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Given the growing harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation there is an urgent need to develop effective strategies to prevent skin damages. Therefore, hydrogel or cotton and wool fabrics were impregnated with avobenzone (AVO)-loaded and omega-3 (3)-enriched lipid formulations (liposomes LIP, nanostructured lipid carriers NLC and solid lipid nanoparticles SLN) to obtain UV blocking sunscreen gel or functional textiles. To evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of AVO and the sun blocking performance of the formulations incorporated in hydrogels or textiles, in silico and in vitro studies were conducted. In silico studies indicated that AVO can permeate the epithelium, and lipid formulations could be a promising strategy for incorporating and retaining AVO. Furthermore, all lipid formulations showed an entrapment efficiency of AVO of ca. 100 % and a loading capacity between 712 %. The presence of AVO was confirmed by ATR-FTIR and SEM analysis. In vitro release profiles showed that the UV filter was almost totally retained within the lipid formulations (release of only 4.2 ± 2.5 % at 6 h) with similar results obtained for textiles. After assessing the cytotoxicity, cationic formulations loaded with AVO showed to be cytotoxic in a human keratinocyte cell line (NCTC 2544 cells) as opposed to AVO-loaded anionic formulations after 24 h. Photodegradation studies demonstrated that lipid formulations have photoprotective properties by stabilizing AVO but the photoprotective role could not be attributed to 3 despite its antioxidant effect evaluated by ATR-FTIR. Overall, it is possible to conclude that SLN and NLC were more effective as UV protectors than LIP, and that each formulation can have different applications. Negatively charged NLC and SLN can be used for UV protection in contact with the skin either in sunscreen gel or clothing, while positively charged NLC and SLN should be reserved as UV protectors of tissues not in contact with skin (e.g., umbrellas, curtains, etc.)., This work was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT I.P.) in the framework of the Strategic Funding [UID/FIS/04650/2019 and UIDB/04469/2020], “Contrato-Programa” UIDB/ and by the project CONCERT [POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032651 and PTDC/NAN-MAT/326512017], co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), through COMPETE 2020, under Portugal 2020, and FCT I.P. Marlene Lúcio thanks FCT and ERDF for doctoral position [CTTI-150/18-CF (1)] in the scope of the project CONCERT. Raul Machado acknowledges FCT I.P. for funding within the Scientific Employment Stimulus instrument (CEECIND/00526/2018) The authors also would like to express appreciation for the support of the sponsors [Programme - COMPETE and by national funds through FCT – Foundation for Science and Technology within the scope of the project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007136]. Maria João Faria and Ana Rita Caldas thank for their grants (TSSiPRO—NORTE‐01‐0145‐ FEDER‐000015—supported by the regional operational program NORTE 2020, under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund), info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) are lipid-based nanocarriers that have found application as drug delivery systems, in diagnostics, and theranostics. They are biocompatible and able to circumvent biological membranes easily because of their morphological features and structural facets. This article aims to review lipid shell lipid nanocapsules as a smart generation of lipid nanocarriers. These nanocapsules are prepared by the method of phase inversion temperature because of low energy consumption and easy scale-up. Further, the composition, method of preparation, the effect of surface modification of LNCs, medical/biomedical applications, and patents have been described with the help of reported studies. In the end, an attempt has been made to understand the future prospects of employing LNCs as delivery systems. This review will provide a unique perspective to the readers, and help them in empathizing with the far-reaching implications of LNCs as smart generation of lipid nanocarriers.

This study aimed to develop simvastatin (SV) loaded lipid nanocarriers as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and lipid nanoemulsion (LNE) and to estimate their in vitro erythrocyte uptake to reduce the cholesterol level. Therefore, numerous SLNs were prepared using Imwitor 900 K, Stearic acid, Softisan 154 and Dynasan 118. For NLC, 30% w/v of Miglyol 812 was added to the previous lipids and LNE consisting 100% w/v of Miglyol 812 was also prepared for comparison. These lipid nanocarriers exhibited spherical-shapes with negative charges and particle size lower than 400 nm (PDI