozoological and paleogeographical explanations for the distribution of certain species are discussed. A considerable amount of pertinent ecological and general biological information is included in the text.

This paper deals with the developmental anatomy of the tracheal system of Musca domestica nebulo, Fabr., the common Indian housefly. The tracheal system of the various developmental stages, viz. the larva, the prepupa, the pupa and the adult, though it shows a basic morphological similarity, at every stage of development is modified to suit the metamorphic changes undergone by the developing stage. The modifications occur in the number of functional spiracles, the tracheal branching and the tracheal air sacs.

The evolutionary radiation of isopods in the deep sea has been substantial. This paper documents the taxonomy of a genus which has played an important role in biogeographic and phylogenetic studies of this rich fauna. The revision includes analyses of intraspecific and interspecific variation, species-level biogeography, formal taxonomy of the Atlantic species and a key. Four new species are described: Ilyarachna argentina, I. armata, I. plana and I. una.

A new genus is described for three species, two formerly placed in the genus Calomela Hope and the other new and described in this paper. A key is given to the species and lectotypes designated where appropriate.

Mysis and postlarval stages in the development of Metapenaeopsis mogiensis (Rathbun), M. andamanensis (Wood-Mason) and M. barbata (De Haan) are described and illustrated. Assignment to species of these developmental stages is tentative but supported by their distributions. Postlarvae of Metapenaeopsis resemble those of Penaeopsis but differ in possessing a dorsal abdominal carina. Metapenaeopsis closely resembles other members of the family but they are all differentiated by distinct characters. The diagnostic characters and the resemblances are discussed in this paper.

De Folin (1886), described, from the bathyal and abyssal north-east Atlantic, 10 new species belonging to Bathysiphon, a genus of large agglutinated foraminiferans. In the present paper, eight of these species are revised on the basis of material in the de Folin collection at Biarritz, France, and new material collected by the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences. Lectotypes are established for six species: B. capbritonensis de Folin, B. capillare de Folin, B. flavidus de Folin, B. major de Folin, B. rufus de Folin and B. strictus de Folin. Bathysiphon nitens de Folin is shown to be a synonym of B. capillare and B. echinatus a probable synonym of Saccorhiza ramosa Brady. The available material does not help to clarify the nature of the ninth species, B. subvitreus de Folin. The remaining species established by de Folin, B. rusticus de Folin, was redescribed in an earlier publication.

This paper describes the results of Nephrops larvae surveys in the western Irish Sea from April to June 1982. Total production of Stage I zoea obtained from the seasonal production curve is used, together with an estimate of effective fecundity, to assess the number of mature females contributing to the season's hatch. Total production of Stage I zoea was also obtained from the intercept at zero time of the stage to stage mortality regression. Length and weight data from the fishery allow an estimate of the biomass of the mature female stock to be made.

This paper, the second in a series on the skeletal morphology of the discoglossid frogs, provides a detailed description of the skeleton of Barbourula busuangensis for the first time. The presence of a medial ramus in the squamosal and a sesamoid in the ligament passing from the squamosal shaft to the posterior end of the angular bone of the mandible are noted. Both the medial ramus of squamosal and squamosalmandibular sesamoid are previously unreported in the Anura, and may be unique to Barbourula. Additional information on the second known species in the genus, Barbourula kalimantanensis, is also presented. An historical review of past opinions and a tentative current assessment of the relationships of the genus are given (pending a computer-aided cladistic analysis of the Discoglossidae). The concept of an osteogram is introduced.

This paper completes the description of Australasian lunulite species belonging to the genus Selenaria. The type species S. maculata and seven other taxa are included, of which five, S. dentata, S. maplestonei, S. kompseia, S. varians and S. exasperans are described as new. A lectotype is selected for each of two previously described species, S. concinna and S. hexagonalis. The Australasian Tertiary-to-Recent lunulite fauna is briefly reviewed.

This paper argues the case for the use of numerical cladistics in ecological analysis. A brief background to the use of techniques which group on similarity in taxonomy and ecology is given. The difference between cladistics and phenetics is explored and the implications for ecological analysis considered. The theoretical justification for the use of numerical cladistics in ecology is presented. Five marine and freshwater data sets are re-analysed using the numerical cladistic programs PHYLIP and PAUP and the results compared with standard ecological techniques. It is concluded that numerical cladistics is more effective than numerical phenetic programs such as ordination because of greater explanatory power and the incorporation of a logical criterion, parsimony, to select between competing explanations.

The New Zealand species of the cosmopolitan braconid genus Meteorus are revised, keyed and illustrated. Seven species are included of which three are described as new to science, one (novazealandicus) is redescribed and three others (cespitator, cinctellus and luteus) were redescribed in recent papers.

The chironomid (Diptera) genus Rheosmittia gen. nov. is validated with the designation of a type-species by Brundin, in this paper. Generic diagnoses are given for larva, pupa, male and female imagines. The western Palaearctic species of Rheosmittia are revised, with lectotype designations for R. spinicornis Brundin and R. languida Brundin and the description and/or redescription of imagines of both these species and of R. halvorseni sp. nov. The larva and pupa of R. spinicornis are described and the possible confusion between the pupae of R. halvorseni and R. languida, both of which are described, is noted.The systematic placement of Rheosmittia close to Parakiefferiella is confirmed, and a sister-group relationship with Gynnidiocladius and Lopescladius is suggested.The ecology of the psammophilic (sand-dwelling) larvae of Rheosmittia is briefly discussed, and it is observed that the genus is Holarctic in distribution.

Members of the oriental genus Yamatotettix are known to occur on sugar-cane, but reliable species identification has been impeded by inadequate descriptions. This paper revises the taxonomy of the genus and discusses the importance of Yamatotettix as a pest on sugar-cane. Two new species are described, and a lectotype is designated for Y. flavovittatus Matsumura. The genus Pruthiana is here placed as a junior subjective synonym of Yamatotettix.

This paper is concerned with the general biology of the notodontid moth, A. bronneomixia whose larvae are found to be serious defoliators of the West African indigo plant, Lonchocarpus cyanescens.At temperatures fluctuating between 21°C and 29°C (mean 22·5°C) and humidities between 70 to 95 per cent eggs developed and hatched in a mean of 11·1 days from deposition, mean hatch being 93 per cent.Under the said environmental conditions, the life cycle from egg to adult entailed six larval instars and a prepupal stage before the real pupa, all lasting 60 to 80 days. Larvae were strongly monophagous, fed communally and in nature pupated in soil/litter very close to the foot of their invaded food plant.Adults were retiring and in the field deposited clusters of numerous eggs preferably on the abaxial surfaces of their food plants. In nature, this moth's population seemed strongly regulated by high egg and larval parasitization, larval predation and fungal attacks at the pupal stage.

This paper examines forms of acoustic interference in some European bush crickets, in particular the phenomenon of song modification, that occurs when individuals of different species sing together. This can result in inhibition of song, changes in the species-specific temporal pattern of the song, or, if the singers simply chorus in unison, songs may be masked. One of the principal causes of song modification is similarity of the song frequency spectra; insects with dissimilar frequency spectra do not interfere. The second requirement for song modification to occur is that one or both singers normally respond with temporal adjustments to chirp rate or duration to the songs of neighbouring conspecifics. These species then 'attempt' to respond to the inappropriate heterospecific signal of the correct frequency. The excitatory and inhibitory properties of these signals are also considered to contribute to the formation of often completely novel song patterns.Field surveys of natural communities indicate that acoustic interference is probably uncommon in the wild though some instances of song modification have been recorded. The adaptations that might have evolved to reduce acoustic interference between species have been considered. Differences in frequency spectra of the broadcast songs, and habitat and microhabitat preferences in those species with similar song spectra are two of the main adaptations that have been suggested.

Lucilia cuprina and Lucilia sericata are probably the two most important sheep myiasis flies in the southern hemisphere. This paper describes and illustrates structural features that enable reliable specific identification of the first and second instars of these species of be made.

For nearly a century myrmecologists have worried about the cerapachyine ants. Are they worthy of subfamily status, or not? Current work on the abdominal segments of the poneroid subfamilies, the first part of which is discussed in this paper, indicates that the cerapachyines should be treated as a separate subfamily. The history of the cerapachyines is discussed and apomorphies diagnostic of the group are noted. Separation from the Ponerinae is stressed and the possible relationships of the group to other poneroids are mentioned. Full descriptions of the abdominal sclerites are presented for each of the three cerapachyine tribes and a subfamily diagnosis and zoogeographical synopsis are given.

This paper represents the initial stage of a systematic study of the mite superfamily Eupodoidea Banks, 1894. For the first time a comprehensive account of external morphology is given with many structures being illustrated by scanning electron micrographs. Where homologies have been established, standardized notations are applied and compared with the terminology previously used by other authors.

Detailed comparative morphology of the ants continues to provide an abundance of new characters with great significance for our understanding of formicide phylogeny. This study discusses earlier phylogenies and goes on to show that the doryline section, nominated here to include the subfamilies Dorylinae, Aenictinae stat. n., Cerapachyinae and Ecitoninae, forms a monophyletic lineage within the poneroid group of subfamilies, with Leptanillinae as the sister-group. Numerous characters, both old and new, are considered, the section is defined and discussed, and diagnostic autapomorphies are given for each subfamily. The wider relationships of the doryline section are considered with respect to its position in the poneroid group and the poneroid complex, and the elevation of Aenictinae to subfamily status is justified. A provisional new-format key to ant subfamilies is provided at the end of the paper, and the phylogeny of the poneroid complex outlined in the light of this survey.

The Munnidae (sensu Wolff 1962) are a heterogeneous group of tiny marine isopods (Asellota; Janiroidea) generally characterized by stalked eyes and an ambulatory epibenthic existence. They are found in shallow water in many parts of the world, especially in colder regions, and are a small component of the deep-sea fauna. This paper deals with the systematics and zoogeography of these isopods in two sections. The first section redefines the Munnidae and erects a new family with an old name, the Pleurogoniidae. The relationships of the genera in these two new taxa are discussed and the systematics of two related families, the Antiasidae and the Abyssianiridae, is clarified. The second section examines the zoogeographic data on the basis of this new systematic information. The Munnidae are found to be an essentially cosmopolitan, shallow-water family with a few species in the deep sea with very broad depth ranges, perhaps related to the apparent eurytopy of many munnid species. The evidence suggests the Munnidae have entered the deep sea at least twice. The Pleurogoniidae, in contrast, are a southern hemisphere, cold, stenotopic family with a few northern representatives. Pleurogoniids have entered the deep sea on many different occasions and have engendered a morphological subradiation there. Pleurogonium, the main component of the northern pleurogoniid fauna, is rare in the south and is likely to be the emergent representative of the pleurogoniid diversification in the deep sea. The present distributions of the Munnidae and the Pleurogoniidae may illustrate the manner in which the initial isopod invasion and diversification in the deep sea took place far in the past.

The Rhagionidae are reclassified on the basis of a review of all of the known genera. One new subfamily and 2 new genera are erected and keys are given for the separation of subfamilies and genera. Omphalophora is treated as a synonym of Ptiolina. It is almost certain that Archicera and Spatulina fall into synonymy with Spania and Ptiolina respectively. Four subfamilies and 21 genera are thus recognized and their supposed phylogenertic relationships are given in fig. 1. Desmomyia may be identical with Rhagio. If true Neorhagio is a synonym of Atherimorpha, 'Neorhagio' in this paper represents a new genus.The female terminalia are here considered to be one of the most important characters in subfamily diagnoses in Rhagionidae, but it is not necessarily certain that Pseudoerinna belongs to Glutopinae and Bolbomyia and Alloleptis to Rhagioninae.I believe that Austroleptis and Glutops belong to the family Rhagionidae based chiefly on the structure of genitalia in both sexes, although further study will be necessary to establish their systematic positions.

The species of Epitraninae, a subfamily of Chalcididae, parasitic Hymenoptera, are taxonomically revised, from an area including India in the west and New Guinea in the east. Over 500 specimens were studied, including all accessible types. Only one genus, Epitranus Walker, is recognized and its synonymy corrected. A key is given to 29 species of which 17 are described as new and among the earlier names 30 were found to be junior synonyms (and some more are probable synonyms, as suggested in the paper, among the names the types of which were not examined). The treated and illustrated valid species include two from Australia and notes and a figure of another species, E. evanioides, from Mauritius. Two Oriental species were found widely distributed also in Africa: E. observator and E. clavatus. The latter was also recorded in the New World, probably having been inadvertedly introduced. One Oriental species, E. erythrogaster, is not only widely distributed but has an unusual range of variation and may prove to be a composite aggregate when more information is available. Little help could be drawn from the biological data because definite host records are available only for four species.

The present paper is based on material collected in different parts of Turkey. One new genus and eight new species are described, and I am supplying detailed illustrations of insufficiently known species.

Many features recommend the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) for behavioural study: it is big, abundant, conspicuous, active by day, reasonably trusting of people, deliberate, and the best self-marked animal in existence. Surprisingly, its social behaviour has been largely neglected.We studied giraffe exclusively for the following periods: February-March, 1975 and January-December, 1977 in the Serengeti National Park, July 1979-June 1980 in the Arusha National Park, and January-October, 1981 in the Tarangire National Park, totalling 3264 hours of observation directed principally to social behaviour. All of these parks are in northern Tanzania.An earlier paper (Pratt and Anderson 1979) presented the results of a year's investigation of giraffe cow-calf relationships in the Serengeti National Park. That study demonstrated the strength of the cow-calf bond in agreement with the findings of Langman (1977) and described in quantitative fashion the behavioural patterns and interactions of mother and young, especially as related to the calf's nurture, protection, and preparation for adult life. We summarize here our observations of other types of social interactions among giraffe. Some of these were made during our year in the Arusha National Park (Pratt and Anderson 1982); to these have been added data from the Tarangire National Park.

This paper reports on the continuation from 1976 to 1981 of a light-trap survey of the Lepidoptera of Norfolk Island, south-west Pacific. The island environment is described briefly. Records of various species suspected to be wholly or partially migrant to the island are presented, including one definite record of an individual of Ophiusa disjungens Walker from New Caledonia. The climatic conditions prevalent during the two most significant arrivals over the period are described, and general patterns of arrival are discussed. In a systematic section new information on rare or migrant taxa, the status or identity of taxa, life histories and seasonal and local distribution patterns is presented. The following species are recorded from the island for the first time: Cosmopterix attenuatella Walker, Morophaga clonodes Meyrick, Bactra optanias Meyrick, Anarsia trichodeta Meyrick, Epipagis cancellalis Zeller, Marasmia poeyalis Boisduval (misidentified previously), Chloroclystis filata Meyrick, Nyctemera amica White, Amyna punctum Fabricius, Ophiusa disjungens Walker, Chrysodeixis acuta Walker, and Lacera noctilio Fabricius.

This paper provides records and short descriptions of six species of Lernaeopodidae and one of Naobranchiidae, found in Australian waters. Four of these species (Brachiella magna, B. tetrici, Thysanote gymnobrachiata and Clavellodes pterobrachiata) are new to science, one (Pseudocharopinus dasyaticus) was previously described from India, the sixth had already been known from Australia (Anaclavella sillaginoides), while the seventh (Naobranchia variabilis) occurs on many hosts in widely separated localities.

This paper reports bats obtained in the Solomon Islands by the Oxford University (Department of Zoology) Expedition to the Solomon Islands, 1953, and by the Royal Society British Solomon Islands Protectorate Expedition, 1965. Some range extensions among the islands are recorded : more notably, Emballonura dianae and Miniopterus tristis are recorded from the Solomons for the first time. Further specimens of Hipposideros dinops and Hipposideros diadena demissus are recorded and a brief review of the species of Miniopterus in Australasia has been made.

In this paper are reviewed the status and composition of some genera, and the identity of some non-African wax scales. Points of interest on other wax and soft scales which came to light in the course of the main study, are also discussed.

1.The circumstances eventuating the capture of the specimen forming the subject of this paper are noted. 2.The systematics of the genus Kasidoron are enumerated. 3.A diagnosis and full description of the new species is given. 4.The reasons for the specimen being regarded as a new species and its relationship to the existing species, K. edom are discussed. 5.Additional evidence is included supporting the theory that the genus is bathypelagic in habit.

This paper contains a list of species collected by Dr. R. Hornabrook in New Guinea. Twenty-four species are recorded of which are considered to be new and are described. Types are deposited in the collection of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) and others are in the collection of Dr. Hornabrook and my own. Line drawings are made of most genitalia and a key to the species mentioned.I have been very ably assisted in this work by Herr. V. Puthz of Schlitz, who will be shortly publishing a key embracing all the New Guinea Stenus in which the above species will be included.

The Ethiopian Uropygi, both of continental Africa and the Mascarene islands, are all found south of latitude 13°N of the equator ; no Schizomidae have yet been recorded from North Africa or from the southern extremity of the continent; the fauna consists at the present time of 24 species, 11 new forms having been described in the present paper; 14 of the total fauna belong to the African continent, three to Madagascar, one to the Comoro Islands, two to Rodriguez, two to the Seychelles, one to Mauritius and one to Réunion. Three are cavernicolous forms, one each from the Congo, Tanganyika and the island of Rodriguez. No less than 10 of the 22 species of Schizomus are found on islands. The fauna is divided between two genera, both occurring in Africa, one of them in Africa only; the latter genus, Megaschizomus, with two species, is limited to a small area in south-east Africa; both species of this genus are large, one being the largest of all the Schizomidae. The other genus, Schizomus, has now been expanded to include species formerly described under Trithyreus which becomes a synonym of Schizomus; in its new interpretation this genus has a wide distribution in tropical Africa and the Malagasy subregion with representatives in other tropic equatorial regions of the world; it is by far the larger of the two Ethiopian genera, containing all the remaining species, 22 in number. Supplementary descriptions of known species have been given wherever possible as well as keys to the genera and species. Illustrated descriptions of the external structures which are of importance in dealing with the taxonomy of the order form a preface to the systematic part. What is considered to be a stridulatory organ has been described in a number of Schizomidae.

This paper describes six species of parasitic copepods belonging to the families Eudactylinidae (four) and Pseudocycnidae (two). One of them (Eudactylina papillosa) is new. Attention is drawn to morphological features likely to be of diagnostic value.

This paper describes the external features of Pentalobus palini and the head capsules of P. barbatus and P. savagei. A key is given for the identification of these three species.

This paper deals with the developmental anatomy of the tracheal system of Musca domestica nebulo, Fabr., the common Indian housefly. The tracheal system of the various developmental stages, viz. the larva, the prepupa, the pupa and the adult, though it shows a basic morphological similarity, at every stage of development is modified to suit the metamorphic changes undergone by the developing stage. The modifications occur in the number of functional spiracles, the tracheal branching and the tracheal air sacs.

Moulting in Isopod Crustacea usually occurs in two phases and invariably the ecdysis of posterior half precedes the anterior. The hormonal control for regulating such a unique biphasic mode of moulting can only be explained by an effectively functional physiological mechanism probably involving circulatory inhibitions or restricted neurosecretive activities. This paper describes the observations made at McMurdo, Antarctica on an unusual single phase moulting in the endemic antarctic giant isopod Glyptonotus.