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Memristors, as a novel type of electronic device with memory resistance characteristics, are attracting considerable interest in the field of biomedical applications. In the realm of biosensors and diagnostic technologies, memristors can interact with biomolecules, detecting and analyzing disease biomarkers, thus enabling highly sensitive early cancer detection and rapid virus diagnosis. Additionally, in the domain of neuromorphic computing and brain–machine interfaces, memristors' ability to emulate biological neuron behavior opens up new possibilities for neuromorphic computing systems and neural-controlled prosthetics. Moreover, memristors are also applicable in simulating biological neurons and researching brain disorders, aiding the comprehension of complex brain functions and neurological diseases, and exploring novel treatment methods. This paper provides an overview of the basic principles of memristors, summarizes the latest achievements and advancements in biomaterial-based memristors, and discusses the challenges and prospects of employing biomaterial-based memristors in the biomedical field. Therefore, biomemristors hold tremendous potential for applications in biomedical research and therapy, offering new prospects for medical research and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]