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Objectives This paper focuses on recognising and addressing the challenges of ADHD in early childhood girls. The paper aims to fill a gap in the scientific literature by focusing on the specificity of ADHD in girls, which differs from symptoms in boys. It also aims to raise awareness of the issue of ADHD among parents and teachers and to provide practical therapeutic guidance and educational support that is tailored to the needs of girls with ADHD. Material and methods The source materials for this publication will be various monographs and articles by special educators. The collected material will allow the analytical-critical method to synthetically realise the indicated aim of the work. Results Parents should learn to anticipate potential conflict situations, to exclude them or to plan in such a way that the child can cope with them. It is the parents' task to plan the day in such a way as to introduce a ritual and a daily routine of repetitive activities. Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder need to acquire skills to deal with conflict, emotional labile, anxiety and stress. Conclusions Often undiagnosed girls suffer alone together with their disorder. Close cooperation between parents and teachers is an indispensable element in the treatment of ADHD. A child with ADHD should be allowed to participate in the educational and educational process. It is important to get to know the peer group so that girls with ADHD can learn to recognise themselves and their own reactions and abilities.

This paper indicates significance of generational diversity management in modern business. Due to certain social, political and economic circumstances each generation is specific, with its own skills, interactions and expectations. What is common for all of them is the willingness to find the right employer. The one open to human needs and aware of their work commitment; the one to offer appropriate work surroundings, self- development and adequate gratification. The paper is aimed at presenting those generational disparities, for awareness of them is crucial in efficient human resources management. Worksite is the natural environment, where such age-related experiences and opinions clash, enabling to gain the right perspective and choose the most effective and innovative directing solution. Generationally diverse team brings multilevel benefits for both sites and aids enterprise development.

Objectives This paper aims to present a synthetic diagnostic tool for assessing wokeism in universities, offering a comprehensive framework derived from an extensive literature review. The purpose is to measure and evaluate the level and impact of wokeism, identifying strengths and weaknesses within university contexts. The framework development involves defining dimensions and indicators of wokeism, collecting and analyzing data through diverse sources like surveys and interviews, scoring and ranking wokeism levels. Material and methods This paper presents a synthetic diagnostic tool designed for the assessment of wokeism in universities. It extensively reviews literature on wokeism, offering a framework for the creation of this diagnostic tool. The provided examples demonstrate practical applications for measuring and evaluating the level and impact of wokeism within university settings. Results The paper highlights several limitations and implications that warrant consideration. First, the broad and general definition of wokeism employed might overlook nuanced variations within the movement. Second, reliance on secondary sources and hypothetical data raises concerns about the representation of the actual situation of wokeism in universities. Third, the subjective scoring and ranking system employed may lack the validity and reliability required for a comprehensive assessment. Conclusions The paper proposes directions for future research and practice. It recommends refining and operationalizing the definition and measurement of wokeism, testing and validating the tool and framework with primary and empirical data, and applying more objective and rigorous methods for scoring and ranking.

Objectives The issue of professional competence is dealt with by many scientific fields, hence the need to review the definition and classification of the concept and to indicate, based on the literature, the current state of research. The main objective of this paper was to identify the research gap in the area of the usefulness of competencies acquired during military service by Polish Army officers in their current workplace after military service. Material and methods The following research methods were used to write the paper: literature analysis and criticism, heuristic method and comparative method. The quantitative method was significantly applied in the work. A survey questionnaire was used, aimed at retired officers of the Polish Army regarding the use of their competencies after leaving the service. Results The terms that often accompany “competence” in theoretical considerations are qualifications and skills. However, qualifications and skills have a narrower context than competencies, which are the result of having both a wide variety of skills and qualifications. Most respondents found employment in a state institution and a uniformed organization. Retired officers pointed mainly to knowledge, experience, and some also to personality traits. Conclusions The issue of competence is undoubtedly an interdisciplinary concept, with its connotations in many fields of science. Consequently, the concept of competence is not clearly perceived in the literature. The personality traits that distinguish officers of the Polish Army are very valuable, as is their specialized knowledge. They will certainly be a great asset to a retired officer's future employer.

Objectives The purpose of the paper is to examine the impact of labour incomes on economic activity and growth in Poland. Material and methods The thesis of the paper is rooted in the hypothesis of underconsumption and it claims that a proportion of labour incomes to the domestic product exerts an influence on the structure and the value of the aggregate demand and thus it eventually has an effect on economic activity. Empirical analysis provided refers to macroeconomic data for the period 2010-2019. Results The results support the thesis; relatively low growth of labour incomes is followed by low rates of economic growth and investment and higher rates of unemployment. Conclusions The analysis of changes in real production per employee, real wages, the rate of unemployment, the rate of GDP growth and changes in households’ consumption spending strongly support the claim that low wages at least periodically stand behind a demand constraint in the Polish economy and that they impair economic results.

Objectives The main objectives of this paper are to define the issues related to a search for a drowned corpse, fishing it out and procedures to take evidence when the victim’s body has not been found. Material and methods A case analysis was performed in which the criminal covered up traces by drowning the corpse. An extensive study in this regard was conducted covering 500 criminal cases concluded with a final and binding judgement. Finding a corpse in a lake 24 years after the crime is a case described in detail in this paper. The authors obtained the consent of the District Prosecutor and the District Court in Olsztyn for publishing the case materials. Results Neither the process of the corpse search nor fishing it out were carried out properly in the case under study. The large number of search attempts was caused by poor coordination of the search groups and by using unsuitable tools. Most methods were ineffective given the small size of the package resting on the water reservoir bed. Conclusions A search for a drowned corpse requires good cooperation between the search team and law enforcement authorities and later with forensic medicine specialists in establishing the cause of death.

Objectives This paper is about to review some key weakness of the Solow model, when it is applied to less developed economics. Material and methods The paper takes the economic data performance for the Chilean economy from1990-2020, focusing in GDP growth, as well as the investment trend given the positive correlation between these variables. A theoretical background of the Solow Model is analyzed in more details, as well as its assumptions , especially those ones : a. Which assumes that production decisions are self-made by the operation efficiency requirement, b. Which make of the supply of labor high elasticity, linked to population growth , a key variable to ensure that given technological progress, output may growth as expected in the C-D production function. c. The role of technological progress in productivity growth given that in a less developed economy, productivity gains, would hardly come up without government support by setting rules and policies dealing with property rights, efficient regulation, tax incentives, and stable economic policies. Results a. The implication of lacking a management variable, meant that the economy would be on its own, far from being capable of coping with all the requirements to sustain economic growth path. b. The Solow Model standard formulation, had important limitations for a less developed economy c. Investment pattern follow a two tier format: „investment creation” and “investment deviation”. Conclusions The evaluation about the Chilean economy outcome up to 2019, was based on the advantages and disadvantages of the neo liberal model principles, without taking into consideration the ill designed microeconomic setting provided by the Solow model to sustain the path of key variables (Economic growth), as an input for public policies design and its right timing and consistency

Objectives The phenomenon of food terrorism belongs to one of the many varieties of terrorism and, due to its effects on society, is one of the most dangerous manifestations of criminal activity. As a result of food terrorism, food safety and food security are threatened. The purpose of this paper is to present the general essence of the phenomenon of food terrorism and to identify the requirements of existing systems from the field of management to minimize the consequences associated with it. The rationale for dealing with this topic is the current unstable economic and political situation, especially the ongoing war in Ukraine, prompting organizations to be more concerned than before about the safety of the product, consumers, and their employees. Material and methods Critical analysis of the literature, the method of document analysis, including the legal-dogmatic method, then the comparative method, as well as the method of synthesis, and logical inference. Results The paper presents the results of the analysis of existing recognized quality and food safety management systems. The systems were analyzed for their alignment with food defense requirements. Conclusions The research confirmed that each of the identified systems contains references to food defense, although not all contain a clear definition of it, a need to develop a defense plan, and conduct a risk assessment. The management systems are generic, which means that organizations should use additional solutions, such as the TACCP (Threat Assessment Critical Control Points) system when implementing a food defense plan.

Objectives Innovation, especially eco-innovation (eco-innovation), is an important element of modern economic systems. The aim of this paper is to assess resource efficiency indicators considering them from the perspective of the level of eco-innovation in EU countries. Material and methods Based on an analysis of the available literature, the paper focuses on the issues of measuring eco-innovation. The article, based on the analysis of the available literature on the subject, focuses on the issues of measuring eco-innovation. Then, the available eco-innovation indicators were used and statistical data for 2021 were analysed. Data was collected from European Commission reports. Results The analysis of selected indicators was presented both for Poland and for the other EU countries, which made international comparisons possible. Then, through the so-called indicator monitoring, the stage of development of eco-innovation was determined for each country Conclusions The eco-innovation indicator is one of the most important indicators in the field of environmental protection. The implementation of eco-innovation is therefore aimed at stimulating sustainable development.

Objectives A number of studies have dealt with the effects of economic integration on foreign direct investment, however without a comprehensive and simultaneous analysis of the overall positioning of these countries along the investment development path (IDP). In the current paper, a comparative analysis is conducted of IDPs of four Eastern European countries, both members and non-members of the European Union. The purpose of the paper is to determine the effect of economic integration on foreign direct investment (FDI) flows and on the movement of these Eastern European economies through their IDP stages. Material and methods An attempt is made to identify the positioning of the sample countries on the IDP, using trend estimation depicting the relationship between net outward investment (NOI) position per capita and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, as well as detailed descriptive data on inward and outward FDI stocks and flows, subsequently supported with econometric analyses. Results While the findings point to a rather ambiguous effect of European Union (EU) membership on FDI growth and IDP trajectories, integration tends to exert a stronger effect on outward FDI than on inward FDI of member countries. Conclusions The study’s findings reveal the need to add new theoretical considerations to the interface between economic integration and the IDP model as well as formulate certain policy implications resulting therefrom.

Objectives The paper is of a cognitive nature, it aims at diagnosing the factors of activity of the elderly and defining their anxieties and expectations related to old age and ageing. Material and methods The paper is a set of theoretical deliberations consistent with the literature of the subject and empirical deliberations collected based on generally available statistical data and own research findings. The presented research is of an exploratory nature. Results The more and more visible process of ageing societies is contributing to the growing interest in the problem of old age, particularly with regard to the social perception of old age itself and to the related complex process of ageing. This paper attempts to analyse the indicated aspects, considering seniors' attitudes towards the discussed problems. The article presents statistical data for Poland and the author's own research findings. Conclusions Contemporary old age is really varied in terms of age, sex, education level, and first of all in terms of health and independence level, thus, the way of experiencing it is very individual. However, one can indicate some trends and tendencies which accompany this process. At present, seniors prepare better and better to go through old age, more and more often they take advantage of various forms of activity, owing to which they can face the consequences of aging and experience their old age more and more consciously.

Objectives This paper presents the comparison of various approaches to the issue of access to higher education for adult learners in European countries. In particular, it indicates two systems of learners' skills evaluation, similar in way of organization but opposite in obtained results. The first one is Finnish and second one Polish Matriculation Examination system, regarded as the Entrance Exams to university level education. Both systems are presented in perspective of learners of schools for adults, mostly young people who have drop out of the youth system. The main goal of this paper is to indicate the difficulties faced by learners of upper secondary schools for adults, especially in Poland. The difficulties causing that door to higher education are closed in front of these learners. Material and methods The analyses take into account secondary data from examination sessions 2015-2018, provided by the Polish Central Examination Board and the Finnish Matriculation Examination Board. Results While in reference to students of youth schools from Finland and Poland we can say in some approximation the examination results are similar, for adult school learners the distribution is fundamentally different. When in Finland 10% candidates do not pass the mathematics exam, in Poland corresponding indicator is 7 times larger. Conclusions Presented results indicate Polish adult formal education urgently needs the help. The modifications are necessary. Maybe not the change of organization of matriculation examination, but certainly the reconstruction of learning/teaching process in secondary schools for adults.

Objectives This paper focuses on the normative solutions established under the Polish Rural Development Programme (RDP) 2014–2020 for the support of water-law companies involved in the protection of agricultural production against the consequences of adverse weather conditions such as flooding, partial flooding or torrential rain. Material and methods The paper aims to determine to what extent, if any, the aid ensures the continued operation of an agricultural producer (farm sustainability). In terms of methodology, the research relies chiefly on a dogmatic analysis of legal texts. Legal considerations are supplemented with statistical data under access to public information regulations. Results The study of the research material has revealed that water-law companies are more inclined to invest in the protection of the producer’s workplace when presented with favourable financial terms and clear legal regulations.With regard to operations performed by water-law companies to protect agricultural production against the effects of adverse weather conditions such as flooding, partial flooding, or excessive dampness caused by flooding or torrential rain, this aid has a narrow thematic scope and addresses the need for public intervention due to drainage and irrigation hazards. Conclusions It may be assumed that the analysed form of ex-ante support dedicated to water-law companies – “Support for investments in preventive measures for the mitigation of damage caused by probable natural disasters, adverse climatic phenomena, and catastrophic events” – ensures farm sustainability with respect to the explicitly identified risks.

Objectives Safety management is a specific process, which should take into account building societal resistance based on flexibility and elasticity of its components. The goal of the paper is to present resilience indices/measures with coexistence of stability and change as well a specific homeostasis accompanied by dynamic evolution that guarantees sustainable development Material and methods Methodology based on approaches adopted among others by the UNU-IAS - SEPLS and selected literature sources allowed the establishment of a set of criteria meant to assist in compilation of input data for needs of analyses of mesoregions. In addition results of the research process were verified/subjected to testing during interviews carried out among community members and representatives of local authorities. All those materials were analysed in a synthetic manner and allowed achieving the assumed goal Results According to the sociological approach, based on the theory of community development and trust culture as well as on an approach assuming the concept of system resilience, a wide set of indicators has been established which form a starting point for further studies in this field. The deliberations took into account not only a subjective perception of security, but also its measurable variables Conclusions The paper has both a theoretical and a practical dimension. The concept of resilience is quite effective under the general theory of systems. However, in situations when systemic formulations tens to hinder rather than help provide clarifications, a different interpretation may be justified. This may happen in case of building societal resistance, limiting the risk of hazards, which seems to be to a bigger extent related with transformation than with preserving “the state of the system”.

Objectives The social and cultural phenomenon of the musical subgenre unblack metal (UBM) is analysed and presented in the paper. The paper aims to highlight the most important aspects and ideological content as a part of content analysis of the musical works by selected UBM bands that represent all three waves of this musical genre. Material and methods This paper is a first step towards creation of the consistent UBM image to present it in the Polish academic environment. It is a good start for further advanced research to be developed in the future. Several methodological problems that were encountered during research were presented before the analysis of UBM phenomenon. Results In the paper there is an outline of the UBM history, its ideological foundations that can be found in the musical works of the most important bands from the mid-90-ties until today, the author’s vision of the UBM three waves and preliminary content systematisation with thematic sections with the accent on the stylistic efforts and language. Conclusions UBM texts concern mainly Bible, both Old and New Testaments, but that does not mean that UMB texts are narrowed down to the religious content only. I emphasised eleven thematic sections, several dozens expressions and propaganda mechanisms that have been used. The main conclusion concerns general deficit of the Christian metal research in sociology of music. The paper therefore represents significant research value as a sound introduction into this barely explored issue.

Objectives The subject of the analysis carried out in the paper is the characteristics of supervisory authorities. What is extremely important is that both constitutional authorities and quasi-authorities have the power to conduct supervisory activities, but only in terms of legality. The object of supervision is not only normative acts adopted by commune-level local government bodies, but also other activities carried out by entities that operate at this level of government. Material and methods The article was prepared on the basis of applicable legal acts of the doctrine views. Results Because of its brief size, the present paper is not an attempt at a comprehensive presentation of the problem identified in the title. The discussion is limited to a few elements. The paper contains an analysis of selected issues related to the problem of supervision over the activities of commune-level local government. The problem was described by comparing the most important constitutional and non-constitutional authorities appointed for this purpose. Conclusions The purpose of this paper is to briefly describe the supervision over commune-level local government by both supervisory authorities in the strict meaning of this term and institutions that are considered quasi-supervisory authorities. On the one hand, these are constitutional bodies that operate, among others, in the political sphere (this remark refers to the prime minister and province governors) and, on the other hand, these are supervisory authorities bodies (which in our case supervise the activities of local government units) that exercise their powers by following the criterion of legality (this group also includes regional chambers of accounts).

Objectives The purpose of the paper is to show the difficulties experienced by the families of persons serving prison sentences, as well as to analyse the possibilities of social assistance and support for families of prisoners in overcoming these problems. Material and methods This paper is a review of scientific literature and legal documents and shows the scope of assistance provided to prisoners and their families. Results Families of prisoners are often the subject of research because of their role in the process of rehabilitation and social reintegration of prisoners. Families themselves, however, and especially the problems they experience with the imprisonment of a family member, receive little attention. Conclusions Families of people committing criminal acts are often dysfunctional families that are struggling with numerous social, emotional, and legal problems, and imprisonment of a family member further intensifies these problems. The analysis carried out in this paper shows that there is a lack of forms of assistance directed specifically to the families of prisoners, and if these families do benefit from the assistance of public institutions, they do so mainly indirectly, through the assistance provided to prisoners and through post-penitentiary assistance in the process of adaptation to life after release from prison.

Objectives The aim of the paper is to measure innovation capital of Polish cities and verify whether its dispersion changed. Material and methods Data was retrieved from the Local Data Bank provided by Statistics Poland. The sample consists of 18 Polish cities. The research period covers years 2014-2021. The TOPSIS method was applied to build the innovation capital index of cities and sigma convergence of innovation capital was verified. Results The findings indicate relatively high cross-sectional disparities in the vast majority of the investigated indicators of cities’ innovation capital. The largest disparities were identified for the number of higher education graduates and the new registered enterprises in high-tech services sector. The constructed composite indicator - innovation capital index took the highest average values in the analysed period for Wrocław, Poznań, Kraków, Warszawa, and Lublin, whereas Gorzów Wielkopolski, Zielona Góra, Bydgoszcz, and Białystok achieved the lowest values. The sigma convergence analysis revealed that the differentiation of innovation capital in Polish cities remained at a similar level and there was no convergence in this area. Conclusions Innovation capital plays a key role in the development of urban economy. Given the complexity of innovation capital, its measurement should comprise a set of indicators reflecting both output and input dimensions. Identification of spatial patterns of innovation capital distribution should enable to adjust smart specialization strategy to territorial characteristics of a given city.

Objectives Every organization operating in the 20s of the 21st century struggles with operating in a turbulent environment. The effects of the Covid-19 pandemic, which are still being felt today, cause some changes in customer behavior. This article focuses on the study of this phenomenon in relation to the risk perceived by customers in making online purchases. The article's purpose is to identify the broad management implications of online shopping risk perceptions among consumers during the Covid-19 pandemic. Material and methods The research conducted concerns customers' purchasing risk perceptions. An analysis is made of the countermeasures respondents use to minimize purchasing risks. The research used a diagnostic survey on a sample of 1,000 consumers. Results The results of the conducted surveys indicate that consumers in general are aware of the risks associated with purchasing various goods via the Internet. In addition, it can be concluded that age is not significant when it comes to the perception of purchasing risks when shopping online, while concerns about buying online are dependent on the respondents' sex. There is also a statistically significant difference between the respondents' sex and sensitivity to purchase risk in various aspects. Conclusions This paper fulfils a gap in knowledge about shopping risk perceptions among consumers during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Objectives Running a business effectively requires ensuring continuity and regularity of the activity. For this purpose, it is important to effectively and rationally manage inventories and maintain them at various levels of optimality. Material and methods In the paper a design of the probabilistic model of reserves is discussed. The objective was an elaboration of the optimal strategy of materials reserves management in the series manufacturing. Results The model has been verified at an attainable scale using the numerical data concerning different assortment of materials in the serial production of furniture. The proposed probabilistic model makes it possible to elaborate the optimal strategy of type R, Z in the management of reserves of based materials of the manufacturing company with large-lot production. The strategy is based on minimal expenses connected with a supply of materials. Conclusions For each company to provide good quality services, it is necessary for individual, cooperating enterprises to function efficiently. The so-called "supply chain" is a specific sequence of activities enabling the satisfaction of market demand for a given product. The supply chain consists of companies and plants that are involved in supplying raw materials, processing them into semi-finished products and, ultimately, creating a finished product. The simplest supply chain consists of a company, suppliers and customers. However, it is good to know that many more companies are involved in most production processes, including transport, logistics, finance and IT.

Objectives Adaptations to digitalization and climate change of all aspects of society are important issues of innovation management at the local and regional levels. The paper demonstrates: 1) the components of smart specialization in order to achieve municipalities and regions strategy goals; 2) the use of the mechanism of smart specialization to realize the entrepreneurial potential of the regional economy; 3) the introduction of smart specialization for the innovative development of the Ukrainian municipalities based on the European experience; 4) the indicators of building resilience of municipalities and regions innovative management to smart specialization. Material and methods Combination of dialectical approach to the knowledge of the components of smart specialisation and the methods of induction, deduction for the realisation of the entrepreneurial potential of the regional economy based on cross-industry clustering became the basis for the development of recommendations for municipalities Results Extending the sustainability of innovative municipal and regional governance to smart specialisation is to take into account the importance of using the main postulates of the smart specialisation mechanism to realise the innovation potential of the regional economy. Conclusions The priority directions of the agro-energy cluster model should be the establishment of a cluster model of "Government-Business-Science-Education" interaction. In order to achieve this goal, scientists from the Western Ukrainian National University justified and developed the Programme for Supporting Innovation in Areas of Smart Specialisation in the Ternopil Region for 2020-2023, which aims to implement innovative approaches to capacity building of the regional economy within the framework of smart, sustainable and comprehensive development.

Objectives The paper presents the possibility of using artificial neural networks (ANN) with radial-basis transmission function (RBF) for modeling of economic phenomena and processes. Material and methods The basic characteristics and parameters of an ANN with RBF are shown and the advantages of using this type of ANN for modeling economic phenomena and processes are emphasized. Using an ANN with RBF, together with official statistics for 2010-2017, the modeling of the influence caused by work efficiency indicators of the customs authorities of Ukraine on the indicators of economic security of Ukraine was carried out. These eighteen indicators of economic security of Ukraine, which comprehensively characterize the economic status of the country in terms of production, social, financial, food, transport, energy, and foreign economic security, were chosen as the most informative indicators. Results The results of the study showed that Artificial neural networks with Radial-basis transmission function well describe the trend of changing state economic security indicators under the influence of changing performance indicators of customs authorities. This allows us to recommend this type of artificial neural networks for analysis, evaluation and forecasting of economic phenomena and processes. Conclusions The results obtained showed good analytical and prognostic properties of an ANN with RBF when modeling the impact of customs authorities' performance on the state's economic security indicators.

Objectives This article will attempt to analyse securitisation theory to explore the discursive features of cyber security, using a multi-actor approach that considers the role of state and non-state actors in the creation and management of cyber security discourses. Material and methods The paper aims to assess the contribution of securitization theory to the understanding of both traditional and contemporary security policy issues. More specifically, it is an attempt to reflect on the identification of the challenges facing the modern state. Results Growing dependence on digital technology is inevitable, making the future more threatening than the present. Cyber technology is inherently vulnerable and thus impossible to fully secure. The call for "greater security" becomes justified because the more a country depends on cyber technology, the more inevitable cyber threats become. They are consistently treated by government circles as a security challenge, meaning that the problem is presented as an existential threat, requiring emergency measures and justifying action beyond the normal bounds of political procedure. Conclusions As some conclusion and conclusion, it is worth reiterating observations about the multi-stakeholder nature of cyber security and observations about the co-creation of this security by a wide range of actors representing different and in some cases conflicting interests. It can be argued that there is no single discourse on cyber security or cyber threats, and it is simplistic to assume that there is even a single discourse that represents every securitization actor, be it government or the private sector. This diversity explains why the assumption and logic of securitization theory can only apply to some, but not all, cyber security discourses.

Objectives The aim of the analyzes presented in this study is to introduce considerations on the relationship between the perception of secret services and the shape of the legal system regulating their functioning in the Republic of Poland over the last 25 years. Material and methods The subject of the research is the Polish legal system, within which standards of conduct regarding the role and functions of secret services are identified. Dogmatic-legal method; literature analysis; analysis of media messages Results Undoubtedly, the goal achieved in this paper is to sketch the general framework of the relations between the secret services, public opinion and the law. Both in the context of the perception of the secret services themselves, as well as the areas of identifying and decoding legal norms regarding the secret services in Poland, which, as part of further work, will make it easier to structure the analysis of selected norms, but also the interaction that occurs between law and society in the context of the perception of the services. Conclusions Based on the analyzes presented above, we can partially identify specific areas of research and try to draw certain conclusions, but only a detailed analysis will allow us to provide precise answers to the indicated questions. After such an introduction to the topic of the evolution of secret services, subsequent works will provide more detailed answers to the questions indicated in the introduction, namely What definitions of secret services can we adopt under Polish law? What functions are performed by secret services in Poland? What is the relationship between the secret services and other services? Is the role of the secret services in Poland increasing or is their importance weakening and are they being marginalized?

Objectives This paper discusses the issue of corporate social responsibility, including in particular the aspect of implementation of this phenomenon in companies, paying attention to responsible and ethical conduct of business towards social groups affected by it, with the greatest possible respect for the natural environment. Material and methods The dominant methods of obtaining source materials were (in addition to desk research) in-depth individual interviews in the form of a free categorized interview and extensive research of social media and other channels of distribution of Zone information. Interviews were conducted with a group of experts and managers employed in the Zone, who have considerable knowledge of the functioning of clusters and special economic zones. Results Corporate social responsibility in the Legnica Special Economic Zone is a consistent effort to act ethically and contribute to economic development, while at the same time contributing to improving the quality of life of people and even local communities through various tools resulting from its organizational structure and directions of activity. Conclusions The activities of the Zone for CSR are investments that benefit companies, the economy and society. Society benefits from the improvement of the state of the environment, the development of cooperation, charitable attitudes, the creation of civil society, the acquisition of new knowledge, skills and competences. In the last few years, the social responsibility activities of the Legnica Zone have been developing dynamically and depend on the company’s capital, profits, activity of management boards, as well as the commitment of employees.

Objectives The aim of the study is to assess the strategic and tactical environment in Central and Eastern Europe, especially between the EU and Belarus, taking into account the results of political and operational analyses of the situation on the border between Poland, Lithuania and Latvia, and Belarus. Material and methods The paper collects and thoroughly analyzes the most important sources on threats to the security of NATO’s eastern flank. The purpose of the research is an operational analysis comprehensively covering the main factors posing threats to the security of Poland. Results In the result of the operational analysis of hybrid warfare, the following factors were identified: demographics, military and non-military issues, the existence of a well-formed democratic society, critical infrastructure, and cybersecurity. All the above factors were discussed in the context of hybrid activities undertaken by Belarus and Russia. Conclusions It can be predicted that special elements conducting the aggressor’s hybrid activities will use exceptionally sophisticated forms of the aggressor’s influence, including blending in with the local community. The area of operation of non-military elements in the hybrid wars waged so far by Russia is likely to further expand and change forms in order to blindside the attacked state inducing fear, ineptitude and confusion of the society.

Objectives The scope of the paper is to identify, confirm and describe the recent breaches in the mutual relation between the Police and society in Poland. The perspective is the clear and consequent road to social acceptance that the Polish Police undertook in 1990 and proceeded with success until recent events. Material and methods The authors desk research current sources of data regarding the Police relationship with and acceptance by the society in Poland: trust in Police surveys’ results; critical, publicly available opinions of authorities, statistical data regarding Police work during the Covid restrictions time and women’ protests in Poland (2020-2021). Results The results show a decisive shake of the Police-society relationship and the negative impact of COVID-19 and women demonstrations’ handling by the Police on the formation’s image. Conclusions The critical circumstances of the pandemic were clearly a moment of testing to the Police-society trust and it gives the assumption to doubt the high levels of trust pre-pandemic. The threat of politicisation of the formation is also a major factor as well as the condition of state in general.

Objectives This paper presents an effort of the public institutions analysis that fulfil the state obligations in terms of civic security and safety. The public institutions are expected to provide citizens an opportunity to construct their private life spheres according to the individual safety standards taking also into consideration other types of security. Material and methods Therefore selected theoretical concepts concerning safety perception have been analysed. Also there are some results of the social research concerning the safety problems presented in the paper. Results The research was conducted on the representative sample of the adult inhabitants of Poland as well as representatives of the selected professional cohort. Conclusions Conclusion along with the literature critique allowed to define the parameters of the safety and security perception as well as the place of safety in a value hierarchy of a member of the contemporary Polish society.

Objectives This paper aims to analyze the importance of the urbanism planning and its relation with the effectiveness of the recently approved Spanish Housing Plan 2018-2021 of measures to favor access to dignified housing as a welfare state policy. Material and methods With this purpose the paper shows that the origin of the access to social housing depends on the urbanism activity using the method of the study of the enacted law with a comparative perspective, analizing regulations currently in force and the previous ones. Results The main result of this research underlines that legislator must take in account this relation when approving urbanism regulations with the finallity of improving efectiveness of Housing State Planning. Conclusions The central discussion and recommendation is focused on improving urbanism regulations in order to ease the real access to dignified housing as a goal to lead to more effectiveness in the Housing Planning application.

Objectives Od początku lat 60. do kryzysu w latach 1997-1998 wzrost gospodarczy Korei był wynikiem akumulacji wyjątkowego kapitału napędzanego głównie przez system finansowy zdominowany przez sektor bankowy i ściśle kontrolowany przez rząd. Kryzys finansowy z 1998 r. zahamował wzrost koreańskiej gospodarki. Niemniej jednak, ze względu na własne podejście, koreańska gospodarka wyszła z tego wyzwania ekonomicznego z sukcesem. Niektóre podmioty stały się również bogatsze z powodu kryzysu. The purpose of this paper is to explain the successful strategy of overcoming financial breakdown in the case study of South Korea, taking in account the nature of the Korean society. The aim of the article is to verify the hypothesis that South Korea used its own model in order to face with the crisis. A document analysis method is applied to present essential indicators such as exchange rates and financial debts. The article analyses also the social factor, as a driver of the Korean strategy toward the economic crisis. The paper will also discuss what led to the financial crisis in South Korea. Material and methods Secondary sources Results The crisis was also solved due to the nature of the Korea population Conclusions As above

Objectives The purpose of this paper is to present aid tools available under the Rural Development Programme 2014-2020 addressed to Polish agricultural producers operating in Natura 2000 areas. The main questions the present study strives to answer are: How did agri-environmental schemes influence Polish agricultural activities in order to achieve the Natura 2000 objectives in agricultural areas? How can we evaluate the financial instruments included in the Rural Development Programme 2014-2020? Material and methods Therefore, the basic method of the research was the formal dogmatic method, in particular, legal linguistic interpretation, in order to analyze and assess the subject related legislation. In the article, there are also presented some statistical data acquired through access to public information in January 2021, reported to the Analysis and Reporting Department of the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture. Results However, the assumption is that Natura 2000 compensates for these disadvantages through the possibility of obtaining EU funding. Polish farmers may receive compensation or other forms of co-financing from the Rural Development Programme 2014-2020 if restrictions on farming activities have been introduced. Polish local self-government actively participates in ecological and agri-environmental policy. It supports Natura 2000 programme. Conclusions Agri-environmental schemes are considered to be one of the most important mechanisms for achieving the Natura 2000 objectives in agricultural areas, which may be complemented by the new investment action under the Rural Development Programme 2014-2020, i.e. “Investments in farms located in Natura 2000 areas”.

Objectives The main purpose of the study is to recognize if enterprises incorporate brand archetypes based on values to develop their relationship with customers. Material and methods Based on the theoretic deliberation qualitative research was conducted. The method employed was a multiple case study, based on the confectionery market in Poland. Two research subjects were chosen, i.e., Wedel and Wawel – two leading brands specialising in chocolate products to allow comparisons. The conducted research was descriptive in nature, not intended to provide conclusive evidence, but to have a better understanding of the problem. Results A way to communicate the USP to customers and to build B2C relations is to use archetypes and effectively incorporate them into a marketing strategy and refer to particular values. The conducted analysis allowed noticing different archetypes used by both research subjects, but they refer to the same emotions on Plutchik’s wheel of emotions. Conclusions The study findings are constrained by several limitations: only two case studies were studied representing the same business sector. On a managerial level, the paper brings several contributions to marketing professionals, especially suggests how using archetypes supports relationships between customers and the company. When effectively communicated, they allow to build bonds with consumers who co-share the same principles and beliefs. From an academic point of view, we contributed to the theory of the social sciences by presenting the interrelations between brand archetypes and effective customer relations through shared values.

Objectives The authors were inspired by the new phenomenon of socially responsible initiatives, created by pro-socially oriented influencers. Analysis of international reference books has revealed a research gap existing in this field. The area for the conducted studies was a conceptually separate part of the Instagram community, related to pro-social activities. Dichotomous purposes of the paper include: in the epistemological aspect: definition of a new category of social media influencers focusing their interests and activities in social media on social issues, in the empirical aspect: exemplification of the aforementioned phenomenon in pro-social activities of a Polish influencer who represents the international The Body Positive Movement. Material and methods The research was conducted primarily in the qualitative aspect. Individual In-depth Interview, Internet content analysis and research of secondary sources were conducted. Results The studies indicate the existence of niche initiatives among social media influencers who create typical pro-social profiles on Instagram. This category of social media influencers, described and conceptually distinguished, can be called pro-social influencers (pro-social SMI). From the perspective of premises of the Social Influence Theory, analysis of relations between the studied pro-social influencer and her followers showed establishment of particularly durable, emotionally-charged relationships among people with similar views and cherished values. Conclusions The study results and conclusions presented by the authors may offer an incentive for further in-depth studies focused on influencers as the modern initiators of social activities.

Objectives The purpose of this paper is to discuss the issue related to the examination of a constitutional complaint in the situation of the subsequent death of the person who brought the complaint from the perspective of the general legal interest related to its examination and the objectives associated with the examination of the complaint by the Constitutional Tribunal (CT). Material and methods To fully discuss the analysed matter, the dogmatic method, the comparative legal method, and - to a small extent - the historical method were used. Results According to the Constitutional Court, the distinctiveness characterizing the proceedings regarding a constitutional complaint in relation to judicial proceedings is significant enough to justify very cautious application of grounds for suspension or discontinuation of the proceedings. Adopting a different stance would greatly limit the ability to fulfill the primary function of proceedings before the Court in examining the constitutionality of legal provisions. Conclusions The death of the complainant should not close the way to constitutional justice. Constitutional review is aimed at protecting the rule of law and fundamental rights, therefore the Constitutional Tribunal should take steps to ensure that each complaint is thoroughly examined, regardless of the complainant's status.

Objectives The paper presents one of the first conceptions of physical education for pre-schools. It was worked out by a pioneer of preschool education in Poland - Maria Weryho-Radziwiłłowiczowa. She started her work on the physical education methodology at the turn of the XIX-th century and continued this work over the whole inter-war period. Therefore, presentation of evolution of the physical education methodology developed by M. Weryho-Radziwiłowiczowa is the aim of the paper. Based on the first, simple solutions given by Fryderyka Wilhelma Froebl which dominated the workings of Polish preschool education institutions until the twenties of the XX-th century as well as on the physical education theory of Piotr Lesgaft, M. Weryho brought about come into being a methodology which physical education made a basis of health education. Fundamental assumptions of her gymnastics methodology in preschools have been corrected and improved in insignificant extent until then. Material and methods critical analysis of the references Results Analysis of the original works of Maria Weryho-Radziwiłłowiczowa and her papers in the field of the physical and health education from years 1925-1939 published in edited by herself journal “Wychowanie Przedszkolne". Conclusions Research and practical activities of Maria Weryho-Radziwiłłowiczowa have given rise to development of Polish methodology of physical education in preschools. This methodology has become a basis of a broadly understood health education. Nowadays we all are aware that the main goal of the physical education in the framework of preschool education is a fitness development as a one of the good health factor.

The article contextualizes the external and internal sources of innovation in companies and defines innovative companies. It also emphasizes and individualizes the significance of the internal willingness to absorb and enforce the innovations. The process of building pro-innovative organizational culture as one of the most important internal elements of the company’s innovation is the basis of adaptation to the modern world and using the external conditions. The paper contains current information regarding the amount of financial resources acquired by companies from external funds. The aim of this paper is identification of internal and external sources of innovation and their use in the context of competitiveness. The purpose has been achieved by analyzing literature sources, evaluation of other authors’ research and case studies. The paper attempts to prove that only maintaining coherence among external conditions of surroundings and internal company’s resources might lead to its sustainable development and acquisition of competitive privileges. Authors claim that the integrity of internal and external sources of innovation stimulates the implementation of projects and the acceptance of the risks associated with it.

Purpose: The goal of this paper is to discuss and analyze works of selected philosophers and scholars from the perspective of information flows. Method: To achieve the goal the author has chosen a few philosophers and scholars, whose works touched upon the problems of information flows and relations between actors in various types of entities (e.g. army, society, state, bureaucracy, person). The author highlighted most important elements in these works and how they relate to the problem of information flows. Results: It is evident that even ancient philosophers discussed information flows when thinking about various change and transformation processes. it is also clear that tools and techniques used to explore information flows, change and transformation evolved over time. Discussion: This paper is an analysis of select philosophers and scholars from the perspective of modern concepts such as information flows, change and transformation. Based on this introductory analysis the conclusion is that some interesting and forgotten knowledge can be discovered, which is worth further exploration in future research.

Objectives Research objective - determining the effectiveness of the PRM system in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic. Research problem: how did the State Medical Rescue System "found itself" in the pandemic situation and how is its effectiveness shaped? Research hypothesis: the PRM system, despite many organizational and staffing problems, functions and copes with the pandemic situation, but its effectiveness is not at the highest level. Material and methods In order to achieve the research goal set in this way, answer the research question and confirm the hypothesis, a number of research methods were used, including theoretical (e.g. comparison, analysis of the literature, analysis of legal acts, synthesis and analysis, inference, abstraction) and empirical (especially the statistical and diagnostic survey). In this paper, limitations were made regarding the research area, namely the research concerns the Pomeranian Voivodeship. Results The increased number of EMT calls, their extended operation time in the case of some interventions, time for additional personal protection caused that the number of PRM system entities was insufficient. In this situation, entities cooperating with the system, largely belonging to the National Rescue and Firefighting System, were used. According to the author, it was a very good solution in the situation at that time. The system is also greatly supported by the activities of the Territorial Defense Forces, which mainly strengthened hospital emergency departments. Conclusions After two years of the pandemic, competences have increased significantly, and this is primarily the result of the experience gained and self-education. The introduced procedures and plans also contributed to the increase in the competence of the system's employees, which further improves the functioning of the system.

Objectives The aim of the article is to describe the Council of Europe's standard on medical (health care) proxy, which is granted in the event of decision-making incapacity. Examination of the legal norms, jurisprudence and values preferred by the Council of Europe will provide an opportunity to compare the Polish legal system with the standard of the Council of Europe, anticipating potential directions of the de lege ferenda solutions. Material and methods The paper uses the formal-dogmatic method. The analysis was based on: European Convention on Human Rights, European Convention on Bioethics, soft law documents, judicial decisions and literature findings. Results The results of the conducted research embrace the specific guidelines derived from the Council of Europe's standard for maintaining the autonomy of decision-making incapable individuals. The institution of health care proxy (medical power of attorney), when properly shaped, meets the requirements described. Conclusions The Council of Europe standard is in favour of diversifying the model of decision-making for an adult lacking capacity. The member states should make efforts to create the possibility for the person anticipating lack of capacity to choose the decision-maker on his or her behalf. A strong emphasis is also placed on preventing decision-making exclusion by creating participating mechanisms, as well as respecting the previously expressed wishes and preferences of the incapable person. The health proxy is an instrument that allows the preferences of the Council of Europe to be fulfilled, both in the context of making declarations in the event of incapacity and allowing the incapable person to be involved. A properly shaped regulation of this legal relationship ensures that the autonomy of the individual is respected and extended.

Objectives The paper aims to present and assess the functioning of the de minimis guarantee programme for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the wholesale and retail trade sector in Poland. Material and methods We are focused on SMEs. We analyse all enterprises that, when applying for financing with the credit guarantee, have declared the type of activity they conduct as wholesale and retail trade, according to the Polish Classification of Activities (PKD). We analyse granted guarantees that secure investment loans and revolving and non-revolving working capital loans. The research period covers the years 2013-2020. Data come from Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego (BGK). We apply the two-sample t-test to verify whether the mean values of the number and value of credit guarantees among analysed SMEs significantly increase in the consecutive years of the 2013-2020 period. Results The study reveals visible fluctuations in the number and value of de minimis guarantees obtained by the SMEs in the wholesale and retail trade sector. However, in 2019-2020 we observe their substantial growth. SMEs in the analysed sector primarily use the de minimis guarantee programme to secure revolving working capital loans. Micro-enterprises obtain 75% of the total number and 40% of the total value of guarantees. We observe substantial regional differences in the number and value of granted guarantees among 16 Polish voivodeships. The t-test analysis confirmed that both numbers and values of credit guarantees are significantly greater in 2019-2020, at a 1% significance level. Conclusions Changes in the de minimis guarantee programme, stricter lending policy, and harmful effect of an unexpected outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic trigger a substantial growth in the use of guarantees among analysed SMEs in 2019-2020.

Objectives The problem area noted by the author of this paper is the existence of threats to the critical infrastructure of the state, especially from rapidly developing "drone" technology. Material and methods The main objective of the research was the following: assessment of potential threat to the state's critical infrastructure from unmanned aerial vehicles. To achieve the outlined objective, the author mainly used the following theoretical methods: analysis of the literature on the subject, analysis of legal acts, synthesis, analysis (inductive and deductive), abstraction, comparison, and inference. Inference was carried out based on SWOT analysis, a method from the strategic management group. Results The systems are diverse and can be freely configured depending on the needs and financial resources available for CI protection. The most vulnerable with high potential for drone threats are such critical infrastructure elements as energy, energy resources and fuel supply systems; communications systems; ICT network systems, systems for the production, storage, warehousing and use of chemical and radioactive substances, including hazardous substance pipelines, and emergency response systems. Conclusions The main conclusions that emerged from the research process boil down to drones being a new threat to critical infrastructure; fully effective warning and elimination systems having not yet emerged; considerable emphasis needing to be placed on infrastructure owners and operators needing to take this threat into account.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the behavior of small and medium-sized enterprises against a backdrop of the risk of extraordinary events and to present the key actions to allow business continuity in the present environment. To meet the study objective, a mixed research methodology was applied. The case study was conducted on the basis of case files of the District Court in a damages action for a loss of profit brought by a small enterprise owner. The financial analysis comprised records filed in the claim for damages and was aimed to illustrate the consequences following from owner’s exclusion from business activities and to examine the compliance of the contents of the above documents with the concepts of management and quality sciences. The court proceedings, along a literature review, were used in the process of conclusion-making with the application of techniques of deduction to produce a general model of reference for proceedings regarding extraordinary events in the operation of small and medium enterprises. One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that the provision of business continuity conditioned, among other things, by revenues, requires solutions regarding procedures of extraordinary occurrence risk management.

Objectives In today's multi-ethnic and multi-religious society, tourism experience has an emblematic role because it can represent a place-occasion of meeting between different experiences and cultures, between different religions, as a tool of recognizing identities and as a producer of communities of affection, shared places and common memories. Analyzing tourism in the Muslim society, we can find a new niche called Muslim friendly tourism that seems useful to deepen. Material and methods This paper focuses, in a first phase, the relationship between Islam and tourism through the considerations of doctrine and the Koran and then goes on to verify how relevant is, from a social and economic point of view, Muslim Friendly Tourism. The work will be conducted by analyzing the scientific insights and data relating to MFT in many Muslim and non- Muslim countries, in order to understand the peculiarities of this phenomenon, with some explicit references to Japan, Singapore and Italy (as examples of different attitudes towards MFT). Results As a recent phenomenon, Muslim friendly tourism is an ever-evolving field and the subject of many studies in relation to the size of this market, the needs of Muslim travelers, the critical success factors in tourism favorable to Muslims and its economic repercussions. A certain fact is its constant economic growth; in fact, Muslim friendly tourism is becoming a relevant business, with a turnover that records a constant growth rate, even if recently hit by severe limitations imposed by Covid 19 on the movement of people. Conclusions In this panorama the Muslim friendly tourism is placed as an emerging and all-evolving sector. For these reasons it is and will be the subject of numerous future searches and projects, that will continue to focus and will delve into this market.

Objectives The aim of the study is to analyze the institution of a vote of confidence for the commune administrator. Material and methods The article uses the dogmatic method. The doctrine views and jurisprudence were analyzed. Results What makes the situation particularly dangerous is that the rulings of administrative courts are not always taken into account by local governments, but instead are exploited only in an opportunistic manner. Local lawmakers, when submitting their legislative initiatives, often make references to court verdicts that confirm their way of thinking, while omitting those that would contradict it. Conclusions In this paper, I have presented selected judgments of administrative courts. My goal was not to provide a comprehensive presentation of the content, form, and mode of adoption of a resolution on a vote of confidence for a commune executive body in juxtaposition with the jurisprudence of administrative courts, but only to draw attention to the problem, which is important from the point of view of not only local legislators, but also supervisory bodies. This is because the problem involves an important issue: recognizing when a resolution of the commune council on a vote of confidence for the commune head (after meeting what conditions as to content, form, and procedure) is a legal act and when this act is illegal (in the opinion of the supervisory authority or an administrative court). This problem should not be ignored any longer. As we can easily see from the examples of judgments of administrative courts cited above, resolutions of the same content are qualified as either legal or illegal acts.

Objectives The Covid-19 pandemic and the social and economic crisis it caused made it necessary for local government units to quickly adapt to functioning in the new reality. Local governments were forced to take steps to reorganize their operations, as well as additional measures to minimize the negative effects of the pandemic. It became necessary to provide services using electronic tools and distance communication. Not all local government units were prepared for such changes. The aim of the research was to assess the adaptation of commune offices of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship to provide e-services under the conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic. Material and methods The spatial scope of the research covered the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. The research was conducted in 2022. The paper uses the results of own research conducted with the help of a survey questionnaire addressed to secretaries of communes. Results The research found that significant factors that prevented the remote work were the low level of digitization of offices, lack of sufficient hardware and software for remote work, and insufficient staff competence. Lack of sufficient equipment also made it impossible to provide distance learning to all students in schools supervised by the local government. Conclusions Although it concerns only one voivodeship, and therefore it cannot be generalized to the whole country, it gives some picture of the “covid” situation in many Polish communes. The research found that significant factors that prevented the remote work were the low level of digitization of offices, lack of sufficient hardware and software for remote work, and insufficient staff competence.

Objectives The purpose of the article is a theoretical analysis of the process of introducing a new product to the market, taking into account economic and social aspects. Material and methods Induction was used as the main research method. It involves drawing general conclusions or establishing regularities on the basis of analysis of empirically established phenomena and processes. It is a type of inference based on details about the general properties of a phenomenon or object. In addition, the paper uses two general research methods, i.e. analytical and synthetic methods, characterized by a particular approach to the study of reality. Results First: the process of implementing new products/services should correlate with the company's development strategy Second: the development and introduction of new products/services as part of the company's activities must be in line with the development strategy and mission. Third: each in the process of planning and marketing of new products / services - distinguish eight stages (milestones of the process). Fourth: The consumer communication strategy should be carefully designed, written out, and then implemented step by step. Conclusions First: the various organizational cells/accounting, marketing, legal departments, as well as development and implementation departments/ must know the essence of the product/service to be introduced for sale. Second: business units must have knowledge of: sales strategy, P&L, forecasts of A&P budgets, forecast of product profitability and implementation schedule. Third: when preparing a recommendation for planning and budgeting sales of new products/services, the individual organizational units of the form should know specific parameters. Fourth: the various organizational units should have knowledge of the prepared sales strategy.

Objectives The main purpose of the paper is to present the role and importance of change management in the process of introducing new products to the market. Material and methods Methods include various types of analysis, expert opinion, statistical data and scientific documents used in social research. Uses two general research methods, i.e. analytical and synthetic methods. The research methods used in the study are: comparative analysis, functional analysis and the method of research in dynamic terms. Results The analysis attempted to verify the following research hypothesis: economically effective introduction of a new product to the market requires a systemic approach to change management in the organization. Conclusions An effective and successful new product launch strategy should include the following elements of economic and social analysis of the near and far environment: · analysis and definition of the needs and behavior of the potential consumer of the new product. If there is a possibility, it is a good idea to launch professional marketing research on the target group (quantitative and qualitative). · market analysis and forecast: sales forecast for the entire category for the coming years, definition of seasonality (or lack thereof), Porter's 5 forces concept, SWOT and other tools as needed. · competitor analysis: development of volume and value sales of the nearest competitors, identification of strong and weak aspects of the competition. · analysis of category promotion strategy: expenses, how to spend, promotion places and analysis of activities in sales channels, use of media · product architecture: preparation of a plan for expansion of product lines/variants for the next few years and preliminary timing of their introduction.

Objectives The paper aimed to examine potential differences in attention and alternating capacities between two modern digital generations, i.e., Y and Z. Although these generations are described as different, generation Z is thought ro be multitasking, there is a lack of scientific research documenting these dissimilarities. Material and methods The study involved a group of 408 participants (202 representing generation Y, and 206 representing generation Z). The experiment consisted of two parts, i.e., tasks measuring target detection attention capacities and alternating attention tasks. Results Surprisingly, the results showed there are no significant differences in attentional capacities between these two modern digital generations. Generation Z is not more multitasking than generation Y. Conclusions The similarities between these two generations raise questions about the philosophy of the concept of generations and about scientific evidence supporting the ideas of differentiation of generations. Our results are consistent with opinions concerning heterogeneity of IT/technological capacities among modern digital generations. The cognitive capacities of both generations are similar which was explained in line with critical opinions related to the philosophy and essence of the concept of generation differentiation.

Objectives Paper analyses the Constitution of the Republic of Poland’s limits for restricting the legislature that requires high legislative standards in area of real estate tax. Material and methods The analysis is based on the Constitutional Tribunal’s jurisprudence in the field of real estate tax that is primarily connected with taxation of entrepreneurs’ real estate. The method of dogmatic and legal analysis was used. Results The analysis of the case law of the Constitutional Tribunal concerning the assessment of real estate tax regulations allows the conclusion that the judgments concerned the two most significant practical problems (i.e., taxation of buildings and real estate connected with business activity). In almost every case the Constitutional Tribunal found the Act on Local Taxes and Fees provisions to be at least far from the standards that should be expected from tax regulations. Conclusions The source of the all legal problems is not only historical (i.e., from defective regulation of these issues 20 years ago). It seems that the current legislators are still resistant to proposals concerning profound legislative changes, including those indicated as necessary by the Constitutional Tribunal, the Supreme Administrative Court and the doctrine. A further problem is that the cascading definitions of terms using non-tax laws and the phenomenon of so-called unconscious tax legislation, which definitely affect the negative assessment of regulations, seem to be intensifying. This is evident in the recent changes in the scope of tax exemptions for railroad infrastructure or the taxation of windmills. It should also be pointed out that the authors of the proposals for legislative changes and the legislators in the background should at least take into account that tax revenue is the income of the community budget.

Objectives The purpose of this paper is to indicate the place and role of artificial intelligence systems in administrative law enforcement against the background of normative conditions existing in Poland. Material and methods The genesis and formation of scholarly views on the possibility of using computers in the handling of individual cases and the legislative evolution in this area are presented. Results It was recognized that their wide use is limited by increased protection of subjective rights. It is expressed in the proceduralisation of public administration actions and the judicialisation of administrative procedures, the introduction of participatory mechanisms and the socialisation of legal interests. Moreover, the increasing specialization in this field necessitates the need for expert knowledge. It was stated that a human being cannot be completely replaced by a computer. Conclusions Polish and foreign experiences with issuing decisions in the form of unsigned computer printouts were pointed out and it was assumed that this is the right way to modernize administrative proceedings and settling cases by means of material and technical activities.