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In the early years of Republic of China, Jingyi Garden in The Fragrant Hills of Beijing, the former imperial garden of Qing Dynasty, had turned desolate after the depredation of Anglo-French Allied Force, then the construction of modern garden architecture had started with the operation of The Children's Philanthropical School of Fragrant Hills. Through reviewing historical literature and field investigation, this paper analyzed the historical background, planning and construction of these modern garden architecture, as well as their types and characteristics, and the utilization of original natural and historical environment of original Jingyi Garden. Based on this, this paper tried to display the historical prospects of modern garden architecture in Jingyi Garden, analyze their characteristics and discover their unique historic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper, from the perspective of picturesque scene and space design, analyzes in detail the painting intention, spatial details and scenery of the fork of the northeast veranda of Bu Yuan, assisted by the narration of Yuan Ye written by Ji Cheng and Wen Zhengming's traditional Chinese landscape painting. And the paper analyzes how the garden seeks a balance between painting environment and gardening rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The artistic conception of the garden is the visual and typical natural environment and the ideological implication of the garden landscape expressed by the designer's conception and creation. This paper analyzed the artistic conception of Chinese classical gardens from four aspects: the types, functions, creative techniques and contemporary factors restricting the development of artistic conception of gardens. It showed the charm of artistic conception of classical Chinese gardens, the important role of artistic conception of gardens, the current situation and problems encountered in the development of artistic conception of contemporary Chinese gardens. The paper also put forward some thoughts on the development status and problems of garden artistic conception, and explored the fusion method of Chinese classical garden artistic conception and modern garden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through sorting out and analyzing the decriptions about Qian Yuan in poems and literatures, the paper analyzed the personality characteristics and gardening value orientations of its owner, explored the planar and spatial layouts of the garden, and expounded the composition features and the interaction between the layouts of rockery, water, path, building and plant, elaborated the landscape style of Qian Yuan, as well as the garden environment, cultural rhyme and landscape beauty formed by these elements, finally it successfully represented the glory of this famous private garden of the late Qing Dynasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through literature review and fi eld investigation, famous private gardens in Xuzhou city and countryside during the Republic of China period were investigated. According to the main uses, the private gardens in this period were divided into 4 types: house garden, library garden, restaurant garden and forprofi t (fl owers, trees and vegetables) garden. In addition, this paper sorted out the owner of each private garden, the construction process, the scale of the garden and the general situation of the garden, and analyzed the idea, site selection, layout, the characteristics of the key private garden elements and style of these gardens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking contents of Italian Renaissance gardens in the course Foreign Landscape Architecture History as an example, this paper introduces case teaching method and analyzes application of threedimensional graphic analysis method in case teaching in detail, aiming at typical cases of Italian Renaissance gardens, namely, Villa Medici, Fiesole and Villa d'Este, Tivoli. Three-dimensional graphic analysis can help students form intuitive feeling of terrain and space, further understand the typical gardening techniques of foreign gardens, so as to improve the teaching effect of landscape architecture history course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on ancient documents and archaeology, this paper studied the general situation and landscape conditions of ancient Xuzhou in the pre-Qin period, including regional changes, economic development, and gardening activities and characteristics of Xu-style gardens. The study found that ancient Xuzhou had been inhabited by human beings as early as 6,000 years ago, and villages and kingdoms had gradually formed. When Yu the Great ruled the country (also known as Jiuzhou, or nine states), Xu was one of the nine states, known as Xuzhou. Local natural geographical environment was superior, the transportation was convenient, economy and society was relatively developed, thus by the Zhou Dynasty, ancient Xuzhou region had already had a large number of early garden forms. This period was the incubation period of Xu-style garden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to ancient books and documents, this paper collected and sorted out the people and things related to Xu-style gardens in the middle ancient period of Chinese history, during the 400 years from the division of "Three Kingdoms" to the unification of Sui Dynasty. For the frequent war chaos, gardening constructions in Xuzhou were hardly seen in this period, but the gardening fruits of Xu-style garden had spread all over the country with a large number of Xu people moving south. While inheriting the splendid and rough style of Qin and Han Dynasties, Xu-style garden attached more importance to "spectacular", summarized and put forward the ideas of "master nature" and "artistic conception", and raised the gardening technique to a theoretical height, thus pioneered the idea of "master nature" in Chinese classical gardens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the aesthetic point of view, this paper summarized the artistic style of Xu-style gardens in Han Dynasty, and through the analysis of the historical and cultural background of Xuzhou in this period, explained the formation of the style of Xu-style gardens in Han Dynasty and its cultural origin. Through the interpretation of landscape, architecture, plants and other garden elements and typical examples, the connotation of the garden art style of Xu-style was analyzed. Clarifying humble beauty of Xu-style gardens would help to better apply local artistic style in future garden construction and promote the development of regional gardens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studied the gardening activities and characteristics of Xu-style gardens in the Qin and Han Dynasties by combining ancient literature with the study of Han Dynasty stone reliefs. The results showed that by Qin and Han Dynasties, the imperial (royal) gardens and private gardens in ancient Xuzhou had developed in parallel. Imperial (royal) gardens were built by or for vassal kings, First Emperor of Qin Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty Liu Bang, for example, Pei Palace, Yanqi Tai, Xima Tai, Hanzu Temple, Lingguang Palace of Lu and so on. As for private gardens, stone reliefs in medium or small tombs owned by the bigwigs or the rich were collected from ancient Xuzhou, and from which we can see clearly the development of private garden from the court, the yard to the garden, rich garden plants and animal species, garden architecture types such as hall, building, pavilion, platform, boat, corridor, gate, gatetower, ornamental column etc., particularly, hanging waterside pavilion was a unique architectural form of Xu-style garden. These achievements showed that Xu-style garden architecture had been transformed from the pre-Qin incubation period to the generation period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explored the significant impact of Taoist views on stone-piled rockeries in Jiangnan gardens (Jiangnan refers to southern region of the Yangtze River) in Ming and Qing dynasties from the perspectives of morphology (Xing), meaning (Yi), pneuma (Qi), including the view for life "modeling after the nature and valuing authenticity" in Taoist aesthetics, view of space "only Tao gathering nothingness", and ecological ethical view of "everything as the same". Moreover, it disclosed the process of garden rockery design's simulation of nature and aesthetic renovation, reviewed aesthetic value of garden rockeries, and contributed to the further understanding of garden design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peitai Real Scene clearly shows us the gorgeous image of Xu-style gardens in the Ming Dynasty, and discloses the achievement of ancient Xu-style gardens, which is of great signifi cance for studying Xustyle gardens. From the perspective of spatial processing, plant landscaping, architectural style, stone and water layout, this paper brought us back to the ancient glory of Peitai through analyzing this painting, which was extremely valuable for the research on Xu-style gardens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Built in the tenth year during the reign of Emperor Qianlong (1745), located at the southern slope of Jingyi Garden on Fragrant Hills Park of Beijing, Qiyunlou Garden is one of the 28 scenic spots of Jingyi Garden. Its excellent geographical condition of “leaning against the towering mountain rocks on the right and overlooking the distant mountain hills on the left” and good natural environment of “lush growth of plants and quiet and secluded atmosphere” make this one of the favorite gardens of Emperor Qianlong. The organic combination of the tranquil mountain scenery, the agile stream and the building creates a poetic artistic conception that is broad, deep, quiet and elegant. This paper analyzes the value and historical changes of Qiyunlou Garden, and explores the garden design techniques of Qiyunlou Garden from the perspectives of site selection, stone arrangement, water feature design and plant configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, how to use "Internet +" thinking and other new generation of information technology to integrate with modern ecological garden in construction process of smart garden is studied. It should strengthen coordinating development of social service and comprehensive functions, and take garden recreation facilities as important carrier of public service. Additionallly, intelligent development demand and design direction in construction of smart garden are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking CNKI database as the data source and measuring visual map analysis tool Citespace as auxiliary tool, domestic 843 articles in recent 15 years are analyzed, and visualization maps such as time line analysis, institutional cooperation network analysis, author collaboration network analysis, keyword cooccurrence, and emergent words analysis are drawn. Combined with the literature content analysis, four hot spots in the research field of landscape architecture microclimate in China are obtained, namely ENVIMET, comfort, design strategy and urban green space. The research trend is thermal comfort, human body comfort and winter city. The research results can provide reference for the research on domestic garden microclimate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lingnan gardens, as one of the three major schools of Chinese classical gardens, have distinct local characteristics and pursue the unity of practicality and artistry. They began to develop during the Qin and Han dynasties, gradually formed their own unique characteristics during the Song and Yuan dynasties, became mature and were extricated fiom the influence of southern gardens and northern gardens during the Ming and Qing dynasties. In this paper, from the macro and micro levels, as well as natural, social and humanistic perspectives, the style formation of Lingnan gardens was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To restore plant landscapes in the building complex of Chanfu Temple and Wanfo Tower in Beihai Park, this paper proposed to review the historical development, explored plant selection and configuration in Buddhist temple in the same period and same region, consulted literatures and figured out aesthetic intentions of the original owner. In addition, on the basis of further analysis of current situation and multiple bases as well as modern people's visiting and use needs, the paper gave suggestions for the plant configuration of the temple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public garden, as a type of Chinese classical garden, is an important historical heritage and cultural landscape of the current traditional city. However, under the background of modem urbanization, urban living environment is out of the traditional history and culture and feeing such issue as cement jungle. In order to improve the living environment and make the city coordinate with the natural environment, the development of modem urban gardens needs inheritance and development of traditional garden practices. The planning and design methods with scientific guidance were studied in this paper through exploring the application of garden design style in Tang Dynasty in the design of modem city public gardens, so as to inherit the classical garden culture and create a city open space that meets the needs of contemporary citizens as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduced landscape plant selection and configuration on the golf course of Yunnan Overseas Chinese Town (OCT Yunnan) briefly, divided the course into mounrain view course, lake view course and landscape avenue. Considering figures, growth habits and ecological characters of landscape plants, various trees, shrubs, grasses, vines and water flowers are arranged reasonably in different functional areas. In terms of plant selection, tree species adaptive to local climate are adopted, more efforts given to the seasonal aspects, lines, colors, layers, balance, and rhythm, so as to create a garden-like golf course in a short term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of analyzing socio-economic structures, social classes and their relations in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, this paper took residential gardens of three principal groups (officials, merchants and literati) for example, analyzed functional features and layouts of the gardens, explored artistic characteristics and cultural connotations of the local residential gardens, so as to provide references for the conservation and construction of historic and cultural cities, design and expression of modern urban livable spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Conception forming" in traditional Chinese landscape painting is created by artists to describe mental state, but not images, so it is also called "virtual environment". In the construction of Chinese gardens, participation of literati and artists successfully transformed the "virtual environment" of traditional Chinese landscape painting into "real environment". This paper explored the influence of "form and spirit" in "conception forming" of traditional Chinese landscape painting on landscape art from 4 perspectives, so as to figure out the relationship between "form and spirit" and "virtuality and reality", and that the most artistic part of the relationship between "form and spirit" is the natural transformation between "virtuality and reality". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence and development of Chinese-style architecture in European gardens in the 18th century were studied, and the influence and significance of Chinese-style architecture in the development of European gardens were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dongguan Street in Yangzhou is a block composed of ancient buildings left over from the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Three major gardens in Yangzhou, Ge Garden, Ho Family Garden and Xie Garden, are located in the block. Due to the proximity to Dongguan ancient ferry, a large number of gardens gathered forming the famous Dongguan Street in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The protection and restoration of Dongguan Street should focus on not only the preservation and restoration of historical relics, but also the maintenance and renewal of traditional cultural environment, to make the new functions and vitality adapt to its characteristics. Moreover, historical towns and blocks will maintain harmonious and unified development, and adapt to the sustainable development of Yangzhou City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from reviewing the current development of botanic gardens in China, the shortcomings of current research on botanical gardens in China are summarized: the research and construction concepts of the botanical gardens lack professional characteristics; the education and science popularization system is extensive; and the investment and construction model and operation and management method are relatively rigid. Through combing the development history of The Morton Arboretum and introducing its construction features, such as the long-term garden-establishing idea with a high starting point, continuously building and improving for a long time to actively adapt to changes in social needs, a refined education and science popularization system for various groups, and a strong self-hematopoietic function, the successful construction experience of The Morton Arboretum is elaborated and the enlightenment from The Morton Arboretum to the construction of botanic gardens China are put forward, so as to provide a reference for the construction and development of botanic gardens in China in the new period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations were made on the various plant patterns which appeared in the decorations of the two types of gardens, namely private gardens and temple gardens in Yangzhou. Analysis was made of the application of plant elements in each location, their implication of the traditional culture, and the relationship between the garden style, theme and artistic conception, aiming to provide a reference for the application of plant culture in the future garden decorations design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the painting Emperor Yongzheng Enjoying the Happiness of a Family Union in Twelve Lunar Months for example, this study explored the spatial characteristics of the architecture and garden reflected by the scroll against the background of the Western learning spreading eastward in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Combining with the conjectures put forward by previous scholars on the possible places of the Emperor Yongzheng Enjoying the Happiness of a Family Union in Twelve Lunar Months, with reference to the relevant historical materials, the interior space of the painting was analyzed by restoring the imaginary map and drawing the graph to complete the restoration design of space of the scroll painting. It is hoped that this study can enrich the research on the royal garden in the early Qing Dynasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peng Yigang is both a famous architectural theorist and a practitioner of architectural theory. His exploration in landscape planning and design is of great signifi cance to the transition from traditional garden to modern ones. Zhangpu Xihu Park in Fujian Province is an outstanding representative of early garden planning and architectural design by Peng Yigang, which highlights the characteristics of nationality and regionality. Through the interpretation and analysis of Zhangpu Xihu Park, Peng Yigang's design ideas and methods of garden planning and garden architecture can be understood, especially the reference and breakthrough of traditional garden planning and architectural design will provide ideological, methodological, and empirical guidance for future landscape planning and design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study introduced the development of stone elements in Italian Renaissance Garden and Chinese classical garden, analyzed the stonework of Renaissance Garden and the placing stone technique of Chinese classical garden from different angles and made a comparative analysis of the two from the aesthetic thought, stone selection and technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By summarizing research status of traditional garden, the obstacles and difficulties of garden rockery research are analyzed, and the breakthroughs and advantages of 3D digital technique in garden rockery surveying and mapping are introduced. The rockery in North China University of Technology is taken as the research object. Using many kinds of digital 3D techniques, 3D scanning and modeling analysis of the rockery are conducted. Modeling result and accuracy of each technique are analyzed, and application prospect of 3D digital technique in rockery research of classical garden is explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]