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A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile by means of gliding, and short rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain SH35 T , was isolated from the dry surface of a tidal flat in Hwasung-si, South Korea. Growth occurred at 10-40°C (optimum 30°C), at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum pH 7.0), in 1-12% NaCl (optimum 2%), and was inhibited in the absence of NaCl and Ca 2+ ions. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain SH35 T belonged to the genus Gramella and was a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae with highest sequence similarity to Gramella flava JLT2011 T (96.1%), followed by Gramella oceani CCAMSZ-TT (95.6%), and 93.0-94.9% to other recognized Gramella species. The major cellular fatty acids (> 5% of the total) of strain SH35T were iso-C 15:0 , Iso-C 16:0 , anteiso-C 15:0 , iso-C 17:0 3-OH and summed feature 9 (C16:0 10-methyl and/or C 17:1 iso ω9с). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and nine unidentified polar lipids. The major respiratory quinone and the predominant polyamine were menaquinone-6 (MK-6) and symhomospermidine, respectively. The DNA G + C content was 40.5 mol% (39.7% based on total genome calculations). Based on phylogenetic analysis and physiological and biochemical characterization, strain SH35 T represents a novel species of the genus Gramella, for which the name Gramella fulva sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SH35 T (= KACC 19447 T = JCM 32369 T ).

A novel Gram-stain-negative, motile by means of gliding, and short rod-shaped bacterium, designated HS916T, was isolated from soil polluted by sewer water in Cheonan-si, South Korea. Growth occurred at 10-35°C (optimum 30°C), pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum pH 7.0), and 0-1% sodium chloride (NaCl, w/v). Based on similarities of 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain HS916 T was closely related to members of the genus Flavobacterium, exhibiting the highest sequence similarities with Flavobacterium glycines Gm-149 T (96.4%), followed by F. granuli Kw05 T (96.3%), F. fluminis 3R17 T (96.3%), F. aquicola TMd3a3 T (96.2%), and F. nitratireducens N1 T (96.2%). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain HS916T was placed in a monophyletic cluster with F. nitratireducens N1 T and F. fluminis 3R17 T . The predominant fatty acids (> 5% of the total) of strain HS916 T were iso-C 15:0 , anteiso-C 15:0 , iso-C 15:0 3-OH, C 17:1 ω6с, C 16:0 3-OH, iso-C 17:0 3-OH, and summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω7с and/or C 16:1 ω6с). The major polar lipids of the strain comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified aminolipids, and five unidentified lipids. The predominant respiratory quinone and the major polyamine were menaquinone-6 (MK-6) and symhomospermidine, respectively. The DNA G + C content of strain HS916 T was 34.9 mol%. Based on polyphasic analyses, strain HS916 T represents a novel species belonging to the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium parvum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HS916T (= KACC 19448 T = JCM 32368 T ).