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Elite alleles and their carrier materials for yield-related traits were mined in Asian cultivated rice(Oryza sativa L. )for im- proving yield potential. Five hundred and forty varieties from different geographical regions were planted and four yield related traits were investigated in Nanjing in 2011 and 2012. The 540 varieties were genotyped by using 262 pairs of SSR( simple sequence repeat)markers. Software of STRUCTURE 2. 2 version was applied for analyzing the population structure, and SSR marker loci associated with the 4 traits were detected by using the general line model(GLM)in TASSEL 2. 1 software. The results showed that the variation coefficients of panicle number per plant,full grain number per panicle,1 000-grain weight and grain yield per plant were 36.73%,29. 90%,10. 08% and 35. 21%,respectively,averaging over 2 years. Linkage disequilibrium at certain extent was found in each of the seven subpopulations detected in the total population consisting of 540 varieties. Totally 30 SSR loci were detected significantly associated with the 4 traits in both 2 years. Among the 30 SSR loci,nine were associated with panicle number per plant. RM3533-105 allele carried by variety'Wanluli' had the largest effect on increasing panicle number per plant. Eleven SSR loci were associated with full grain number per panicle. RM5746-120 allele in variety' Vietnam108?had the largest effect on increasing full grain number per panicle. Six SSR loci were associated with 1 000-grain weight. RM17-145 allele in'Ningjinghui338' had the largest effect on increasing 1 000-grain weight. Four SSR loci were associated with grain yield per plant. RM206-245 allele in'Laolaihong' had the largest effect on increasing grain yield per plant. Rice varieties from different geographical regions contained the best alleles for different traits. These best alleles could be used for improvement of different target traits in breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]