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Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related infection is a serious complication of patients with PD. Refractory peritonitis may lead to failure of PD, shift to hemodialysis (HD) or death. Besides, microbiologic resistance increased worldwide that might impact the treatment choice for such infections. Investigating the causative pathogens and risk factors of PD-related infections in Taiwan was warranted. Methods: This is a retrospective study involving patients with PD from 2007 to 2016 in a southern Taiwan hospital. Patient characteristics, microbiological data, outcomes, and factors associated with refractory peritonitis were analyzed. Results: There were 190 episodes of PD-related peritonitis in 110 patients from this cohort. Gram-positive organisms were the leading cause of PD-related peritonitis, but gram-negative organisms, esp. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were predominant for exit site infection and tunnel infection. The incidence of peritonitis was 0.25 episode per patient-year (1 episode per 47.69 months). The refractory rate was 14.2% (27/190). Methicillin resistance was noted in 2 (13.3%) of 15 Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Of 114 isolates, 72.8% (83) were susceptible to either cefazolin or gentamicin. Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia coli infections were significantly associated with refractory peritonitis. Baseline hyponatremia (

Background Enterobacter species has emerged as an important pathogen of nosocomial bacteremia. The purpose of this study is to review the clinical characteristics of bacteremia in pediatric patients. Materials and methods We reviewed retrospectively the medical records of patients (under the age of 18 years) having Enterobacter bacteremia who were treated at Taipei the Veterans General Hospital from January 2001 to June 2011. Results In total, 853 positive blood cultures were obtained from 620 patients during the study period. Among them, 96 episodes of Enterobacter bacteremia were found in 83 patients, accounting for 11.3% of all bacteremia. Eighty-two cases (98.8%) were nosocomial infections. Most of the cases were neonates (62 cases, 74.7%) and premature infants (51 cases, 61.5%). The common sources of bacteremia were the respiratory tract (53.0%), followed by intravascular catheter (10.8%), multiple sources (10.8%), and the gastrointestinal tract (8.4%). The overall case fatality rate was 18.1%, with the highest rate being reported among premature infants. The factors responsible for the deaths were leukocytosis and a higher median number of underlying diseases. Conclusion Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that Enterobacter species are probably an important pathogen of nosocomial bacteremia in premature neonates. The number of underlying diseases should be considered a major factor influencing the prognosis.