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The increased participation of females in sports has been accompanied by an increase in the rate of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. The literature has identified risk factors for noncontact ACL injuries in female athletes, including anatomic, hormonal, biomechanical, neuromuscular, and environmental factors. This review will provide an overview of sex-specific considerations when managing female athletes with ACL injuries. A discussion of sex-specific surgical and rehabilitative treatment strategies with the goal of optimizing return to sport after ACL reconstruction will be emphasized., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Mary Mulcahey reports a relationship with Arthrex Inc that includes: consulting or advisory. Mary Mulcahey reports a relationship with Ruth Jackson Orthopaedic Society that includes: board membership. Mary Mulcahey reports a relationship with American Association of Orthopaedic Surgeons that includes: board membership. Mary Mulcahey reports a relationship with American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine that includes: board membership. Mary Mulcahey reports a relationship with Arthroscopy Association of North America that includes: board membership. Mary Mulcahey reports a relationship with International Society of Arthroscopy Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine that includes: board membership. Mary Mulcahey reports a relationship with Orthoinfo that includes: board membership. Mary Mulcahey reports a relationship with AJSM that includes: board membership., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Importance: Men have a higher risk of Achilles tendon (AT) injury, and the impact of morphological and mechanical sex differences may play a role., Aim: The aim of this study is to systematically review the literature to determine whether there are sex-specific differences in AT morphological and mechanical properties and analyze how these differences may impact AT injury in both men and women., Evidence Review: A systematic literature search of articles published between 2001 and 2021, in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases was performed during May 2022 according to PRISMA. The primary outcome measures included sex-related differences in the mechanical and morphological properties of the Achilles tendon. Secondary outcomes included impact of sex on Achilles tendon properties and adaptation., Findings: Nineteen studies with a total of 1,143 participants (613 men and 530 women) were included in this systematic review. Men had increased measurements when compared with women in the following: AT length, thickness, cross-sectional area (CSA), stiffness, peak force, loading rate, and voluntary muscle contraction. Women had an increase in CSA deformation, strain, and compliance., Conclusions and Relevance: Our study demonstrates that men have an increased AT length, thickness, and CSA, indicating that men may be subjected biomechanically to higher loads in their day-to-day activities. In addition, men have lower deformation and compliance properties, along with increased AT stiffness, reducing their capacity to adapt during loading, potentially increasing their risk of injury., Level of Evidence: IV., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: James Calder reports a relationship with Arthrex Inc that includes: consulting or advisory and speaking and lecture fees. James Calder reports a relationship with Bone Joint Journal that includes: board membership. James Calder reports a relationship with Innovate Orthopaedics Ltd that includes: equity or stocks. James Calder reports a relationship with Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, and Arthroscopy that includes: board membership. James Calder reports a relationship with Smith and Nephew Inc that includes: consulting or advisory. John Kennedy reports a relationship with Arthrex Inc that includes: consulting or advisory. John Kennedy reports a relationship with Isto Biologics that includes: consulting or advisory. John Kennedy reports a relationship with European Society for Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy that includes: board membership. John Kennedy reports a relationship with American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society that includes: board membership. John Kennedy reports a relationship with International Society for Cartilage Repair of the Ankle that includes: board membership. John Kennedy reports a relationship with Arthroscopy Association of North America that includes: board membership. John Kennedy reports a relationship with Ankle and Foot Associates that includes: board membership. Gino Kerkhoffs reports a relationship with European Society for Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy that includes: board membership. Gino Kerkhoffs reports a relationship with fa. Heel that includes: non-financial support., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The evidence supporting best practice guidelines in the field of cartilage repair of the ankle are based on both low quality and low levels of evidence. Therefore, an international consensus group of experts was convened to collaboratively advance toward consensus opinions based on the best available evidence on key topics within cartilage repair of the ankle. The purpose of this article is to report the consensus statements on "Pediatric Ankle Cartilage Lesions" developed at the 2019 International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle., Methods: Forty-three international experts in cartilage repair of the ankle representing 20 countries convened to participate in a process based on the Delphi method of achieving consensus. Questions and statements were drafted within four working groups focusing on specific topics within cartilage repair of the ankle, after which a comprehensive literature review was performed and the available evidence for each statement was graded. Discussion and debate occurred in cases where statements were not agreed upon in unanimous fashion within the working groups. A final vote was then held, and the strength of consensus was characterised as follows: consensus: 51-74%; strong consensus: 75-99%; unanimous: 100%., Results: A total of 12 statements on paediatric ankle cartilage lesions reached consensus during the 2019 International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle. Five achieved unanimous support, and seven reached strong consensus (>75% agreement). All statements reached at least 84% agreement., Conclusions: This international consensus derived from leaders in the field will assist clinicians with the management of paediatric ankle cartilage lesions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The evidence supporting best practice guidelines in the field of cartilage repair of the ankle is based on both low quality and low levels of evidence. Therefore, an international consensus group of experts was convened to collaboratively advance toward consensus opinions based on the best available evidence on key topics within cartilage repair of the ankle. The purpose of this article is to report the consensus statements on "terminology for osteochondral lesions of the ankle" developed at the 2019 International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle., Methods: Forty-three international experts in cartilage repair of the ankle representing 20 countries were convened and participated in a process based on the Delphi method of achieving consensus. Questions and statements were drafted within four working groups focusing on specific topics within cartilage repair of the ankle, after which a comprehensive literature review was performed, and the available evidence for each statement was graded. Discussion and debate occurred in cases where statements were not agreed on in unanimous fashion within the working groups. A final vote was then held, and the strength of consensus was characterised as follows: consensus, 51%-74%; strong consensus, 75%-99%; unanimous, 100%., Results: A total of 11 statements on terminology and classification reached consensus during the 2019 International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle. Definitions are provided for osseous, chondral and osteochondral lesions, as well as bone marrow stimulation and injury chronicity, among others. An osteochondral lesion of the talus can be abbreviated as OLT., Conclusions: This international consensus derived from leaders in the field will assist clinicians with the appropriate terminology for osteochondral lesions of the ankle., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)