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Pain is the main symptom of endometriosis and adenomyosis. The pathogenesis is complex, and the changes in the number, distribution and function of the nervous system are the pathological basis of pain. Due to the pathological contraction of uterine spiral artery before the stripping of endometrium and the relative lag of angiogenesis in the process of lesion formation, the ectopic endometrial lesion is in a state of hypoxia due to the relative deficiency of oxygen supply to different degrees. Recent studies suggest that the lack of oxygen may be induced by neurotrophic proteins, prostaglandin E2, proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and acid pain caused by factors such as increased, by changing the expression and function of nerve fibers on ion channels to promote peripheral nerve sensitization, resulting in abnormal distribution of nerve fibers and other mechanisms play an important role in different disease pain in uterus. Previous studies have suggested that hypoxic targeted therapy may play a role in the treatment of endogeneic pain. These new findings provide a reference for the future exploration of the pathogenesis of endometriosis pain and the design of new strategies for the treatment of endometriosis pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postpartum lumbopelvic pain (PLPP) is a clinical manifestation of lumbar spine and pelvic band pain, which can be accompanied by discomfort in the lower extremities. Although many women have a reduced prevalence of lumbar pelvic pain in the first few months after delivery, a considerable number of women experience persistent lumbar pelvic pain within 2 to 3 years after delivery. The pathogenesis of PLPP is not clear, and it is mainly related to changes in endocrine system, circulatory system, biomechanics, and neural function. However, for a long time, PLPP has been regarded as a normal postpartum physiological response of women and has not been taken seriously. Therefore, postpartum women have not been able to receive timely, effective and standardized diagnosis and treatment. As a result, postpartum women cannot return to the family and society normally, causing serious damage to the physical and mental health of postpartum women. Therefore, it is planned to summarize the diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of PLPP, in order to provide a theoretical basis for further research on PLPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer in pregnancy is very rare, and the clinical manifestations are not typical, often found to be advanced, more poor prognosis. In the anti-tumor treatment, chemotherapy is the preferred treatment for most patients. The clinical data of one case of pregnancy complicated with lung cancer admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were analyzed retrospectively. The clinical characteristics of pregnancy complicated with lung cancer were analyzed based on previous literature and 71 cases. A total of 72 pregnant women with lung cancer were included in this study. Among the 72 cases, the median age of diagnosis was 34 years old; 64 cases of lung cancer were diagnosed during pregnancy, the median week was 31 weeks (6-38 weeks), 60 cases (93.75%) were diagnosed in the second and third trimester of pregnancy; 19 cases (26.39%) had a definite smoking history; 59 cases (81.94%) were non-small cell lung cancer, 13 cases (18.06%) were small cell lung cancer; 65 cases (90.28%) were clinical stage III or above; Among 60 cases with first diagnosis symptoms, there were 43 cases (71.67%) of cough, 32 cases (53.33%) of dyspnea, 12 cases (20.00%) of chest pain, 10 cases (16.67%) of hemoptysis, 13 cases (21.67%) of body weight reduction; the median gestational week of delivery was 33 weeks (26-42 weeks); 35 cases were treated in pregnancy, including 3 cases of early treatment, 23 cases of chemotherapy, 7 cases of targeted therapy, 5 cases of radiation therapy, 1 case of surgery. Among the 61 cases followed up, the 12-month survival rate was 26.23% after diagnosis of lung cancer. For this disease, we should pay attention to pre pregnancy screening and adverse reactions during pregnancy, early diagnosis, and improve the prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics and perinatal outcomes of listeriosis infection during pregnancy. Methods: The symptoms and signs, examination results and perinatal outcomes of pregnant women diagnosed with Listeria infection admitted from May 2017 to December 2019 were analyzed retrospectively, and their clinical characteristics were summarized. Results: The onset age was 26-32 (mean 27.00±2.03) years old, and the onset gestational age was 21-39(32.0±6.7) weeks, among which two cases were in the second trimester and 5 cases was in the third trimester. 7 cases had a history of eating unclean food and their clinical manifestations were fever (7/7), upper respiratory tract infection (4/7), urinary tract infection (1/7), and abnormal fetal movement (4/7). Laboratory examination showed increased white blood cell count and neutrophil ratio (7/7) and increased CRP and PCT (7/7). The placental pathology showed acute chorioamnitis (7/7). Listeriosis is isolated from blood (5/7), placenta (5/7), amniotic fluid (3/7), and uterus swab (1/7). There were 2 cases of induced labor of intrauterine death in the second trimeter. Two cases were in labor at the time of admission, and were delivered naturally after active treatment，2 neonates of which were not transferred to pediatrics. Three pregnant women underwent cesarean section due to fetal distress and the neonates had positive blood and cerebrospinal fluid listeria culture, while they had a good prognosis after active treatment. The initial treatment was cephalosporin antibiotics, with unsatisfactory curative effect. The therapeutic effect was significantly improved after drug sensitivity adjustment, and all pregnant women were cured. Conclusions: The onset of listeria infection in pregnancy is urgent, while misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis are easy, and the initial empirical treatment has limited efficacy. As a result, the bacterial culture and sensitivity test should be done as soon as possible to guide the clinical treatment and the clinicians should improve the ability to identify the disease so as to improve maternal and infant outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesonephric adenocarcinoma is a rare malignant tumor with a low incidence. It originates from mesonephric remnants or its hyperplasia, which often lies in cervix and rarely remains in the uterus corpus. Mesonephric adenocarcinoma of the uterus corpus (UCMA) is lack of special clinical presentation, which often presents with vaginal bleeding, thus leading to the diagnosis of genital tract inflammation, uterine fibroids, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer and so on. Cytology, pathology, immunohistochemistry and molecular character are required to get accurate diagnosis. According to recent reports, GATA3 is regarded as its special marker. In addition, the prognosis of UCMA is poor, and its treatment options include surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This paper reports a case of UCMA that was misdiagnosed as uterine fibroids before surgery, reviews the relevant literature and summarized the clinical features in order to reduce its misdiagnosis and get awareness raised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer is a cancer with second highest morbidity and highest fatality of all gynecological malignant tumors all over the world. About 70% of the cases were diagnosed with advanced stage and the prognosis of them was poor. Surgery combined with chemotherapy is the standard treatment for ovarian cancer and lots of new drugs targeting different kinds of molecular pathways are under developing now. DNA damage response (DDR) plays a key role in maintaining genomic integrity by repairing DNA damage, and is regarded as a key to tumor drug resistance. Compared with normal cells, cancer cells usually have DDR defects and DNA damage repair disorder. Therefore, designing specific inhibitors targeting specific DDR defects in cancer cells provides a new direction for the treatment of ovarian cancer. This article reviews the mechanism and research progress of five kinase inhibitors of DDR pathway to identify a new way for the therapy of ovarian cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis (EMs) refers to the appearance of endometrial tissue outside the uterine body, with the ovaries and uterine ligaments being the most common. Atypical endometriosis (aEM) refers to the abnormal shape of endometrial glands that are located in the ovary, and its histology appears to be "borderline" or "transitional", which is a precancerous lesion. aEM is closely related to the occurrence and development of endometriosis associated ovarian cancer (EAOC), but its severity has not been paid enough attention, which makes the disease easily missed in clinical diagnosis. The research progress of the mechanism of ovarian aEM malignant transformation is described here, hoping to improve the clinician′s understanding of ovarian aEM and bring some help to clinical work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer is a common malignant cancer of the female reproductive system. It is usually diagnosed at a late stage and thus becomes the most lethal gynecological maligancy. Therefore, finding specific molecular biomarkers and effective molecular targets is of great significance for the diagnosis, evaluation of the therapy effect and prognosis of ovarian cancer. Studies have shown that epigenetic modification plays a key role in the development of ovarian cancer. The histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is the enzymatic catalytic subunit of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and is commonly involved in transcriptional repression by trimethylating lysine 27 on histone 3 (H3K27). EZH2 plays a pivotal role in many biological processes such as cell apoptosis, cell cycle, and cell differentiation. In ovarian cancer, EZH2 is significantly overexpressed and the high expression of EZH2 in ovarian malignant tumors is closely related with the poor prognosis of patients. In addition, as an epigenetic modifier, EZH2 affects biological behaviors such as cell proliferation, metastasis and drug resistance of ovarian cancer cells and plays a crucial role in regulating tumor progression. Therefore, EZH2 may provide a new effective target for the treatment of ovarian malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vulvar Paget disease is a rare malignant tumor of the skin that usually occurs in postmenopausal women. It causes symptoms such as itching, local pain or burning sensation of the vulva. It usually presents as erythema or eczema-like changes of the skin of the vulva. The diagnosis is confirmed by pathological biopsy. Vulvar Paget disease can be classified into primary and secondary vulvar Paget disease. Immunohistochemical stains can be used to make a relatively clear differential diagnosis of vulvar Paget disease. Due to its non-specific clinical manifestations and atypical pathological features, the rate of misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis is high. Surgical treatment is the first choice for the treatment of vulva Paget disease. However, the formulation of surgical scope is a difficulty of current treatment. If the surgical scope is too large, it may cause serious tissue damage and dysfunction. Topical imiquimod cream and photodynamic therapy have provided new ideas for the conservative treatment in recent years. Regardless of surgical treatment or conservative treatment, the recurrence rate of vulvar Paget disease is high. Its prognosis is closely related to pathological type, lymph node metastasis and infiltration depth. It is necessary to conduct long-term follow up for patients with the disease. This article will review the progress in diagnosis and treatment of vulva Paget disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in gynecology. The main treatment methods for early cervical cancer include abdominal surgery and minimally invasive surgery. Abdominal radical hysterectomy, a traditional surgical procedure for early-stage cervical cancer, has disadvantages of large surgical trauma, large amount of bleeding, and slow recovery of postoperative organ functions. Minimally invasive surgery is praised by most gynecologists for its advantages of less trauma, less blood loss, and rapid recovery. Although it is suggested that laparoscopy ensures the endpoints of safety, feasibility and efficacy, no mature data on oncologic results exists. A prospective study and a large retrospective study of earlystage cervical cancer, which published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2018, have shown that laparoscopic applications led to an increased recurrence rates and a decline in long-term prognosis, leading to international controversy. It is important to analyze the factors that may affect the prognosis of minimally invasive surgery for cervical cancer, providing the most effective and advanced surgical treatment for cervical cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is considered to be one of the most common female endocrine diseases. In addition to the abnormal reproductive function caused by this disease, the metabolic disorders and related complications caused by PCOS are also important factors affecting the quality of life of PCOS patients. Current research results indicate that although omega-3 fatty acids are one of the effective drugs to alleviate PCOS -related complications, how to use omega-3 fatty acids in the diet to systematically control the complications in PCOS patients still needs further research. This paper reviews the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on BMI, insulin resistance index, abnormal inflammatory factors and steroid hormone levels in PCOS patients. We summarize the results of clinical efficacy on the treatment of PCOS complications with omega-3 fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the application of cervical cytology and HPV combined screening technology, the detection rate of early cervical cancer has been increased, and the surgical effect of early low-risk cervical cancer is satisfactory. The criteria of low-risk cervical cancer included: the maximum diameter of cervical tumor was not more than 2 cm; the depth of infiltrating interstitial was not more than 10 mm; no lymph vascular space invasion. Low-risk cervical cancer with parametrial involvement, lymph node metastasis and margin-positive probability is low, the overall prognosis is better. Therefore, it is suggested that conservative surgery can be used for low-risk cervical cancer patients. The nerve-sparing radical resection of cervical cancer does not affect the defecation and urination function of the patients and improves the quality of life of the patients after operation. The sensitivity of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging in predicting postoperative parametrial involvement is high. Patients with early low-risk cervical cancer found after hysterectomy can avoid radical hysterectomy, and the incidence of residual diseases and the probability of adjuvant treatment are very low. The fertility -sparing procedures include simple trachelectomy, cervical conization, and radical trachelectomy, with a same recurrence rate comparable to radical hysterectomy and favorable pregnancy outcomes. For minimally invasive cervical adenocarcinoma, the surgical treatment procedure should be the same as for squamous cell carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural pregnancy probability of patients with fertility intention after cesarean scar pregnancy （CSP） is about 73% to 87.5%; the secondary infertility probability is about 12.5% to 14.3%. The reasons for secondary infertility may be intrauterine adhesions, uterine arterial embolization, scar diverticula of cesarean section, chronic pelvic inflammation after cesarean section, iatrogenic adenomyosis and posterior uterus.The reproductive pregnancy outcomes following treatment of CSP included spontaneous abortion, recurrent cesarean scar pregnancy (RCSP) and normal intrauterine pregnancy. Early detection and timely treatment of RCSP can avoid serious complications. Placental adhesion, placental implantation, placenta previa are serious complications that may arise in subsequent intrauterine pregnancies. Uterine rupture may occur in the third trimester, and termination of pregnancy with elective cesarean section is needed. For CSP patients who still have fertility needs, they should be given the appropriate treatment. Doctors should consider the best time for pregnancy after treatment and the possible pregnancy outcomes, informing them the subsequent pregnancy-related risks, and closely monitor them and follow-up during pregnancy; For patients without fertility needs after treatment, a safe, long -term, and reliable contraceptive method is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vulvar and vaginal atrophy is a common symptom in postmenopausal women, the most prevalent symptoms are vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, vaginal irritation or itching, can disturb patients′ life and work. More and more patients need therapy in order to obtain a higher quality of life. According to the NAMS′s guidelines, the most common treatment of vulvar and vaginal atrophyis local hormone therapy in recent years. This method is first-line treatment. But some patients have difficulty to accept hormone therapy, or have contraindication of hormone treatment. Therefore, vaginal moisturizer, selective estrogen receptor modulator, prasterone, laser, traditional Chinese medicine and other treatment methods are derived. This paper will review the different treatment methods and mechanism and its application in patients, in order to provide reference for the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uterine borderline leiomyoma is a group of uterine smooth muscle tumors with special pathological features. Its related pathogenic factors include age, birth history, surgery history, etc. The pathogenesis is not clear, and may be related to sex hormone levels, genetic factors, and abnormal gene expression in the body. Its clinical manifestations are similar to benign uterine fibroids and lack characteristics. The auxiliary examinations before surgery include ultrasound, CT, MRI, etc. The test results lack specificity and are not easy to distinguish from benign uterine fibroids and uterine sarcomas. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult, and the diagnosis mainly depends on postoperative pathological examination. At present, the main treatment method is surgery, and some need adjuvant drug treatment. However, the choice of surgical methods and the effects of drug treatment are still controversial and need further research. Most patients with uterine borderline leiomyoma have a good prognosis, but they are at risk of postoperative recurrence and long-term malignancy. Close follow-up is required after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uterine cervical Naboth cyst is a common benign disease of gynecology, and it is caused by the damage to the cervix like childbirth, inflammation and artificial abortion. The diameter of the small cervical cysts varies from a few millimeters to 4 centimeters, which can be single or multiple. Most patients do not have self-conscious symptoms. Big cysts are rare and patients may have discomforts during sexual intercourses. Clinically preoperative identification of the large uterine cervical Nabothian cysts is very important. Differentiation from cervical malignant disease can help avoid expanding the scope of surgery and improve the postoperative qualities of lifes of patients. Large Naboth cysts are easily confused with mullerian duct cysts and cervical malignant adenomas before operation. Ultrasound examination has no absolute diagnostic value. The etiology of large cervical Naboth cysts is unclear. A case of pregnancy to term delivery with complete mediastinal uterus is reported. Whether there is a relationship between the incidence of large uterine Naboth cysts and uterine congenital malformations remains to be studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenomyosis is characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma in myometrium. It is a common disease that cause significant symptoms such as hypermenorrhea and progressive dysmenorrhea in reproductive-aged women, and seriously affect patients′ quality of life. The pathogenesis of the disease is not clear. There are many theories such as endometrial injury depression theory, epithelial mesenchymal transformation theory, stem cell theory and so on. Histological examination is the gold standard of diagnosis. The clinical manifestations and imaging findings of patients are often used to make the initial diagnosis. Adenomyosis can lead to infertility and have adverse effect on the whole pregnancy process. Although adenomyosis is a benign disease, more and more reports in recent years have confirmed the risk of malignant transformation. Studies have shown that patients have endometrial cancer with adenomyosis, which protects against cancer invasion and infiltration, tend to have better clinical outcomes. Treatment of adenomyosis includes medication and surgery. Clinical studies have confirmed that there is no radical drugs, and surgery is the main treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the related factors and curative effects for postoperative lymphocysts complicated with infection in gynecologic malignant tumor patients. Methods: A total of 351 patients with gynecologic malignant tumor who were treated by undergoing laparoscopic surgery in the First Hospital of Lanzhou University from Jan 2017 to Jan 2019 were retrosoectively enrolled in the study. According to the presence of lymphocyst formation, they were devided into lymphocyst group and no lymphocyst group. The two groups were compared in general condition, intraoperative status, postoperative laboratory tests and postoperatuve pathology. Results: The univariate analysis suggested that the incidence of lymphocyst was statistically significant with the number of dissection of lymph nodes (P=0.000), indwelling time of drainage tube (P=0.013), postoperative radiotherapy (P=0.005), body mass index (BMI, P=0.000) and triglyceride (TG, P=0.004) between the groups with and without lymph cyst. Logistic regression correlation analysis results showed that the number of resected lymphnodes and BMI were independent risk factors for lymphcyst formation (P＜0.05). 20 patients were complicated with lymphocyst infection during the adjuvant therapy with the incidence of 17.85%. The univariate analysis indicated that the infection was closely associated with the diameter of lymphocyst (P=0.000) and diabetes mellitus (P=0.000). The Logistic regression analysis showed that the diameter of lymphocyst was the independent influencing factor for the lymphocyst complicated with infection (OR=4.375, P= 0.041). Conclusions: The number of lymph nodes resected, indwelling time of drainage tube, postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy, the patient′s BMI and TG were the related factors of lymphocysts after pelvic lymph node dissection for gynecological malignant tumor. The diameter of lymphocyst was the independent influencing factors for the lymphocyst complicated with infection. Puncture and drainage combined with antibiotics were recommended therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian carcinosarcoma is a highly invasive malignanttumor, which is more common in postmenopausal women. The tissue contains both cancerous and sarcoma components, and the incidence is low. Early diagnosis is difficult, and most of the visits are late. Compared with epithelial ovarian cancer, it is more malignant, less sensitive to chemotherapy, and has a worse prognosis. Because of its relatively rare nature, it is difficult to conduct large-scale prospective clinical studies, making the establishment of systematic treatment guidelines a huge challenge. Current treatments are mostly based on retrospective studies or treatment experience of epithelial ovarian cancer. Tumor cytoreductive surgery is the main surgical treatment. Regarding postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, there is no standardized chemotherapy regimen in the world. Most studies support platinum-based combination chemotherapy, the role of radiotherapy is uncertain, and targeted therapy is under further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasitic leiomyoma is a special type of uterine leiomyoma, and its incidence is very low. The causes may be related to the level of estrogen and progesterone, peritoneal metaplasia, genetic factors and iatrogenic factors. In recent years, the cases of secondary parasitic leiomyoma after laparoscopic surgery have been paid more and more attention. Because the clinical manifestations of most of the patients were non-specific, only some of the symptoms such as pelvic and abdominal pain were found during routine physical examination or other operations, so the actual incidence of the disease may be higher than the reported incidence. Making a good assessment before the operation, reducing the operation of the suspected malignant tumor, using a specimen bag, strictly abide by the principle of surgical non-tumor, using transvaginal or umbilical incision to remove the path, the surgical closure of the full washing of the abdominal cavity, instruments and punctures are the key methods to prevent the occurrence of parasitic leiomyoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer is the second largest female malignant tumor after breast cancer. The main pathogenic factor of cervical cancer is human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The incidence and mortality of cervical cancer have been decreased thanks to the use of HPV vaccine and advances in surgery and chemoradiotherapy. However, metastasis, recurrence and drug resistance are still great challenges in clinical therapeutics. Long-stranded non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is longer than 200 nt, most of which can not encode proteins, and only a few of which are translated into peptides. LncRNAs such as H19 and HOTAIR have been proved to play an important role in the initiation and progression of cervical cancer, and are closely related to the abnormal activation of PI3K/Akt, Wnt and other signaling pathways. LncRNA involved in the development of cervical cancer and its signal pathways are reviewed to explore potential biomarkers for diagnosis or prediction of prognosis, or effective targets for gene therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lynch syndrome (LS) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease, formerly known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), which is caused by mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutations in the germline of MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2. LS patients have a variety of canceration tendency, low age of onset and family susceptibility, and can develop colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer (EC), ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, and breast cancer at the same or different time. EC is most closely related to it in female patients. At present, there is still insufficient understanding of LS -EC in China, and no complete diagnosis and treatment standards or guidelines have been formed. Therefore, this paper reviews the molecular mechanism, clinicopathological characteristics, screening and diagnostic methods, clinical treatment methods and prevention of LS-EC to improve the understanding of LS-EC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pregnancy with cervical cancer is relatively rare, early clinical manifestations are not typical. Due to the lack of awareness of gynecological tumor screening, it is easy to be confused with premature rupture of membranes, threatened premature delivery and other diseases, lead to treatment delay. There is no mature and standardized treatment for cervical cancer in pregnancy, especially the treatment of cervical cancer in the mid trimester of pregnancy is controversial. It is necessary to formulate individualized comprehensive treatment plan according to disease examination, staging, fetal development and pregnant women′s pregnancy expectation. This is a retrospective analysis of a case of second trimester pregnancy with cervical cancer who was admitted to the hospital with vaginal bleeding, after failure of conservative treatment, cesarean section was performed to terminate the pregnancy. We report this case and review the relevant literature, hoping to provide experience for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, it has been found that the incidence of thrombophilia during pregnancy tends to increase. Thrombophilia is divided into inherited thrombophilia and acquired thrombophilia. Inherited thrombophilia is mainly related to abnormal protein expression caused by coagulation gene mutation, including factor V Leiden (FVL) mutation, prothrombin gene G20210A mutation, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene mutation, protein S (PS) deficiency, protein C (PC) deficiency and antithrombin (AT) deficiency. Coagulation, anticoagulation, and dysfunction of the fibrinolysis system can cause poor placental perfusion, and adverse pregnancy outcomes such as pre-eclampsia (PE), placental abruption, fetal growth restriction (FGR), and habitual abortion may be associated with this. However, whether inherited thrombophilia is a direct cause of adverse pregnancy outcomes and whether prophylactic anticoagulation can improve pregnancy outcomes remains to be further explored. This review aims to illustrate the relationship between inherited thrombophilia and adverse pregnancy outcomes, so as to assess the need for preventive anticoagulation, and to provide ideas for clinical diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the age of pregnancy grows, the rate of cervical cancer during pregnancy is increasing and the management of cervical cancer during pregnancy is also becoming more difficult in clinic. During treatment, safety of both pregnant women and offspring should be taken into account. Management of patients wishing to preserve of her pregnancy aim at fewer adverse effects on fetuses, less tumor progress and similar outcomes with non-pregnancy women with cervical cancer. Current options to treat pregnant patients with cervical cancer desired to preserve pregnancy contains expectant treatment, surgery and chemotherapy. Radical trachelectomy, simple trachelectomy and conization are common surgical methods and most common chemotherapy is based on platinum，with or without other agents. Commonly, patients with stage ⅠA1 cervical cancer are eligible for expectant treatment. Surgical treatment is option for patients with stage ⅠA2-ⅠB1 cervical cancer and neoadjuvant chemotherapy is used in patients with stage ⅠB1 or greater cervical cancer. Patients with lymph nodes metastasis should terminate pregnancy. We will make conclusions on the latest progression of pregnancy-preserving managements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the therapeutic efficacy and safety of four different options for postmenopausal atrophic vaginitis，to guide clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods：120 cases of atrophic vaginitis in our department of gynecology from November 2016 to August 2018 were voluntarily enrolled according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly divided into four groups, which were group A(vaginal moisturiser without hormone：Weirun collagen vaginal gel), group B (Honglilai estrogens cream), group C (Honglilai estrogens cream + herbalanti-inflammatory agent: Baofukang froth) and group D (Weirun collagen vaginal gel + Baofukang froth). After the treatment, we made comparision of efficacy and safety among the four groups. Results：After the treatment，signs and symptoms scores off our groups are group A (7.59±1.28), group B (6.76± 1.33), group C (4.48±1.02), group D (5.34±1.01), efficacy：group C＞group D＞group B＞group A，and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05). Vaginal pH results of four groups are group A (5.10±0.15), group B (4.38±0.17), group C (4.04 ±0.18), group D (4.24 ±0.13), efficacy：group C＞group D＞group B＞group A，and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05). MV results are group A (31.94±3.16), group B (65.68±2.44), group C (72.19±2.86), group D (54.40±2.56). MV of group A shows no statistical difference after the treatment (P＞0.05), but the other three groups were significantly higher， efficacy：group C＞group B＞group D，and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05). In terms of safety, plasma level of E2, FSH, LH and endometrial stripe show no significant difference (P＞0.05). Conclusions：For patients who don′t want to or can′t take estrogen therapy, non-hormonal vaginal moisturisers and lubricants with local anti-inflammatory drugs can be an alternative choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uterine sarcoma is a malignant tumor that occurs in the female genital system. Its incidence is low and its prognosis is poor. Its manifestations mainly include abnormal vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain and abdominal mass. Serological indicators such as serum lactate dehydrogenase, serum neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and ultrasound and magnetic resonance examinations can assist in the preoperative diagnosis of uterine sarcoma, but the diagnosis still depends on postoperative pathology. Uterine sarcomas include three pathological types: uterine leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma and uterine adenosarcoma. Whole uterus and double attachment resection are standard surgical methods, and adjuvant treatment can be selected according to different pathological types and surgical stages. This article summarizes the clinical manifestations, auxiliary examinations, pathological features, treatment and prognosis of uterine sarcoma by consulting domestic and foreign literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lynch syndrome is a recognized hereditary tumor syndrome, which is the most common cause of hereditary colorectal cancer and the only known cause of hereditary endometrial cancer. Lynch syndrome -associated tumors also include ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, urothelial cancer and small bowel cancer. While we have known the mechanism of Lynch syndrome is mismatch repair deficiency and microsatellite instability, there have been new advances recently in their diagnosis and molecular pathogenesis, which suggests that different mismatch repair deficiency corresponds to different Lynch syndrome-associated tumors and different incidence, and produces new impact on the surveillance of patients, with the treatment methods constantly enriched and improved. For example, positive results have been achieved in the treatment of Lynch syndrome-associated tumors using the immune effects of microsatellite instability. We will introduce the genetic characteristics, diagnosis of Lynch syndrome and clinicopathological characteristics, treatment of its associated tumors, and the recent progress will be highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus has been increasing in the world，It is not only associated with perinatal adverse events for mother and fetus, but also increases the risk of metabolic diseases in mother and off spring in the long term. However, there are still many controversies about the diagnosis and treatment in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. ACOG in 2018 and ADA in 2019 had issued updated guidelines for GDM in order to provide the latest suggest for management of GDM. It is the guiding documents for the diagnosis and treatment of GDM in the United States. Two guidelines have been comparative analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:To analyze the delivery outcomes and neonatal outcomes in the treatment of single-birth primipara oligohydramnios in labor using transvaginal amnioinfusion. Methods: 358 patients with single-birth primipara oligohydramnios in labor who were hospitalized in the Characteristic Medicine Center of the Chinese People's Armed Forces from April 2015 to March 2018 were divided into two groups, including the treatment group (166 women those who accepted the transvaginal amnioinfusion) and the control group (192 women those who did not accept the transvaginal amnioinfusion). The delivery outcomes including spontaneous labor rate, forceps delivery rate, cesarean section rate, postpartum hemorrhage rate and puerperal infection rate, and the neonatal outcomes including umbilical artery PH, umbilical artery lactate, 1 minute Apgar score after birth, incidence of meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) and admission rate of newborn department, were compared between the two groups. Results: The spontaneous labor ratein the treatment group was higher than that in the control group, while the forceps delivery rate and cesarean section rate were both lower than that in the control group. The difference of these three indexes between the treatment group and the control group were all statistically significant (P<0.05). The difference of the postpartum hemorrhage rate and puerperal infection rate between the treatment group and the control group were both statistically insignificant (P>0.05). The umbilical artery pH and 1 minute Apgar score after birth in the treatment group were both higher than that in the control group, while the umbilical artery lactate, incidence of MAS and admission rate of newborn department in the treatment group were all lower than that in the control group, and the difference of the these five indexes between the two groups were all statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions: Transvaginal amnioinfusion is safe and effective in the treatment of single-birth primipara oligohydramnios in labor, which can improve obviously the delivery outcomes and neonatal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of kidney damage doubles during pregnancy. Acute kidney injury in pregnancy (P-AKI) is a high risk obstetrical disease that threatens the lives of mothers and their children. Despite the decline in the incidence of P-AKI in the past three decades, China still has a high incidence and mortality rate. P-AKI is a serious complication of pregnancy. It has clinical features of rapid onset, rapid progress and serious illness, often accompanied by respiratory, cardiovascular and digestive symptoms. P-AKI related diseases such as pre -eclampsia, acute fatty liver in pregnancy, HELLP syndrome and thrombotic microangiopathy have similar clinical manifestations and are prone to diagnosis difficulties. This article analyzes the pathophysiological changes, the incidence and causes of different countries, the diagnostic criteria, the related diseases of PAKI and the preventive and therapeutic measures, further analyzes the dialysis for P-AKI. It aims to improve the prevention and treatment of P-AKI, reduce the incidence, mortality and disability, and improve maternal and child outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometrial polyps (EP) are a common cause of reduced fertility in women and an independent factor affecting embryo implantation via artificial assisted techniques. Excessive exposure to estrogen, chronic inflammatory stimuli, or cell proliferation/apoptosis imbalance may be associated with its pathogenesis. The mechanism by which EP causes infertility is still unclear, and may be related to the formation of mechanical interference in the implantation of embryos in the uterine cavity and the alteration of the microenvironment of the endometrium. The probability of malignancy is very low. In most cases, EP with diameter <1 cm has the possibility of self-resolving, and you can choose expectant treatment. For infertile women, the choice of transcervical resection of polyp (TCRP) can improve the natural pregnancy rate and assisted reproductive success rate of infertile patients. There is currently no specific treatment regimen recommended for EP patients newly diagnosed during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). Related clinical studies have shown that frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) after TCRP can improve clinical pregnancy rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gut microbiota is a complex and huge community of microorganism species living in the digestive tracts. Gut microbiota is capable of producing a diverse range of compounds that significantly affect host physiology, energy homeostasis, inflammatory process and immune function, and it plays an important role in maintaining body health. In recent years, the structure and physiological functions of gut microbiota, changes in gut microbiota during pregnancy, and the correlation between gut microbiota and pregnancy diseases have become hot topics. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia are still unclear, most of the findings are related to vascular factors, immune imbalance, and systemic inflammatory response factors. It has been found that gut microbiota may play a role in the occurrence and development of pre-eclampsia through vascular factors, immune response, inflammatory response. Adjusting the diet structure and supplementing the microecological regulator can regulate the intestinal flora disorder, thereby preventing or alleviating pre-eclampsia. It provides new targets and ideas for exploring the prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:To discuss the clinical and pathological characteristics, therapy and prognosis of clear cell adenocarcinoma of cervical (CCAC). Methods: We performed a retrospective review of 13 patients with CCAC who were diagnosed and treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from April 2013 to December 2017. Result: The age of the patients was (53.6±13.9) years,of which 9 (69.2%) were older than 40 years and 4 (30.8%) were younger than 40 years, 2 were adolescents. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage: 46.15% (n=6) stage I, 46.15% (n=6) stage II, 7.7% (n=1) stage III. Twelve patients underwent surgery followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy, including 3 patients treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 9 postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. One patient was treated by radiotherapy alone. The median follow-up time was 24 months (6-60 months). 4 patients died and 2 patients had multiple metastases. The 1-year, 2-year and 5-year survival rates were 12/13,11/13 and 9/13, respectively. Conclusions: CCAC has low incidence, nonspecific clinical manifestations and poor prognosis with lymph node metastasis. The individualized comprehensive treatment of surgery followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy can significantly improve the patient' s condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Androgens play a vital role in maintaining the health of the female reproductive system. Either excessive or deficient androgens may result in the occurrence of female reproductive endocrine diseases. Hyperandrogenism is one of the important characteristics and pathogenic factors of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hyperandrogenism may play its pathogenic role in women with PCOS by influencing epigenetic modification, hypothalamic neuroendocrine, follicular development, ovarian function and metabolism. The mechanism of androgens action in recurrent spontaneous abortion mainly affects endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation. Women with premature ovarian insufficiency often have low testosterone levels. Androgen deficiency may be associated with granulosa cells apoptosis and diminished ovarian reserve. The treatment of androgen reduction is an important part of the clinical treatment of PCOS, while androgen supplements can be used in women with low function ovarian reserve, whereas further studies are needed due to the lack of long-term safety and efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometrial hyperplasia is defined as endometrial thickening with a proliferation of irregularly sized and shaped glands and an increased gland -to -stroma ratio. The specific cause of this disorder is unclear, the endometrium proliferation by estrogenic stimulation without progesterone resistance is believed to be the main etiological factor for developing the condition. Endometrial hyperplasia is currently mainly classified as endometrial hyperplasia with and without atypical hyperplasia according to the pathology. An atypical endometrial hyperplasia is considered as a pre-malignant conditions of the type I endometrium. The diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia should be taken into account of medical history, imaging and cytology, and its final diagnosis is based on histological results. The treatment of endometrial hyperplasia is mainly divided into medication and surgery. The specific treatment regimen should be based on the type of endometrial hyperplasia and the fertility requirements of the patient. This article reviews the endometrial hyperplasia definition, mechanism, diagnosis, classification, and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We described the clinical dates of 2 cases of patients with brain metastases of ovarian cancer of 443 cases of patients with ovarian cancer in detail, including general data of the patients, treatment before and after the diganosis of brain metastases of ovarian cancer, the survival time after brain metastasis of ovarian cancer and so on. We found that the incidence of brain metastases of ovarian cancer is 0.5% in this hospital and the one from the literature is 0.29%-12%. Age and treatment are the most important factors affecting the prognosis. In this study one patient has survived 30 months after treated with multimode comprehensive therapy when diagnosed of brain metastasis of ovarian cancer. The interval time of the other patient between the diagnosis of ovarian cancer (age＜50) and the diagnosis of brain metastasis of ovarian cancer (age=60) is 13 years, providing evidence of the factors influencing the morbidity and prognosis of brain metastasis of ovarian cancer reported in the literature in recent years，and the multimode comprehensive therapy, surgery combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy can effectively alleviate the symptoms of ovarian cancer and prolong the survival period. We also found that the expression of androgen receptor and BRCA gene mutation were expected to be the landmark events of brain metastasis of ovarian cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exosomes are vesicular structures that can stably exist in variety of body fluids，which can participate in transfering information and signal regulation among cells. The miRNAs and the proteins that they carry play an important role in many pathophysiological processes. It has received extensive attention due to its close relationship with the occurrence and development of many kinds of tumors and other diseases. Endometriosis is a disease that occurs in women of childbearing age, and has the characteristics of strong invasiveness, extensive pathological changes and easy recurrence. Exosomes, as an important signal regulators is involved in angiogenesis of endometriosis, proliferation and migration of ectopic endometrial cells, etc. It plays an important role in the occurrence and development of endometriosis, secondary lesions, and malignant transformation. However, the specific mechanism is not yet clear. This article reviews the role of exosomes in the development of endometriosis and provides new ideas for the early diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenomyosis is a kind of common benign gynecologic endometriosis disease, which shows the characteristics of malignant in certain aspects, such as the angiogenesis and invasion behavior, and has the potential of malignant transformation. The main histologic type is endometrioid adenocarcinoma. The pathogenesis may be related to abnormal smooth muscle cells, high estrogen status, female progesterone receptors, metabolic enzyme abnormalities, gene mutation and epigenetics and so on, but remains unclear. The clinic manifestations are not typical. Abnormal vaginal bleeding and vaginal bleeding after menopause are the most common clinical symptoms of malignant transformation of adenomyosis. It is difficult to make a preoperative diagnosis especially an early one, which leads to the high rate of misdiagnoses and the erroneous diagnosis. Postoperative histopathological examination could determine the diagnosis. Surgery combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy is recommended for the treatment. The prognosis is unknown, which need to be further studied. This article will review the progress on malignant transformation of adenomyosis, intending to provide new way for the early diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a common idiopathic disease occurring in pregnant women after 20 weeks of gestation. It changes rapidly, and the probability of serious complications of HELLP syndrome, placental abruption, preeclampsia, preterm birth, and fetal distress is high. PE is one of the leading causes of poor pregnancy outcomes in developing countries, and currently there is a lack of effective prevention and control measures. The basic pathological change of preeclampsia is systemic arteriospasm resulting in the poor erosion of gestational trophoblast, and shallow placental implantation, syncytio cells are ischemic and anoxic, inflammatory factor and procoagulant release, the blood pressure is raised, and the blood coagulation and fibrinolysis system are unbalanced, the blood is hypercoagulable in the early stage of the disease. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and aspirin are two kinds of anticoagulant drugs commonly used in obstetrics. The coagulation state of preeclampsia is different from that of normal pregnant women, so the application of LMWH and aspirin in PE has attracted the attention of scholars all over the world. In this paper, the research progress on the effectiveness and safety of the two drugs in the prevention and treatment of PE will be reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective： To investigate the pathology, diagnosis and treatment characteristics of benign and malignant ovarian tumors in pregnancy, and the effect of different surgical methods on pregnancy outcome. Methods： A total of 425 patients with pregnancy ovarian tumors as research objects who were treated in Shenzhen Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated Southern Medical University from September 2010 to September 2016, retrospectively analysing its clinical data, including discovery time, pathological type, surgical method, pregnancy outcome, etc. Results: Cystic mature teratoma was the most common pathological type in patients with gestational ovarian tumors, followed by endometriosis cyst and mucinous cystadenoma. There were 30 cases of complications during pregnancy, accounting for 7.10%, among which torsion was the most common complication, followed by malignant and rupture hemorrhage. There are mainly two kinds of operation methods during pregnancy period: laparoscope and laparotomy surgery, the amount of blood loss in the laparoscopic group [(39.62±28.25) mL vs. (68.50±33.60) mL, t=2.563, P=0.015], length of hospital stay of laparoscopy group were less than the laparotomy surgery group [(6.46±2.03) d vs. (9.90±1.92) d, t=4.925, P＜0.001]. In addition, the average surgical gestational weeks of the laparoscope group were smaller than that of the laparotomy surgery group [(12.71±3.71) weeks vs. (16.71±4.89) weeks, t=2.490, P=0.018]. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the rate of cesarean section, low birth rate, preterm birth rate and abortion rate (all P＞0.05). The prognosis of malignant tumor in pregnancy is better after treatment in a timely and individualized manner. Conclusions: To eliminate malignant tumor by early detection early treatment will have a good prognosis. It is safety to choose surgical intervention during pregnancy. Surgical indications are recommended for surgical intervention. Both laparoscopy and laparotomy has no effect on pregnancy outcome. The choice of operation can be individualized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vulvar cancer account for 3% to 5% of all female genital cancers. The commonest histological type is squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. It is frequently found in postmenopausal women and increases with age. The early symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva are not specific, and late symptoms of pruritus, pain, irritation and increased secretions can delay diagnosis and treatment. At present, the diagnosis is still based on biopsy, and biopsy of asymptomatic suspects is also necessary. For the treatment of early stage of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva, surgical resection is usually performed, and radiotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy are adopted in the later stage, because of the low morbidity, a standard treatment regimen has not been established. In recent years, there have been new progresses in surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and other fields for vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. So this article gives an overview on treatment of vulvar squamous carcinoma so as to provide reference for this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous cesarean scar defect (PCSD) is one of the long-term complications after cesarean section, which can cause clinical manifestations of menstruation, infertility, cesarean scar pregnancy etc. The incidence rate of PCSD is increasing. The commonly used auxiliary examinations are transvaginal ultrasound and saline infusion sonohysterography. Minimally invasive surgerys are the main treatments, including hysteroscopy, laparoscopy and transvaginal surgery. Hysteroscopy is the most invasive surgery, it can remove the fibrotic scar tissue to facilitate menstrual blood drainage and perform fulguration of endometrial-like glands inside the scar to reduce irregular bleeding, it can also improve the endometrial environment conducive to pregnancy, but because of electrical injury and uterine perforation risk, it is suitable for patients whose residual muscle layer thickness is more than 2 mm, the postoperative pregnant women need to be treated as the high risk population of uterine rupture. As for the patients whose residual muscle layer thickness is less than 2 mm, laparoscopic surgery or vaginal surgery should be adopted to remove the scar diverticulum and suture it again, which can improve the symptoms effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaginal intraepithelial neopalsia (VAIN) is included vaginal squamous dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of a group of disease, is a rare precancerous lesions, the main risk factor is the persistent high-risk HPV virus infections, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer, the incidence of it is low. There is no obvious clinical symptom of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. The vaginal mucosa is basically normal and the diagnosis is mainly based on the accessory examination. Consistent with the three step diagnostic procedure for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, it is usually found incidentally in colposcopy at the second stage of cervical cancer screening, often associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. In recent years, with the popularization and improvement of colposcopy, the detection rate of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia has increased significantly. The treatment of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia mainly depends on the grade of the lesion. The VAINⅠ grade can be reduced by itself, without treatment and followed up closely. But the patients with high-risk HPV infection should pay attention to follow-up. VAINⅡ-Ⅲ grade is recognized as precancerous lesions, once diagnosed, the need for active treatment. The clinical treatment methods include surgical treatment, drug therapy, physical therapy and radiotherapy. But so far, there is no unified standard of clinical diagnosis and treatment. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. It is very important to choose a treatment plan according to the patient′s own condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenosarcoma is constituted by benign glandular epithelium and malignant stroma as a low degree of malignant potential of mixed tumor, mostly derived from the endometrium, occasionally can occur in the ovary or extrauterine tissue. Uterine adenosarcoma is a rare female genital tract malignant tumor, more common in postmenopausal women, lack of specific clinical symptoms. The most common clinical manifestations are vaginal bleeding, cervical prolapse and uterine enlargement. Early diagnosis of the disease is difficult. Ultrasound and MRI have a certain diagnostic value, and "cuff" -like structure is the postoperative pathological characteristics of the performance. The occurrence of uterine adenosarcoma may be associated with endometriosis, long-term estrogen exposure and other factors, but the specific pathogenesis is not yet clear. The main treatment of the disease for the unilateral uterine adnexectomy (lymph node metastasis is rare, so lymph node dissection is not routine), radiotherapy and chemotherapy and hormone therapy is not yet accurate. But the survival and recurrence are closely affected by sarcoma overgrowth, disease staging, uterine muscle invasion depth, lymphatic metastasis, vascular invasion and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) is a special type of endometriosis (EMs), which specifically refers to the infiltration depth of ≥ 5 mm of endometriosis lesions, involving in different parts of the pelvic cavity, mainly located in the posterior pelvic cavity, such as the uterosacral ligament, rectouterine pouch, vaginal septum, rectal colorectal etc. Pain is the main clinical symptoms with various forms, including dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, deep sexual pain and urinary system related pain. At present, the main treatment for DIE is the surgery, but the difficulty, safty, hard to avoid postoperative complications in the surgery are very difficult problems. According to the researchers, the methods of nerve sparing resection and robot assisted laparoscopic surgery are being explored. Therefore, the new research progress of the treatment of DIE is reviewed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive cervical cancer in women younger than 35-year-old is generally called young cervical cancer, and its incidence has been increasing in recent years. Cervical cancer in young women progresses more rapidly than in older patients, which might be related with young women′ s high level of estrogen and their susceptibility to disordered vaginal microenvironment. The proportion of non-squamous cell carcinoma in young patients is higher than in older ones, leading to difficulty in diagnosis. However, taking imaging diagnosis and new molecular markers as novel auxiliary diagnosing methods have improved the efficiency of diagnosis. Young patients require fertility and better life quality, therefore, on the basis of traditional surgery, some new therapies, like minimally invasive surgery and uterine transplantation and so on, have been born. Advanced cervical cancer patients mainly conduct radiation/chemical therapy, some new types of radiation therapies (such as three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy and intensity modulated radiation therapy) can significantly improve young patients′ prognosis by killing more cancer cells and less normal tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrauterine adhesion (IUA) is one of the common causes of infertility gynecological diseases, which dose serious harm to the reproductive function and mental health of women who are childbearing age, and the main reason is pregnancy uterine cavity operation. The incidences rate increases with the increase in intrauterine operation. Hysteroscopy is the diagnostic criteria, and transcervical resection of uterine adhesions (TCRA) is the standard surgical procedure. The mild intrauterine adhesions treatment effect is good, but the recurrence rate of moderate intrauterine adhesions and severe intrauterine adhesions are high. There are many methods to prevent IUA, prophylactic use of antibiotics, oral estrogen, intrauterine injection of sodium hyaluronate, placement of intrauterine device or balloon stent, etc. but there is no uniform standard. It is always using TCRA +anti -adhesion material +artificial cycle of comprehensive treatment program to treat intrauterine, and the effect is better than hysteroscopic uterine cavity adhesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most common immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. They exist in tumor，distant pre-metastatic niche，as well as metastatic lymph node, and they are related to tumor progression and poor prognosis. There are many TAMs infiltrating into ovarian tumor and patients′ ascites, while the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Recently, role of lncRNA in the regulation of cell physiology has drawn more and more attention. LncRNA can affect the expression of coding gene by competing miRNA, directly interacting chromatin or protein, then regulate the function of cells. LncRNA has also been reported to regulate the differentiation of macrophages，for there are large number of lncRNAs differently expressing in M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages. Furthermore, lncRNA may play a role in the regulation of antigen presentation and phagocytosis of macrophages. Therapeutic methods targeting TAMs has been proved to be effective to reduce growth of ovarian cancer and production of ascites, and researches trying to investigate the application of lncRNA inhibition in tumor therapy has also progressed to some extent in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of stage Ⅱ endometrial cancer accounts for about 12% of endometrial cancer. The combination of the dilationand curettage, hysteroscopy and the imaging technique is a good choice for diagnosis. At present, the surgical approach of stage Ⅱ endometrial cancer is controversial, different studies have come to different conclusions, to expand the resection range to reduce the recurrence rate also increased intraoperative and postoperative complications. We should carefully balance the benefits of prognosis and increasing risk of surgery in selecting the surgical range. More prospective experiments are needed. Postoperative radiotherapy can reduce the recurrence rate, but have no effect on the overall survival rate. And vaginal brachytherapy may be better than pelvic radiotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy is needed in high-risk stage Ⅱ endometrial cancer. The three year survival rate of stage Ⅱendometrial cancer is 79%-85%. The diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of stage Ⅱ endometrial cancer, which is the endometrial cancer patients with cervical stromal involvement [new International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage Ⅱ] are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]