1. Effect of Metarhizium anisopliae (Ascomycete), Cypermethrin, and D-Limonene, Alone and Combined, on Larval Mortality of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae)
- Author
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John E. Foster, Billy M. Hargis, Eduardo Morales-Barrera, Jaime Molina-Ochoa, Steven R. Skoda, Guillermo Tellez, Luis Jorge García-Márquez, Yureida B Minchaca-Llerenas, Omar Prado-Rebolledo, and Roberto Lezama-Gutiérrez more...
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Insecticides ,Metarhizium ,Veterinary medicine ,Serial dilution ,Rhipicephalus sanguineus ,030231 tropical medicine ,Metarhizium anisopliae ,01 natural sciences ,Cypermethrin ,Random Allocation ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cyclohexenes ,Pyrethrins ,Animals ,Acari ,Pest Control, Biological ,Larva ,Tick Control ,General Veterinary ,biology ,Terpenes ,Inoculation ,biology.organism_classification ,010602 entomology ,Infectious Diseases ,chemistry ,Insect Science ,Entomopathogenic fungus ,Parasitology ,Limonene - Abstract
The effect of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae Ma14 strain, D-limonene, and cypermethrin, alone and combined, on the mortality of Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latreille larvae was evaluated. Eight separate groups with 25 tick larvae were inoculated with the fungus, cypermethrin, and D-limonene, and four groups were used as untreated controls. The groups were inoculated with serial dilutions of each treatment material: for example, conidial concentrations were 1 × 101, 1 × 102, 1 × 103, 1 × 104, 1 × 105, 1 × 106, 1 × 107, and 1 × 108. A complete randomized experimental design was used. Significant differences were obtained between fungal concentrations, with larval mortalities ranging from 29 to 100%; the D-limonene concentrations showed significant differences, with mortalities that ranged from 47.9 to 82.6%, and cypermethrin mortalities ranged from 69.9 to 89.9% when each was applied alone. In the combined application, the serial dilution of the Ma14 fungus plus cypermethrin at 0.1% concentration caused mortalities ranging from 92.9 to 100%; the mix of serially diluted Ma14 plus D-limonene at 0.1% caused mortalities from 10.3 to 100%; and the mix consisting of serially diluted D-limonene plus cypermethrin at 0.1% caused mortalities from 7.4 to 35.9%. Further laboratory and field research could show that these materials, alone and in combinations, are useful in future tick management and control programs. more...
- Published
- 2017
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