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The affordability and increased capability of additive manufacturing machines has spawned prototyping service bureaus throughout the world. This poses a challenge to designers who are looking to obtain quality 3D printed parts at best available prices within fastest turnaround times. Customers relying on a sole source for 3D printed parts may have limited options in obtaining the best deals. From a service supplier point of view, filling excess capacity will require significant marketing budgets to reach and retain customers. In this paper, we present a novel mechanism design approach for improving the accessibility of prototyping services providers by leveraging their excess capacity. In our proposed mechanism, consumers name their own price and the mechanism will find service bureaus who are willing to make the part under the stated price. The mechanism runs similar to a reverse auction where consumers bid and the platform finds a service supplier which is able to match the stated bid price. The incentive for suppliers to participate in such a platform is the opportunity to market their excess capacity to a deal conscious consumer at a lower price without cannibalizing their existing sales channels. Qualified suppliers do not directly compete with each other for any given order since they are chosen using a two stage selection process by the service platform. This algorithm ensures that every supplier has a fair chance of selling its services on the platform regardless of price. We implement the proposed mechanism design approach in a simulated service marketplace and empirically evaluate the marketplace behavior by studying the impact of various model factors such as the supplier threshold price, the size and variety of suppliers in the marketplace.

Future factories will feature strong integration of physical machines and cyber-enabled software, working seamlessly to improve manufacturing production efficiency. In these digitally enabled and network connected factories, each physical machine on the shop floor can have its ‘virtual twin’ available in cyberspace. This ‘virtual twin’ is populated with data streaming in from the physical machines to represent a near real-time as-is state of the machine in cyberspace. This results in the virtualization of a machine resource to external factory manufacturing systems. This paper describes how streaming data can be stored in a scalable and flexible document schema based database such as MongoDB, a data store that makes up the virtual twin system. We present an architecture, which allows third-party integration of software apps to interface with the virtual manufacturing machines. We evaluate our database schema against query statements and provide examples of how third-party apps can interface with manufacturing machines using the VMM middleware. Finally, we discuss an operating system architecture for VMMs across the manufacturing cyberspace, which necessitates command and control of various virtualized manufacturing machines, opening new possibilities in cyber-physical systems in manufacturing.