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Müllerian duct anomalies are congenital malformations of the female genital tract, the rudimentary uterus horn is the result of blocked development of one of the Müllerian tubes. These abnormalities are usually diagnosed during puberty, because they tend to remain asymptomatic until adolescence. The initial clinical symptoms are nonspecific and may include dysmenorrhea, infertility, and chronic or acute abdominal pain. A 23-year-old patient with 8-year history of dysmenorrhea was reported. The final diagnosis was Rudimentary uterus horn with absense of right kidney. By discussing its typing, diagnosis and treatment, it is intended to remind clinicians that Müllerian anomalies should always be considered as an important differential diagnosis in young patients with abdominal pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometrial carcinoma, accounting for about 20%-30% of gynecological tumors, is a malignant tumor that seriously threatens women′s health. In recent years, research has shown that the incidence and mortality of the disease have increased gradually among urban women in China. In order to further clarify the pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma, more and more scholars have studied the occurrence and development of endometrial carcinoma from the aspect of epigenetics. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that widely participate in epigenetic regulation of cellular physiology and pathology. By reviewing the epigenetic effects of multiple miRNAs on tumor-related genes in endometrial carcinoma, we hope to further elucidate the possible molecular mechanisms of endometrial carcinoma pathogenesis and provide relevant basis for the exploration of new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer and cervical cancer are three major malignancies in gynecology. The prognosis of patients with gynecologic tumors has been improved significantly with the development of comprehensive treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, however, due to the lack of obvious symptoms and accurate diagnosis at early stages, there are still a considerable proportion of patients with poor prognosis life-threatening. Therefore, it is very important to identify new therapeutic targets and predictive markers for prognosis. Metabolomics is a popular research method in the field of cancer research. Its theoretical basis is that tumors have different metabolic characteristics from normal tissues, which are closely related to biological phenotypes. Through comprehensive analysis of endogenous metabolites in biological systems, metabolomics elucidates the remodeling mechanism of some key biochemical pathways during tumor development and progression, and provides analytical and precise intervention. This paper reviews the application of metabonomics in the treatment and prognosis of gynecological tumors, which is expected to provide potential targets for personalized and precise treatment of gynecological tumors, and provide important reference for selecting biomarkers for prognosis of gynecological tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most fetal arrhythmias are benign processes in cardiac embryo development, transient and good prognosis. And persistent fetal arrhythmia or arrhythmia with heart structural defect, fetal edema, can cause perinatal adverse outcome. In this case, persistent supraventricular arrhythmia with fetal edema was treated with digoxin monotherapy, the pregnancy terminated by caesarean section at 36 weeks of gestation and the newborn died 3 days after birth. By reviewing the patient′s general situation and diagnosis and treatment process, summarizing experience and lessons, and strengthening clinicians′ understanding of the disease and its treatment plan, for patients with fetal arrhythmia, perinatal maternal and child monitoring should be strengthened, and individualized treatment plans should be formulated to improve adverse pregnancy outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of iron in oxygen transport, electron transfer, and enzyme activity is essential for cell function. During pregnancy, with the increase in the blood volume of the mother and the growth and development of the fetus, the demand for iron increases sharply. When the body′s iron storage and intake cannot meet the body′s needs, it will lead to a relative or absolute lack of iron and cause iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency during pregnancy is the most common cause of anemia during pregnancy and is related to offspring′s cognition, autism, and mental disorders. Anemia during pregnancy increases the risk of infection during the puerperium, abruption of the placenta, death of pregnant women, gestational hypertension, cesarean delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, fetal growth restriction, and preterm birth, etc, it endangers the health and safety of mothers and babies, so early diagnosis and treatment are critical. Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy is treated with oral iron and intravenous iron. This review summarized the diagnosis of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy, and discussed the adverse effects of iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy on pregnant women and their offspring, as well as its treatment and prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility. Ovulation induction is the first choice of treatment for PCOS patients with fertility requirements. According to the current domestic and international treatment guidelines, clomiphene citrate (CC) is the traditional first-line drug to induce ovulation for infertile women with PCOS. However, the response of CC ovulation treatment varies significantly for different patients. It was reported that about 40% of PCOS patients cannot respond to CC, that is, CC resistance. This paper provides a review on the research progress of predictive indicators for PCOS infertile women with CC resistance as well as alternative ovulation induction strategies in recent years. This paper mainly expounds the predictive indicators for PCOS patients with CC resistance from the perspective of phenotype, biochemical characteristics and genetics. Single or combined schemes are selected in the treatment methods of letrozole (LE), gonadotropin (Gn), laparoscopic ovarian perforation (LOD), in vitro fertilization (IVF) and adjunctive therapy of traditional Chinese medicine to elaborate their alternative ovulation induction strategies, and the advantages and potential shortcomings of these single and combined schemes are discussed to provide more accurate and individualized ovulation induction schemes for PCOS infertile women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis (EMs) is a common benign gynecologic disease in women of childbearing age, which is difficult to be cured and complicated. Until now, the exact pathogenesis of EMs is not well known. Autophagy is a dynamic regulatory process in which biomembrance encapsulates and transports damaged organelles and misfolded proteins into the lysosomes for degradation and recycling. Recently an increasing number of studies proved that autophagy plays a vital role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of EMs. The expression level of autophagy in EMs is up -regulated or down - regulated, suggesting that autophagy plays a double -edged sword role in promoting or inhibiting the occurrence and development of EMs, but many key problems remain unsolved. This article reviews the latest progress in the mechanism of autophagy in the pathogenesis and treatment of EMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT) is a malignant tumor derived from chorioamniotic intermediate trophoblast. ETT is often related to the previous pregnancy history, most of which are secondary to the previous normal pregnancy, while ETT patients who are secondary to gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) are very rare. A patient with ETT secondary to the previous hydatidiform mole underwent uterine curettage because of hydatidiform mole, and hysteroscopic surgery was performed 2 years later because of abnormal uterine bleeding. The disease was found and was considered as ETT with suspected lung metastasis. The prognosis of the patients was good after hysterectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy. Combined with related case reports, the clinical features, such as onset time, location, ultrasound, pathology and immunohistochemistry, treatment and prognosis of this kind of ETT were summarized in order to improve clinicians′ understanding of the disease and make efforts to improve the treatment and prognosis of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improve the diagnosis and treatment of leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminate (LPD). Methods: 7 cases of LPD admitted between June 2018 and July 2021 in the Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Capital Medical University were analyzed retrospectively, including their clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment methods, pathological diagnosis and recurrence. Results: The average age of onset of the 7 patients was 41.6 years (33-48 years). All 7 cases had a history of laparoscopic uterine myomectomy with an average of (60.1±44.6) months (range 6 to 132 months). 57.1% of patients were asymptomatic, and they presented with the main complaint of masses in the pelvic and abdominal cavity found on physical examination. Imaging mainly showed multiple solid nodules in the pelvic and abdominal cavity. The diagnostic rates of MRI and CT were 28.6% and 25.0%, respectively. All 7 patients underwent surgical treatment. Nodules extensively involved the colon mesentery (4 cases), the surface of the peritoneum (3 cases), the omentum (2 cases), Douglas pouch (2 cases), ranging from 0.4 to 10 cm in diameters. One case underwent laparoscopic total hysterectomy, double adnexectomy and resected all LPD nodules, and the remaining 6 cases done laparoscopic or laparotomy LPD nodule resection. All cases were definitive diagnosed as LPD by histopathology and immunohistochemical examination, of which 1 case was cellular uterine leiomyomas. Conclusions: LPD is a rare benign tumor, lacking specific clinical symptoms and imaging. The diagnosis mainly depends on surgery, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The preferred treatment is surgical resection if possible, and close follow-up is required after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis (EMs) is a common benign disease in women of childbearing age which seriously affects patients′ quality of life, and its incidence is increasing year by year. Autophagy is a kind of programmed cell death different from apoptosis, which supports cell survival and metabolism by degrading abnormal proteins or organelles within the cell to produce energy, which is an important mechanism for the degradation and recycling of intracellular components. In recent years, plenty of studies have found that autophagy participates in the occurrence and development of EMs. Previous studies reported that the level of autophagy in ectopic lesions of patients with EMs is lower than that in endometrial tissue of normal patients, and that the cyclical changes of autophagy in ectopic endometrial tissue of patients with EMs disappear. However, there are still a small number of studies demonstrate the higher levels of autophagy in ectopic lesions in patients with EMs. The complex environment of EMs ectopic lesion includes many factors that affect the level of autophagy, such as estrogen and progestin, hypoxia and oxidative stress, pathogen infection and iron overload, etc. In addition, autophagy plays a dual role in the occurrence development of EMs, it can not only hinder the progression of EMs by inhibiting the inflammatory response, promoting the immune system′s ability to clear lesions and inhibiting the fibrosis of the lesions, but also promote the progression of EMs by promoting the survival, migration and invasion of ectopic endometrial stromal cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uterine collision tumor is a rare pathological type composed of two or more malignant tumors with few related reports. Its etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear. Clinical manifestations and imaging examinations are not specific, and preoperative diagnosis is difficult, mainly rely on pathological examination to make an accurate diagnosis. There are various histological types of uterine collision tumors, while no standardized treatment guidelines have been established so far. The comprehensive treatment mainly consists of surgery and radiotherapy, supplemented by chemotherapy, and the prognosis is quite different. In recent years, the incidence of uterine malignant tumors has been increasing. With the extensive use of experimental techniques such as immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in clinical pathology, the detection rate of uterine collision tumors has been increased. This article reviews the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of uterine collision tumors, in order to increase people′s comprehensive understanding of uterine collision tumors, making early and accurate diagnosis, and implement clinical intervention measures to improve the prognosis of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer (OC) has become one of the major diseases threatening women′s life and health due to its high recurrence rate and mortality with its incidence rate increasing. At present, there is a lack of effective methods for early detection, screening, recurrence monitoring and treatment evaluation of OC. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is fragment of DNA released by tumor cells into the blood circulation. It has the advantages of noninvasive, real -time, and can reflect the characteristics of tumor genes. Recent years, with the advancement of ctDNA detection technology and the in-depth research of ctDNA, ctDNA has shown more advantages than traditional histological, serological and imaging detection methods in the early diagnosis, tumor molecular typing and treatment monitoring of OC. This paper will review the extraction and detection methods of ctDNA and its latest research progress in the diagnosis and treatment of OC, to provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of OC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis (EMs) is a common gynecological benign disease that seriously affects the quality of life and fertility of women. Its complex pathophysiological mechanism has not been clear. Despite the continuous improvement in diagnostic criteria and treatment protocols of EMs, the high incidence rate and low cure rate did not improve significantly. Retinoic acid (RA), as an active metabolite of vitamin A, is involved in various cell growth, differentiation and organogenesis processes. RA is abnormally low in EMs due to metabolic defects, and a large number of studies have shown that RA signal defects may participate in the occurrence of EMs by increasing local endometrial estrogen levels, inhibiting apoptosis and autophagy, pro-inflammatory and abnormal immune regulation, etc. Therefore, RA and its derivatives are expected to become new drugs for the treatment of EMs. The abnormal metabolism of RA in EMs, the possible mechanisms by which RA signal defects promote the occurrence and development of EMs, and the therapeutic potential of RA in EMs are reviewed in order to provide new ideas for the pathogenesis and treatment of EMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycogen storage disease typeI(GSDI), also known as von Gierk disease, is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity. GSDIa is the most common subtype of GSDI, which can cause many kinds of clinical symptoms. The clinical data of one case of pregnancy complicated with GSD I a admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University were analyzed retrospectively. The clinical characteristics, diagnosis and management of pregnancy complicated with GSDIa were analyzed based on previous literature and some cases. GSD should be diagnosed and treated early, because it is easy to be misdiagnosed due to its complicated characteristics. Patients with GSDIa can successfully conceive under the condition of strict diet management, ensuring good metabolic control with pre -pregnancy counselling. Series strategies should be taken by multidisciplinary involvement when necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) is closely related to the occurrence of cervical cancer. In recent years, the incidence of cervical SIL is gradually increasing and showing a younger trend. Cervical conization is widely used as the first choice for the treatment of cervical high -grade squamous intraepithelial (HSIL) patients. For patients with fertility requirements after conization, most existing studies believe that cervical conization does not affect their fertility, but may increase the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm delivery, abortion, premature rupture of membranes and perinatal death, and will not significantly affect the progress of labor or increase the rate of cesarean section. The pregnancy outcome after LEEP is better than that of CKC, and contraception should be given at least 6 months after conization. The increase of depth and volume of conization can increase the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcome, and prophylactic cervical ligation is not necessary after conization. For patients with fertility requirements, we should pay attention to postoperative followup, individually guide pregnancy according to intraoperative and postoperative recovery, closely monitor cervical length and vaginal infection during pregnancy, and actively encourage patients without vaginal delivery contraindications to carry out vaginal trial delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common complication of pregnancy, and its incidence rate is increasing worldwide. At present, there are still some limitations in the diagnosis and treatment of GDM. It is difficult to find and adjust the unhealthy lifestyle before or in the early pregnancy period to avoid the occurrence and development of GDM. Endogenous polypeptides is a class of life regulating substances that exist in organisms. They have the advantages of low molecular weight, high activity and easy to synthesize and modificate. As a good molecular basis for drugs, they are becoming a research hotspot in recent years. More and more studies have shown that endogenous peptides plays an important role in the prediction, diagnosis and treatment of diseases, and their research in GDM has attracted more and more attention. This paper aims to review the research progress of GDM related peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (vNOTES) has flourished in the past decade. Compared with traditional laparoscopic surgery or laparoendoscopic single-site surgery, vNOTES has the advantages of scarfree, mild pain and fast recovery. Nowadays it is mostly used for gynecological benign diseases, and its application in gynecological malignant tumors is still controversial. Therefore, domestic and foreign scholars have made many beneficial attempts for the treatment of gynecological malignant tumors, initially confirming the feasibility of this operation. In this paper, the current situation, advantages, difficulties and technical skills of vNOTES surgery in gynecological malignant tumors are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer is the most common gynecological malignant tumor, which is a serious threat to women's health. High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) persistent infection is the main risk factor of the cervical cancer. In recent years, HPV vaccine has achieved favorable results in the prevention of cervical cancer. Immunotherapy has also become a new pattern of treatment of cervical cancer, especially for patients with poor effect of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, postoperative metastasis and late recurrence. The strategies of immunotherapy mainly include immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccine therapy, dendritic cell immunotherapy and adoptive cellular immunotherapy. At present, the related immunotherapy has achieved good results in the treatment of cervical cancer and its precancerous lesions. This article will describe the progress of immunotherapy in cervical cancer, and look forward to the future research direction, so as to provide a basis for clinical treatment and fundamental research of cervical cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer is one of the most common female reproductive system tumors in China, which seriously threatens women's life and health. HOTAIR is a typical antisense long non-coding RNA, and its expression in cervical cancer cells is significantly increased, which is closely related to the occurrence and development of cervical cancer. In recent years, researches on the mechanism of HOTAIR in the occurrence and development of cervical cancer found that HOTAIR inhibits the expression of a large number of tumor suppressor genes, and is widely involved in the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration of cervical cancer cells. HOTAIR assists the treatment of advanced cervical cancer by regulating the resistance to radiotherapy, anti -retroviral transcription and immune targeting. It plays an important role in the genetic susceptibility of cervical cancer, and has a significant correlation with tumor progression and poor prognosis. In the future, therapeutic targets will be designed according to the molecular mechanism of HOTAIR, and their effectiveness and practicability would be confirmed through large-sample, multi-center, prospective clinical trials, which will provide new ideas for the early diagnosis and personalized treatment of cervical cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Double primary breast and ovarian cancer (DPBOC) is a common type of multiple primary malignant neoplasms of the female reproductive system. Both breast and ovary are sex hormone regulating organs, and they have similar endocrine regulating mechanism. Because breast cancer is diagnosed early and has a good prognosis, the risk of primary ovarian cancer is higher than in the general women population. Studies on sporadic breast cancer or ovarian cancer have been relatively mature. However, the pathogenesis of DPBOC is still unclear. Due to the lack of sensitive and specific screening methods, it is difficult to differentiate from metastatic tumors, which has attracted little attention from clinicians. This review will focus on the pathogenesis, differential diagnosis of ovarian metastasis from breast cancer, treatment and prevention of DPBOC. The study may make clinicians pay attention to the early monitoring of the second primary carcinoma organ, take necessary preventive measures for high-risk groups, seize the best treatment opportunity, and prolong the survival time of patients with DPBOC as long as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Menstrual blood stem cell-derived exosomes (MenSC-Ex) showed unique charm to researchers by advantages such as non -invasive obtaining procedure, no ethical problems and low immunogenicity. The therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms were investigated in a series of diseases, showing positive resultes. Recent studies have found that MenSC-Ex can enhance tissue regeneration by limiting inflammatory response and inhibiting autoimmunity. It can also regulate the production of various cytokines such as angiopoietin and interleukin-6 through paracrine and other pathways to assist tissue repair. By targeting the reactive oxygen species and other pathways, MenSC -Ex can also affect the synthesis of vascular endothelial growth factor in cancer cells so as to regulate tumor angiogenesis and subsequently have an impact on tumor process. In the aspect of reproductive medicine, MenSC-Ex has shown promising effect of promoting embryonic development to improve the outcome of in vitro fertilization, and also promoting follicular development to restore ovarian function. In addition, its unique nano-lipid bilayer structure makes it possible for MenSC-Ex to be applied as an efficient nanoparticle delivery system, bearing drugs and biomolecules, which could transfer through the biological barriers and play therapeutic role at the targeted site. In this paper, we made a systemic review on the biological features and working mechanism of MenSC and MenSC-Ex, emphasizing on the clinical application of MenSC-Ex. Future research directions and innovative strategies were expounded as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary small cell carcinoma of the ovary -hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT) is a rare but extremely lethal malignancy that mainly impacts young women. Although the origin of SCCOHT is still obscure, it is difficult to differentiate from other ovarian small cell tumors in histomorphology, and there are no definite treatment guidelines as the rarity, some breakthrough progress has been made in the molecular pathogenesis recent years. SCCOHT is characterized by a diploid genome with loss of SMARCA4 and lack of SMARCA2 expression. The lack of expression of BRG1 and BRM proteins encoded by these two genes in immunohistochemical staining has become an important means to identify the tumor in pathological diagnosis. In addition, there are also some studies on treatment, such as targeted drugs for pathogenic molecules. In this review, the clinicopathological characteristics, differential diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of SCCOHT were analyzed and summarized, in order to further deepen the understanding of this disease and lay the foundation for more accurate diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis is a common chronic disease in women of reproductive age, among which thoracic endometriosis syndrome is a relatively rare type. Endometrial-like tissue moves into the thoracic cavity and causes a variety of clinical manifestations related to the menstruation, including catamenial pneumothorax, hemothorax, hemoptysis, pulmonary nodules and chest pain. Among them, menstrual pneumothorax is the most common. The pathogenesis of this disease is not yet fully understood. At present, there are many hypotheses explaining how endometrial tissue moves into the thoracic cavity and the pathogenesis of menstrual pneumothorax, but there is no single hypothesis that can explain all the clinical manifestations of thoracic endometriosis syndrome. The examinations include radiological imaging (e.g., chest X-ray, CT and MRI), histological examination and so on. Management of this disease includes drug treatment and surgery. Drug therapy is the first -line treatment, among which gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists are the first-line drugs. For patients who still relapse after drug treatment or cannot tolerate the adverse reactions caused by drug treatment, surgical treatment should be considered and drug treatment should be supplemented after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Septate uterus is the most common type of congenital uterine malformation, which may lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes such as abortion, premature delivery and fetal growth restriction. At present, the etiology of septate uterus is not clear. The researchers try to explore the causes of septate uterus and the mechanism of adverse pregnancy outcome through the study of gene level, embryonic development process and anatomical structure of septate uterus, but they can not completely reveal the causes of its formation. Septate uterus can be diagnosed by ultrasound. With the development of diagnostic techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and three-dimensional ultrasound technology make the diagnosis of septate uterus more accurate, but hysteroscopic diagnosis is still the gold standard for the diagnosis of septate uterus. Because the current classification system for uterine deformities is different and the definition of septate uterus is different, it often leads to different therapeutic outcomes. Although there are a large number of retrospective studies and prospective controlled studies supporting the treatment of septate uterus by transcervical resection of septum (TCRS), high-quality randomized controlled studies are needed to support clinical decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postpartum hemorrhage is still one of the main causes of maternal death. Some studies have confirmed that oxytocin administration during labor is associated with a higher risk of postpartum hemorrhage, especially when the dose used during labor is high, the duration of time is long, or the woman does not receive active management in the third stage of labor. The desensitization sequence in oxytocin receptors is one of the pathophysiologic hypotheses, and clinically this can manifest as a reduction in oxytocin-induced contractility, resulting in uterine atony and postpartum hemorrhage. This paper reviews the research progress of the association between oxytocin during labor and risk of postpartum hemorrhage, so as to contribute to the establishment of a reasonable oxytocin administration and decrease the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage secondary to uterine atony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is an iatric disease frequently occurred in patients with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, but also can be observed in spontaneous ovulation cycles, especially those with multiple-pregnancy, hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome. The incidence of natural pregnancy complicated with OHSS is very low, which seriously affects the health of patients and even endangers their lives. This paper reported a case of spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (sOHSS) with ovarian rupture, and discussed the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, complications, differential diagnosis and treatment of sOHSS, so as to provide a reference for clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asymptomatic hypercholanaemia of pregnancy (AHP) refers to the increase of serum total bile acids during pregnancy, which exceeds the normal value by more than two times, without hepatobiliary diseases or intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP)-related symptoms. The incidence of AHP is higher than ICP, which may be related to hormone factors and genetic susceptibility. The composition of bile acid mass spectrometry is different from ICP, but the perinatal outcome is better than ICP. AHP with high total bile acid level is often difficult to differentiate from severe ICP in clinic, which leads to premature termination of pregnancy and even iatrogenic premature birth. Therefore, early detection and correct diagnosis of AHP, selection of appropriate treatment methods and appropriate timing of termination of pregnancy are the key to reduce iatrogenic intervention and premature delivery. In this paper, the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of AHP are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tube torsion refers to a gynecological acute abdominal disease, in which the fallopian tube rotates on its own axis without ipsilateral ovarian torsion. The incidence is reported to be 1/1 500 000, of which about 12% occurs during pregnancy. The diagnosis of tubal torsion is very difficult, and its clinical symptoms are not typical, with a wide range of differential diagnosis and easy to be misdiagnosed. A number of studies have shown that MRI has a higher diagnostic accuracy than ultrasound. Surgery is the standard diagnosis and therapy of tubal torsion, and the choice of surgical method is also a challenge for medical personnel. A case of second trimester complicated with tubal torsion necrosis admitted to the First Hospital of Lanzhou University is reported as follows. By reviewing the literature, we can deepen the understanding of the disease and improve the ability of diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence rate of cesarean section scar diverticulum, also known as previous cesarean scar diverticula (CSD), which is a major long-term complication of cesarean section, has been increased recently. It is mainly due to the poor healing of uterine incision after cesarean section. CSD has been reported to be associated with abnormal uterine bleeding, prolonged menstruation, chronic pelvic pain and infertility and many other symptoms. At present, clinically surgical approaches for CSD is numerous. Conservative drugs such as oral contraceptives, levonorgestrel intrauterine device and traditional Chinese medicine can improve the symptoms of patients with prolonged menstruation. Hysteroscopy, laparoscopy, transvaginal repair, hysteroscopy combined with laparoscopy, hysteroscopy assisted transvaginal repair and other surgical treatment are the main treatment methods for CSD, which can improve the symptoms of patients after operation and reduce the incidence of CSD combined with secondary infertility and scar pregnancy. However, there is still a lack of a unified selection standard of surgical methods. The choice of surgical methods and the effect of surgical treatment are also controversial and need further study. This paper will review the choice of treatment methods, specific surgical methods and the difference of curative effect between different treatment methods for uterine scar diverticulum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective：The clinical data of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix were analyzed retrospectively in order to provide the basis for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Methods：The clinical data of 59 patients with small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix were collected in Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, and the prognosis of the patients was followed up. The age of onset, clinical manifestations, human papillomavirus (HPV) typing, pathological diagnosis, postoperative pathology in different clinical stages, treatment plan and survival were statistically analyzed. Results：The median age of onset of the 59 patients was 43.6 years. The main clinical manifestation is irregular vaginal bleeding (53 cases, 89.8%). The positive rate of HPV18 in HPV typing was the highest (48 cases, 81.4%). Immunohistochemical tests showed that 58 cases (98.3%) were positive for Syn, 49 cases (83.1%) were positive for CgA, 58 cases (98.3%) were positive for NSE, and 50 cases (84.7%) were positive for CD56. Thirty-nine patients with clinical stage ⅠB and ⅡA underwent surgical treatment, including 23 patients (59.0%) with deep muscular infiltration, 11 patients (28.2%) with lymph vascular space infiltration (LVSI), and 9 patients (23.1%) with pelvic lymph node metastasis. The cut-off date for followup was July 31, 2019. All patients were followed for more than 5 years. Of the 59 patients, 19 survived and 40 died. The mean survival time was 22.6 months, and the median survival time was 20.2 months. Kaplan-Meier Log-Rank test was used for survival analysis. Clinical stage (Log-Rank P=0.000), lymph node metastasis (Log-Rank P=0.015), and depth of tumor invasion (Log-Rank P=0.009) were the prognostic factors. LVSI (Log-Rank P=0.450), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (Log-Rank P=0.856), postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy (Log-Rank P=0.900), TP/TC (paclitaxel or docetaxel + platinum) regimen or EP (etoposide+cisplatin) regimen (Log-Rank P=0.939) had no significant effect on prognosis. Conclusions：The main clinical manifestation of this disease is irregular vaginal bleeding. The disease is closely related to HPV18 infection. Infiltration and metastasis occurred in early cases. Diagnosis of the disease requires immunohistochemistry. The later the clinical stage, with lymph node metastasis and deep tumor infiltration, the worse the prognosis. Early diagnosis and treatment are the key to improve the curative effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer develops insidiously without particular early-stage symptoms. About 70% of the patients are found to have entered advanced stage, and have lost the best treatment opportunity. Circulating tumor cell (CTC) that shed from the primary tumor and enter the blood circulation are considered as tumor markers with great diagnostic and prognostic potential. Current studies have found that CTC detection is instructive for the early diagnosis, treatment efficacy monitoring and prognosis assessment of epithelial ovarian cancer, and may be a better monitoring method than CA-125. In recent years, more and more scholars have conducted in-depth studies on the detection methods and clinical applications of CTC in epithelial ovarian cancer. This paper reviews several typical methods for the capture and identification of CTC in epithelial ovarian cancer, the clinical significance of CTC in the diagnosis and treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer and the prospect of their clinical application and transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common disease that affects women′s quality of life. About 75% of women will be infected at least once in their lifetime, and VVC causes an economic burden of $1.8 billion each year. At present, treatment of VVC commonly used in clinic mainly includes azoles and polyenes. However, with the long-term use of clinical antifungal drugs, candida phenotype changes, virulence factor mutates, and non-candida infections increase, which pose challenges to the therapeutic effects of traditional antifungal drugs. We urgently need to develop new effective ones. For the treatment of VVC, the vaccines currently in clinical trials include PEV7 and NDV3, the drugs in the laboratory development stage are probiotics, antimicrobial peptides, herbs, nanoparticles, and some drugs include VT-1161, CD101, soluble β-glucan etc. have also shown antifungal effects in the research stage and are expected to be candidate drugs for the treatment of VVC. In general, the incidence and recurrence rate of VVC is high, there is an urgent need for new antibacterial drugs to improve the quality of life of patients and reduce the medical economic burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia has been confirmed as a precancerous lesion of cervical cancer. In 2014, WHO changed the three -level classification of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, dividing it into low -grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and high-grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia. Among them, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix have the potential to become cancerous and are prone to progress, which seriously threaten the physical and mental health of Chinese women. At present, the common surgical methods of cervical cold knife conization and circular electric resection are used to treat high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Generally, good treatment results can be achieved, but intraoperative and postoperative bleeding and incision infection may still occur. Cervical stenosis, endometriosis, intestinal injury and other complications may also occur. Relevant studies have shown that human papillomavirus (HPV) classification, positive resection margins, and menopausal status are closely related to the risks of postoperative lesions, recurrence, and progression, which can help predict adverse outcomes after cervical conization, strengthen the centralized management of such patients, prevent and block the path of disease progression in advance, and reduce the prevalence and mortality of cervical cancer. At present, the safety and effectiveness of the preventive HPV vaccine have been fully affirmed, and it has significant effects on reducing HPV infection and preventing postoperative disease recurrence. However, the effect of postoperative vaccination in patients with cervical lesions needs to be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The congenital atresia of vagina is caused by abnormal development of the urogenital sinuses and the ends of the Mullerian tubes and does not form a normalvagina, which is less common. Complete vaginal atresia, also known as type II vaginal atresia, is associated with dysplasia of the cervix, dysplasia of the uterine body, or uterine deformity, and is more rare clinically. In this paper, one case of type II vaginal atresia who was admitted to the Second Hospital of Jilin University and then transferred to Peking Union Medical College Hospital in October 2018 was clinically analyzed, we also reviewed related literature and summarized the progress of the diagnosis, classification and treatment at home and abroad, in the hope of a doctor to better understand the genital tract malformation, patients to receive individualized treatment and achieve a better prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are single-stranded, covalently closed noncoding RNAs without 3′ and 5′ ends. Evidence demonstrated that circRNAs are abundant, stable and able to show cell/tissue-specific expression, which structure features show potential for noninvasive molecular biomarkers of tumors. CircRNAs express differentially and play an important role in many kinds of neoplasms by miRNA sponges, interaction with RNA binding proteins, modulating the stability of mRNAs, regulating gene transcription and translation proteins. There are no specific biomarkers for early warning and potential therapeutic targets currently. Many studies have demonstrated differential expression of circRNAs function vitally on singnal pathway and gene expression in the initiation and development of cervical cancer. CircRNAs involve in circRNA-miRNA-target gene axis mainly through miRNA sponges to promote cervical cancer cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis, and associate with tumor size, clinical stage, metastatic lymph nodes and poor prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pelvic abscess is one of the most common acute abdominal diseases in women of childbearing age. Traditional antibiotic conservative treatment is usually delayed and difficult to completely cure. Some patients can fail conservative treatment and switch to surgery. Pelvic abscess not only causes chronic pelvic pain, but also affects female reproductive and endocrine functions. Severe cases can endanger the patient′s life. Laparoscopy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of pelvic abscess. Compared with open surgery, laparoscopic surgery is safe and effective. In patients undergoing early operation, the course of disease was significantly shortened and symptoms were alleviated in the aspects of operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative body temperature recovery and intestinal function recovery. Patients have a high rate of tubal recanalization, and have more chances to retain the uterus and appendix, improve reproductive endocrine function, reduce pelvic recurrence, and improve quality of life. Laparoscopic surgery should be performed as early as possible in patients who are expected to fail in simple antibiotic conservative therapy and in young women with fertility requirements. In addition, individual surgical procedures should be formulated. Because the operation of pelvic abscess is relatively complicated, it is recommended to be performed by a gynecologist who is proficient in laparoscopic techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compound pregnancy (heterotopic pregnancy, HP) is an extremely dangerous ectopic pregnancy. The incidence of HP in natural conception is not high, but in recent years, the popularization of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF- ET) and ovulation induction techniques, the incidence of HP has increased compared with the previous period. Patients with HP usually only have non-specific symptoms such as abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding in the early stage. Due to the existence of intrauterine gestation sac, their ectopic gestational sac is especially easy to be misdiagnosed and missed, which can easily lead to the continued development of the patient′ s ectopic gestational sac and can cause serious life - threatening consequences such as hemorrhage in the abdominal cavity or even shock. Therefore, a full understanding of the related risk factors of HP, corresponding measures to prevent the occurrence of HP before ET or ovulation induction technology. Early diagnosis after HP and effective treatment after diagnosis will improve the prognosis of patients and it seems particularly important. This review summarizes the progress in diagnosis and management of HP after IVF-ET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fallopian tube carcinosarcoma, also known as malignant embryonic leaf mixed tumor or malignant mixed müllerian tumor (MMMT), is very rare clinically, with high malignancy and poor prognosis. The clinical symptoms are not typical, such as irregular vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain or abdominal distention similar to other gynecological tumors, auxiliary examination is not specific, and preoperative misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis is easy. The treatment is mainly surgery, followed by platinum-based combined chemotherapy. This paper reports a case of fallopian tube carcinosarcoma and endometrial cancer, and increase the recognition of fallopian tube carcinosarcoma by reviewing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrauterine adhesion（IUA） is an endometrial injury disease caused by various pathogenic factors, which seriously affects female genital health and reproductive function. Intrauterine operation during pregnancy is the main cause of IUA. Furthermore, intrauterine infection and less perfusion of endometrial blood flow may also be closely related to the onset and progress of the disease. Hysteroscopy is the gold standard for clinical diagnosis and treatment of IUA. Transcervical resection of adhesion is currently an effective method to deal with IUA. Postoperative adjuvant treatment is used to prevent adhesion recurrence, but there is no consensus on the best diagnosis and treatment plan for this disease. This article reviews the clinical etiology, diagnosis and therapy of IUA, aiming at providing further evidence for its early detection and prevention, precise diagnosis and timely treatment, so as to avoid severe damage to the uterine endometrium, and provides a reference for clinical decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a devastating complication of monochorionic twin pregnancy and remains a major challenge for worldwide fetal medicine specialists. In TTTS, intertwin transfusion through vascular anastomoses in the shared placenta leads to severe hemodynamic imbalance, which is the main cause of perinatal death. Approximately 10%-15% of all monochorionic diamniotic twins develop TTTS, which usually occurs between the 16th and 26th weeks of gestation, the type, number and diameter of these anastomoses determines the risk profile. Advancements in antenatal management have led to increased perinatal survival and a decreased incidence of neonatal complications, including brain injury and neurodevelopmental impairment. Therefore, early detection, rigorous monitoring, appropriate treatment, prolonging the gestational age as much as possible, and choosing the right time to terminate the pregnancy are the keys to reducing the mortality of monochorionic diamniotic twin. This article analyzes the pathogenesis, prediction, diagnosis and treatment of TTTS, and summarizes the long-term nervous system damage of surviving fetuses after laser treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer is the most common malignant tumor in gynecology. The report "global cancer statistics 2018" shows that cervical cancer ranks fourth in morbidity and mortality in female tumors worldwide. The research on cervical cancer has always been the focus of gynecological scholars. In recent years, with the development of microbiome, the composition and changes of vaginal microbiota and the invasion of human papillomavirus (HPV), persistent infection and cervical cancer are gradually increasing. Lactobacillus dominates the normal cervicovaginal flora. It can maintain the balance of vaginal microecology, inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, and enhance the local anti-infection and anti-tumor ability of the vagina. It is expected to become a new strategy for the treatment of cervical cancer in the future. Current studies have shown that abnormal changes of vaginal microflora are associated with the occurrence and development of cervical cancer, and some vaginal bacteria play a role directly or indirectly through different mechanisms. This paper reviews the anti-cancer mechanism of vaginal microflora and its potential application in cervical cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer is one of the common gynecological malignancies. The etiology of the disease has been clear, mainly the persistent infection of human papillomavirus (HPV). In recent years, with the advent of preventive vaccines and the popularization of screening work, early diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer have achieved some results. However, its incidence and mortality are still high, which seriously threatens the life and health of women. Actively exploring the early diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer can further improve the prognosis of patients with cervical cancer. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a kind of RNA without protein coding function, which participates in many biological processes. lncRNA is abnormally expressed in a variety of malignant tumors and plays a role in carcinogenesis or cancer inhibition. More and more studies have found that lncRNA is closely related to cervical cancer and plays an important role in the occurrence, invasion, metastasis and drug resistance of cervical cancer. To explore the role of lncRNA such as metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), HOX antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR), antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL), EBIC, CCHE1 in the development of cervical cancer, and to summarize their molecular mechanisms in cervical cancer, so as to provide new ideas for the early diagnosis and targeted therapy of cervical cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular RNAs (circRNA) are hotspot members of non -coding RNA networks, which have a variety of characteristics and pathophysiological functions. CircRNA plays roles in epigenetic, transcriptional, and post -transcriptional regulation. At present, the number of validated endogenous circRNA involved in ovarian cancer continues increasing and many circRNA expressions are related to the occurrence, invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer. In addition, the abnormal expression of circRNA is also closely related to the stage, volume of tumor, differentiation and metastasis of ovarian cancer. Because of their high stability, highly conserved, and tissue-specific expression patterns, circRNA may become potential markers of ovarian cancer for the diagnosis. This article reviews the current research reports of circRNA related to ovarian cancer, proposes its impact on the occurrence of ovarian cancer and its potential value as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and as a therapeutic target for ovarian cancer, and explores circRNA′ s impacts of chemotherapy resistance for ovarian cancer. Finally, the clinical potential and future research directions of circRNA related to ovarian cancer are discussed. Circular RNAs (circRNA) are hotspot members of non -coding RNA networks, which have a variety of characteristics and pathophysiological functions. CircRNA plays roles in epigenetic, transcriptional, and post -transcriptional regulation. At present, the number of validated endogenous circRNA involved in ovarian cancer continues increasing and many circRNA expressions are related to the occurrence, invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer. In addition, the abnormal expression of circRNA is also closely related to the stage, volume of tumor, differentiation and metastasis of ovarian cancer. Because of their high stability, highly conserved, and tissue-specific expression patterns, circRNA may become potential markers of ovarian cancer for the diagnosis. This article reviews the current research reports of circRNA related to ovarian cancer, proposes its impact on the occurrence of ovarian cancer and its potential value as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and as a therapeutic target for ovarian cancer, and explores circRNA′ s impacts of chemotherapy resistance for ovarian cancer. Finally, the clinical potential and future research directions of circRNA related to ovarian cancer are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uterine arteriovenous fistula (UVAF) is a kind of rare abnormal uterine vascular disease, which is one of the causes of late postpartum hemorrhage in women. In recent years, with the opening of the two-child policy and the increase of the rate of artificial abortion, the incidence rate of UAVF has also increased, which seriously affects the quality of life of women and increases the difficulty and risk of the second pregnancy. Due to the diversity of etiology and clinical manifestations of UAVF, it is often difficult to identify early and make appropriate treatment in clinical work, which leads to the occurrence of adverse events. At present, the diagnosis of UAVF mainly depends on imaging methods, among which angiography is the gold standard. Conservative treatment, interventional therapy and surgical treatment are the main treatment methods of UVAF, among which uterine artery embolization is the most commonly used, but the adverse effects of re-pregnancy are increasing year by year. According to the patient′s clinical symptoms and fertility wishes, choosing a reasonable diagnosis and treatment program can improve the prognosis and reduce the risk of re-pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma of the ovary is a kind of adenocarcinoma presenting as mesonephric-like differentiation. The origin of mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma is uncertain, and the related reports at home and abroad are few. There are no relevant guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of this disease. A 67-year-old woman with bilateral solid ovarian cyst and highly suspected malignant ovarian tumor was treated by operation, the postoperative pathological diagnosis was bilateral ovarian mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma with borderline serous mucinous tumor. The clinical manifestations of the disease were nonspecific. Its pathological immunohistochemistry was characterized by negative ER and PR, GATA3 and TTF-1 expression. Due to the lack of specific postoperative diagnosis and therapeutic criteria for this disease, the postoperative chemotherapy regimen of paclitaxel plus carboplatin for 6 courses was proposed. The analysis of this case was intended to provide more reference for diagnosis and treatment of this disease for subsequent studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic endometritis (CE) is a disease of continuous inflammation of endometrium. CE is generally asymptomatic or has vague symptoms, which makes it easy to be ignored clinically. Pathological identification of plasma cell within the endometrial stroma is the most important diagnostic criteria of CE. As a specific marker of plasma cell, immunohistochemical staining of CD138 improves the diagnosis of CE. The main treatment strategy of CE is antibiotic treatment. The prevalence of CE is higher in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and recurrent implantation failure (RIF). Furthermore, antibiotic treatment of CE can improve the reproductive outcomes of these patients. These evidences suggest that CE is closely associated with RPL and RIF, but the etiology and pathogenesis of CE is still unknown. This article reviews the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of CE, as well as the relationship between CE and RPL/RIF, providing valuable information for the diagnosis and treatment of CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preterm birth，occurring in 5% to 18% birth of births worldwide, is the main cause of neonatal death and other adverse outcomes. Many surviving preterm birth need to face lifelong disability, including learning disabilities, vision and hearing problems. Among them, 70% to 80% are spontaneous preterm births (SPB), and the remaining 20% to 30% are therapeutic preterm delivery. Progesterone is an important substance to maintain pregnancy. More and more evidences show that vaginal use of progesterone can prevent the occurrence of SPB. In 2020, the society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, SOGC) summarized the latest clinical research evidence of progesterone in the prevention of SPB, and provided clinical guidance and recommendations for the mechanism of action, the appropriate population, unsuitable population, dosage, timing and side effects of progesterone in the prevention of SPB. At the same time, the guideline compared progesterone therapy with cervical cerclage, vaginal pessary and bed rest to prevent SPB. This paper interpreted the main points of its recommendation in order to provide reference for medical workers in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in pregnancy is insidious or asymptomatic and easy to be ignored. It may lead to miscarriage, premature delivery, placental abruption, low birth weight, gestational diabetes and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Although serum free thyroxine (FT4) levels were normal in women with SCH pregnancy, the utilization of FT4 in fetal or fetal tissues was decreased, suggesting that FT4 in the normal range is not sufficient to fully play its role. L-thyroxine (L-T4) is the first choice in the treatment of SCH. Because its structure is the same as human thyroid hormone, L-T4 can affect the growth, development and division of embryonic and neonatal cells by enhancing enzyme activity and promoting the synthesis of protease. At the same time, L-T4 also has a significant regulatory effect on body temperature regulation, energy metabolism, carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism of pregnant women. Whether L-T4 treatment can reduce the abortion rate and other complications in pregnant women with negative thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) is still controversial. This article reviews the research progress of L-T4 in the treatment of TPO-Ab negative hypothyroidism in pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical carcinoma is one of the most common cancers of women, which has a higher incidence in developing countries. With the popularization of the screening in cervical carcinoma, the incidence of cervical carcinoma, especially squamous cell carcinoma has declined. However, because human papilloma virus (HPV) infection does not always accompany cervical adenocarcinoma and the lesion is deep into the cervical canal, the existing screening methods are less effective in the diagnosis of cervical adenocarcinoma. Compared with cervical squamous cell carcinoma, the prognosis of cervical adenocarcinoma is poor. Gene methylation is an important part of epigenetic modification, which can change gene structure and inhibit gene expression without changing DNA sequence. The methylation of tumor suppressor gene can make it inactivated and lose its inhibitory effect on tumor, which is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumor. In this paper, the research progress of gene methylation in cervical adenocarcinoma was reviewed in order to provide new ideas for early diagnosis and treatment of cervical adenocarcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer, endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer are three common malignant tumors in gynecology. At present, the age of onset tends to be younger. Although gynecological malignancies are not common in pregnancy, epidemiological studies have been confirmed that the incidence rate of these diseases has been increasing in recent years. Cervical and ovarian cancers are the most common gynecological cancers in pregnancy, and endometrial cancer is rare in pregnancy. Due to the complexity of clinical management of gynecological malignancies during pregnancy, its treatment methods have been paid more attention. It is necessary to comprehensively consider the tumor stage, differentiation degree, histological type, gestational week, wishes of patients and possible fetal outcomes, comprehensively evaluate the condition of the disease and formulate individualized treatment plan. Conservative treatment, surgical treatment or chemotherapy can reduce the influence of malignant tumor on fetus and maintain pregnancy and maternal reproductive function on the basis of maternal health. In this paper, different treatment methods of gynecological malignant tumor in pregnancy were summarized in order to achieve better maternal and infant outcomes and provide reference for clinical experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]