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Giant cervical polyps are very rare in clinic, and only a few cases have been reported in the literature. The morphology of polyps varies, may present as malignant, and some cases occur in unmarried women without a history of sexual activity, which limits the accuracy of clinical diagnosis. While most cervical polyps are benign, there is a certain probability of malignant transformation, which should be differentiated from rare malignant lesions that manifest as cervical polyps. Hysteroscopic surgery is an important method for the treatment of this disease, and small hysteroscopy is particularly recommended for patients without sexual history. This paper reports a case of unmarried woman with huge excrescence of vaginal orifice, which was confirmed as cervical polyp by hysteroscopy and pathological examination, in order to enrich the understanding of giant cervical polyps and provide guidance for clinical diagnosis and therapy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abdominal wall endometriosis-associated clear cell carcinoma (AWECC) is characterized by low incidence, high invasiveness and poor prognosis. To date, there have been relatively few reports on AWECC. AWECC primarily originates from the malignant transformation of abdominal wall endometriosis (AWE). In recent years, there has been a rising incidence of AWECC, possibly attributed to the increased number of pelvic and abdominal surgeries, including cesarean section. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying its malignant transformation remain unclear. AWECC lacks specific clinical features, making it challenging to distinguish from benign AWE. The definitive diagnosis depends on histological examination. The treatment of AWECC primarily lies on the clinicians′ personal experience, which varies greatly, and lacks corresponding guidelines. In clinical practice, surgical treatment with extended resection of the abdominal wall tumor, is typically employed. The efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in AWECC patients requires further investigation. Until now, most of the studies on AWECC have been case reports. Therefore, we reviewed the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of AWECC based on domestic and foreign literature, so as to arouse the attention of clinicians to the diagnosis of the disease and provide evidence for clinical diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To improve the diagnosis and treatment of diffuse uterine leiomyomatosis (DUL). Methods: 33 cases of DUL admitted between January 2009 and October 2022 in the Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Capital Medical University were analyzed retrospectively, including their clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment methods and postoperative pregnancy. Results: The average age of onset of the 33 patients was (38.4±6.9) years (24-52 years). Nineteen patients (57.6% ) presented with menorrhagia, 7 patients (21.2% ) presented with frequent urination or lower abdominal distension, and the remaining 7 patients (21.2%) were asymptomatic and the examination revealed the uterine leiomyoma was progressively enlarged. Ultrasound examination was performed in 33 patients, and 15 patients (45.5%) showed myometrium was full of hypoechoic nodules. 7 patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and 3 cases showed diffuse distribution of round nodules or masses of variable sizes in the myometrium. All 33 patients underwent surgical treatment, 19 underwent transabdominal or laparoscopic hysterectomy, the other 14 with fertility requirements, 11 of them underwent transabdominal myomectomy and 3 underwent hysteroscopic myomectomy. Postoperative pathology and immunohistochemistry were all suggestive of leiomyoma. The average follow -up time after surgery was (67.8 ±36.3) months in 14 patients with fertility requirements (2 patients lost). Three patients had natural pregnancies, two had successful deliveries (one of which had two deliveries), and the other had cornual pregnancy that was cleared. Conclusions: DUL is a rare benign smooth muscle tumor that occurs in women of reproductive age. The most common clinical symptoms were menorrhagia and infertility. If ultrasound shows myometrium was full of myoma nodules and the patient presents with menorrhagia or infertility except for other reasons, MRI is indicated to help identify the disease early stage. Surgery is the main treatment. Hysterectomy is recommended for patients without fertility requirements, and the choice of fertility-preserving treatment requires further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a relatively common female reproductive endocrine and metabolic disorder with complex etiology and pathogenesis. Recent studies have found that anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is an important factor affecting the pathophysiology of PCOS. AMH is closely related to follicular development, hyperandrogenism, hypothalamic -pituitary -ovarian axis and heredity. AMH can inhibit primordial follicle recruitment and small sinus follicle growth, and prevent premature ovarian failure. AMH also exacerbates follicular growth and development disorders by interacting with androgens. In addition, AMH can activate the discharge of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons and increases the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), which in turn leads to the increase of androgen production. Moreover, high AMH status in pregnant women with PCOS can lead to masculinization of female offspring and PCOS -like reproductive and neuroendocrine phenotypes in adulthood. At the same time, AMH may also be a new indicator for the diagnosis of PCOS, and the determination of AMH level can also reflect and predict the therapeutic effect of PCOS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics of isolated fallopian tube torsion (IFTT). Methods: The clinical data of 27 IFTT patients, admitted to Peking University Third Hospital during January 2017 to December 2021, were retrospectively analyzed. Results: ①Clinical characteristics: 22 women of childbearing age, and 7 women experienced the onset of IFTT during pregnancy. Twenty-four patients presented with abdominal pain as the primary symptom, and 3 patients were diagnosed IFTT during surgery. ② Examination, surgery and pathology: All patients underwent preoperative ultrasound examination, suggested tortuosity or cystic anechogenicity in the adnexal area. More specifically, 21 patients were operated laparoscopic surgery, while 6 patients underwent laparotomy. The choice of whether to preserve the fallopian tube depends on patient′s fertility requirements and where the torsion site. Of the 16 patients who had given birth, 2 cases of mesosalpinx cyst torsion preserved fallopian tubes, and the rest of them underwent salpingectomy. In the 11 cases who did not give birth, salpingectomy was performed in 3 patients of hydrosalpinx who scheduled to undergo assisted reproductive technology assisted pregnancy, and the rest of them were preserved fallopian tubes. The pathological findings were consistent with preoperative ultrasonography, suggesting hydrosalpinx or benign cysts in the fallopian tubes. ③There were seven IFTT patients during pregnancy, two were diagnosed during the second trimester pregnancy and five in the third trimester pregnancy. One patient was operated laparoscopic surgery, while the other six underwent laparotomy. However, all seven patients presented mesosalpinx cyst torsion. Three patients were treated with mesothelial cystectomy, with the fallopian tube retained, while four patients were treated with salpingectomy. All neonates showed good outcome. Conclusions: If women of childbearing age with hydrosalpinx and mesosalpinx cysts report sudden abdominal pain, the possibility of IFTT should be considered. Early diagnosis and treatment can avoid fallopian tube torsion and necrosis to preserve the patient′s ability to conceive naturally. The decision to keep the fallopian tube should be determined according to the patient′s fertility requirements and the site and degree of fallopian tube torsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis (EMs) is a group of gynecologic disease defined by the presence of endometrial glandular epithelium and stroma outside the uterine lining. Recent studies suggest that EMs can affect women throughout their life cycle. Adolescent EMs is a special type of EMs which has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Among the most important risk factors for adolescent EMs are include genetic predisposition, co-presence of obstructive Müllerian anomalies, and higher levels of endogenous estrogens. There are many hypotheses for the pathogenesis of adolescent EMs, including retrograde menstruation theory, somatic epithelial metaplasia, hematogenous spread, lymphatic spread, neonatal uterine bleeding, immunologic theory and so on. Diagnosis depends on clinical symptoms, body sign, serology, imaging, surgery and pathology. Individualized medical and surgical treatment is considered the most effective strategy to relieve symptoms, inhibit disease progression, and protect future fertility. This article reviews the risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of adolescent EMs, in order to provide clinicians with a reference for the understanding and treatment of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian endometriosis cyst are a common manifestation of endometriosis in women of childbearing age, which seriously threatens women′s reproductive health, reduces patients′ fertility and causes great psychological and economic burden to patients. Currently, ovarian endometriosis cyst still face problems such as delayed diagnosis, disease progression and subsequent treatment that impair ovarian reserve function, and high recurrence rate after surgery, all of which directly or indirectly reduce female fertility. However, there is no uniform standard clinical treatment scheme for the protection of ovarian reserve function of ovarian endometriosis cysts. In this paper, the latest research progress on the protection of ovarian reserve function in ovarian endometriosis cyst is reviewed from the aspects of evaluation of ovarian reserve function, early diagnosis and drug treatment of ovarian endometriosis cysts, selection of suitable surgical methods and fertility preservation methods, and postoperative management, with the aim of selecting appropriate treatment options for women with ovarian endometriosis cysts based on the maximum protection of ovarian reserve function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a special type of cervical cancer with characteristics of high malignancy and aggressiveness, and shows a tendency to metastasize systemically at an early stage. The development of cervical LCNEC is closely related to high-risk HPV infection. The diagnosis of cervical LCNEC is mainly based on typical pathological features and detection of specific neuroendocrine markers because of the lack of specificity of clinical manifestations. Due to the low incidence of cervical LCNEC and limited case data, there is no standardized treatment protocol, and its treatment is mainly based on small cell lung cancer, with radical surgery combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, genomic data suggest that cervical LCNEC is genetically more similar to common types of cervical cancer rather than to small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma outside the cervix, such as lung or bladder, which questions the ideas of adopting similar treatment regimens because of similar morphological manifestations among tumor tissues. This article focuses on a review of recent research advances regarding cervical LCNEC, with the aim of providing references and lessons for clinical work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mammary-type myofibroblastoma (MTMF) is a rare benign mesenchymal-derived tumor that occurs outside of the breast and is composed of diffusely distribution of spindle cells, varying numbers of mature fat cells and coarse collagen fiber bundles. Immunophenotypically, the spindle cells in MTMF diffusely express CD34 and Desmin. Once diagnosed, regardless of its size or location, it should be surgically excised and regularly monitored postoperatively. This article reports a case of a 51- year -old postmenopausal woman with uterine MTMF, who was misdiagnosed as uterine leiomyoma preoperatively and intraoperatively. Based on the condition and patient′ s wishes, total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo - oophorectomy were performed, and MTMF was finally diagnosed by postoperative immunohistochemical staining and was followed up for 18 months with no specific discomfort. Through a retrospective analysis of the diagnosis and treatment process and experience of this case, this study aims to provide clinical reference for diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma is a rare and special histological type of cervical malignant tumor, which mainly includes adenocarcinoma of the cervix gastric type, adenocarcinoma of the cervix and intestines, and primary cervical signet-ring cell carcinoma. Due to the uncertainty between the pathogenesis of cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection makes it difficult to be suggested by routine cervical cancer screening. Meanwhile, the etiology and pathogenesis of cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma are not clear, and there is a lack of typical clinical manifestations and early diagnosis methods, and the clinicopathological features and treatment are different from those of cervical common adenocarcinoma, resulting in patients being prone to miss the best treatment time, so the prognosis of cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma is worse than that of cervical common adenocarcinoma. In recent years, due to the popularization of HPV vaccine, the relative incidence of cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma has slightly increased compared with before, and the research on cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma has received more and more attention. The relevant research on cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma at home and abroad is reviewed, and the relevant pathogenesis, clinical features and treatment of cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma are discussed, in order to provide a reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminate (LPD) is a rare and specific type of smooth muscle tumor disease that presents as multiple smooth muscle myoma nodules on the surface of peritoneal, pelvic and abdominal organs. The pathogenesis of the disease is still unclear, but there are mainly theories, including subperitoneal mesenchymal stem cells theory, the iatrogenic theory, the sex hormone theory and the genetic theory. It occurs in pre-menopausal women and has an asymptomatic clinical presentation, with incidental findings on imaging or during surgery. Diagnosis depends on intraoperative exploration and postoperative pathology, and differentiation from benign metastasizing leiomyomatosis, intravenous leiomyomatosis and metastatic smooth muscle sarcoma based on history, the extent of intraoperative smooth muscle tumour spread and pathology, etc. Surgery is currently the preferred treatment method. The surgical approach needs to be considered in relation to the patient′s age, fertility requirements and symptoms, and endocrine therapy can be used as adjuvant treatment. Although the disease is benign, it has the potential for recurrence and malignancy and requires close long-term follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angioleiomyoma is a rare tumor of mesenchymal origin, mostly occurring in the lower extremities, rare in the female reproductive system, and vaginal stump angioleiomyoma is even more rare. This article reports a case of a patient with vaginal stump leiomyoma admitted to the Department of Gynecology of the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University. The patient underwent laparoscopic total hysterectomy in 2015 for uterine fibroids. She had vaginal bleeding for five months. In May 2023, she was admitted to the hospital for open surgery, during which it was found that the mass came from the vaginal stump. Pathology and immunohistochemistry suggested angioleiomyomas. Combined with this case, the literature review of female reproductive system angioleiomyoma mainly uterine angioleiomyoma was carried out to improve clinicians′ understanding and diagnosis and treatment of vascular smooth muscle tumors of the female reproductive system [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a type of mesenchymal tumor with moderate malignant potential, unknown etiology, rare clinical manifestations, lack of specificity, its diagnosis depends on pathological morphology and immunohistochemical findings. One patient with cervical IMT was reported and the literature was reviewed to improve understanding of this tumor. The patient was admitted to the hospital due to the discovery of uterine fibroids for 5 years and irregular vaginal bleeding for more than half a month, and was clearly diagnosed as cervical IMT by segmented curettage + cervical biopsy before surgery, complete hysterectomy+bilateral adnexectomy+bilateral ovarian arteriovenous high ligation, and postoperative pathological examination confirmed the preoperative diagnosis. Laboratory tests and imaging examinations are not specific for cervical IMT, because it is similar to malignant tumors and not easy to identify, easily to misdiagnose and missed diagnosis, surgical resection is an effective treatment, it is recommended to completely resect the lesion, and complete hysterectomy, and regular follow-up after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glassy cell cervical carcinoma (GCCC) is a very rare form of cervical carcinoma, which belongs to the low-differentiated subtype of adenosquamous carcinoma, and the related reports at home and abroad are few. Due to its rarity and particularity, there are currently no relevant guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of this disease. This article reports the diagnosis and treatment process of a 43-year-old patient with stage ⅡB GCCC who underwent laparoscopic total hysterectomy combined with bilateral adnexectomy after concurrent chemoradiotherapy, and was also given 3 courses of adjuvant chemotherapy with paclitaxel and cisplatin. However, in a short period of time, there have been multiple metastases throughout the body. The patient responded poorly to multiple chemotherapy regimens and was eventually lost. This article reviews the relevant literature both domestic and abroad, aiming to improve the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of the disease, and provide more reference for diagnosis and treatment for follow-up study of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postpartum sexual dysfunction (PSD) is a disease with a high incidence rate in women with complex etiology and various treatment methods, including psychotherapy, drug therapy, behavioral therapy, physical rehabilitation therapy, surgical treatment, etc. The main treatment measures for PSD are still non-surgical treatment. The pelvic floor doctors should give professional guidance to postpartum women in the process of resuming sexual life. Drug treatment can effectively relieve vaginal dryness and burning sensation. Both electrical stimulation and biofeedback can reduce sexual intercourse pain, and biofeedback has more advantages than electrical stimulation in increasing libido and vaginal lubrication. Magnetic stimulation can not only improves pelvic floor muscle strength, but also has a certain effect on postpartum sexual intercourse pain. Manual treatment of pelvic floor myofascial pain needs to be combined with other treatments. Radiofrequency therapy should be used to improve vaginal laxity and dryness. To provide reliable clinical basis for searching for the best non-surgical treatment method, we reviewed the intervention measures and indications in the non-surgical treatment of PSD and evaluated its therapeutic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome is a relatively rare pregnancy complication in obstetrics. Its occurrence is associated with HELLP syndrome and eclampsia characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and reduced platelet count. It is reported that a case of severe pre-eclampsia was admitted to hospital. Due to poor control of blood pressure, a pregnant woman developed dizziness, convulsions and other neurological symptoms after cesarean delivery for epigastric pain. Auxiliary examination suggesting thrombocytopenia, elevated glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase increased, and multiple cerebral infarction foci. The patient was discharged after timely treatment. Through the diagnosis and treatment of this case, we can summarize the experience and lessons, in order to improve clinicians' understanding of postpartum HELLP syndrome and reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methylation is one of the important elements of epigenetics, and abnormal methylation is closely related to malignant tumor cell proliferation, autophagy, apoptosis, intercellular adhesion, infiltration and metastasis. Endometrial cancer is a common malignancy of the female reproductive system. Studies have shown that abnormal methylation of genes is associated with risk factors, types, tumor progression, early diagnosis, chemoresistance, progesterone resistance and prognostic assessment of endometrial carcinoma. Specific methylation markers can be used for early diagnosis and prognostic assessment of endometrial carcinoma. Regulating the methylation status of key genes can improve the sensitivity of endometrial carcinoma cells to chemotherapy and progesterone. This article provides an overview of research advances in DNA, RNA and histone methylation in the pathogenesis, early diagnosis, drug therapy and prognostic assessment of endometrial carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a rare malignant tumor of the ovary, the pathogenesis of which is still unclear, and the clinical manifestations and auxiliary examination are not specific, preoperative diagnosis is difficult, the diagnosis can only rely on the histopathological results and immunohistochemical results. It is very easy to be confused with other malignant tumors of the ovary and miss the best treatment time and delay the disease. We report a case of ovarian DLBCL in our hospital, in which the patient presented with the main complaint of abdominal distension and without other discomfort, and the atypical imaging examination. The patient was initially diagnosed as a pelvic mass after admission. The diagnosis was confirmed by exploratory laparotomy, and surgery and chemical treatment were given. Now we retrospectively analyze the clinical data of the patient and review the relevant literature to deepen the clinicians' understanding of this disease and effectively improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children ovarian dysgerminoma is uncommon in clinic practice. Combined with the history and the auxiliary examination, surgery in children ovarian dysgerminoma is the preferred approach. With the development and progress of the comprehensive treatment model, we need to consider the protection of children's fertility and the management of ovarian malignant tumor after surgical treatment. Here we report the data of a 12-year-old child with ovarian dysgerminoma. The patient first seen in the department of pediatrics due to abdominal pain, and then went to the department of gynecology after finding pelvic mass. Anal examination indicated that a mass of about 7.0 cm×6.0 cm, quality medium, border clear and movable could be palpated on the right side of the pelvic cavity. The examination of relevant tumor markers showed that alpha-fetoprotein and carbohydrate antigen 125 increased slightly. Laparotomy and intraoperative freezing suggested that benign lesions were considered in the left ovary and malignant lesions in the right ovary, so right adnexectomy +excision of left ovarian cyst was performed. Adjuvant chemotherapy and goserelin castration were given to protect ovarian function after surgery. The patient has been followed up for 11 months and has regular menstruation without special discomfort. The diagnosis and treatment process and characteristics of ovarian dysgerminoma in children were reviewed in order to improve clinicians'consideration of the diagnosis, treatment and management of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian Brenner tumor is a rare pathological type of ovarian tumor, which can be divided into benign, borderline/atypical proliferalive and malignant. Its etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear, the clinical manifestations and imaging examinations are not specific, and it is easy to misdiagnose before surgery, and the diagnosis mainly depends on postoperative pathological examination. Recent studies have found that malignant Brenner tumor (MBT) gradually progresses from benign Brenner tumor of the ovaries, and the process of occurrence is related to the genetic variants of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene, CCND1 gene, and murine double microbody gene 2 (MDM2), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) gene and phosphoinositide 3-kinase catalytic alpha polypeptide (PIK3CA) gene. The treatment of ovarian Brenner tumor is mainly surgery, in which ovarian MBT can be supplemented with platinum-paclitaxel chemotherapy after surgery, and it is expected to be targeted therapy for its carcinogenic sites. Staging is an important prognostic factor, and early diagnosis and treatment is the key to improve prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis (EMs) is one of the common benign diseases in women of childbearing age, and its incidence is increasing year by year. EMs refers to the presence of endometrial tissue outside the normal endometrium, mostly involving pelvic organs and parietal peritoneum, such as the ovary and sacral ligament. The pathogenesis of EMs has not been completely clarified. Currently, the widely accepted theories include the hypothesis of menstrual reflux, coelomic epithelium metaplasia, iatrogenic implantation, lymphatic metastasis and hematogenous dissemination. Diagnosis depends on clinical findings, imaging and pathological outcomes. Management of this disease includes drug treatment and surgery. Extra-pelvic endometriosis is a rare EMs that occurs in areas outside the pelvic cavity, such as the abdominal wall, thorax and perineum. Due to its rare occurrence and atypical clinical symptoms, the diagnosis is often difficult and misdiagnosis often occurs. In order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of extra-pelvic endometriosis, it is necessary to achieve early detection, timely diagnosis and standardized treatment to optimize the prognosis of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of gestational hyperglycemia/diabetes in pregnancy (DIP) or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been increasing in the world. It is not only associated with perinatal adverse events for mother and fetus, but also increases the risk of metabolic diseases in mother and offspring in the long term. However, there are still controversies about the diagnosis and treatment of DIP. Chinese Medical Association (CMA) in 2022 and American Diabetes Association (ADA) in 2021 had issued and updated their guidelines of DIP in order to provide the latest suggestion for the management of DIP. Two guidelines have been comparated in the nine aspects，such as disease classification, diagnosis, preconception counseling and care, lifestyle and behavior management, hypoglycemic drug therapy during pregnancy, glucose monitoring, maternal and child complications, postpartum care and follow-up, obstetric management. The possible causes of similarities and differences between the two guidelines were explored for providing a reference for clinicians′ practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correct diagnosis of fetal arrhythmia is very important for its treatment. Individualized treatment of the fetus according to the type of arrhythmia can actively improve the prognosis of the fetus, improve the survival rate of the fetus, and avoid the occurrence of unexplained fetal intrauterine death. Clinically, fetal arrhythmias can be divided into three types: cardiac arrhythmia, tachyarrhythmia and bradyarrhythmia. Diagnostic methods include fetal electrocardiogram, magnetocardiogram, pulse Doppler and M-mode echocardiography. Most fetal arrhythmias are benign and usually do not require treatment, but require close follow-up. For persistent fetal arrhythmias with cardiac insufficiency or fetal edema, intrauterine treatment is required. This article summarizes the diagnosis methods, causes and treatment plans of different types of fetal arrhythmias, strengthen intrauterine management, and improve the perinatal outcome of the fetus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary is a rare clinical benign ovarian tumor with low incidence and unclear etiology. It is more common in young women, mostly with unilateral mass, often visit a doctor due to irregular menstrual bleeding or abdominal mass found in physical examination. Imaging examination showed changes such as "lake island sign", "fast in and slow out" and "centrality enhancement". Histopathology showed unilateral rounded cystic solid mass with "false lobule" as the characteristic lesion. Immunohistochemistry showed positive expression of inhibin, vimentin and actin. The diagnosis is mainly made by histopathology, and imaging examination has important reference value. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult and easily confused with ovarian fibroma, follicular membranous cell tumor, ovarian Kookenberg tumor, granulosa cell tumor, etc. Surgical treatment is the main means of treatment, mostly the affected side tumor resection or adnexectomy. Postoperative prognosis is good and ovarian function can be restored to normal. For the tumor with more nuclear mitosis and necrosis, it is necessary to be alert to the risk of recurrence, and long-term follow-up is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uterine intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL) is a rare disease. The tumor typically grows along vascular vessels and can extend to the inferior vena cava, even to the heart. The pathogenesis remains still controversial at present. Most scholars are inclined to consider that the leiomyoma directly invades into myometrial veins and spreads along the vascular lumen. Uterine IVL usually occurs in 40 to 50 years old women with a reproductive history. The clinical manifestations in the early stages are not typical. If the lesion involves the inferior vena cava or right heart, it can cause ascites, hepatosplenomegaly, dyspnea, heart failure, and even sudden death in severe cases. Surgery is currently the preferred treatment method, but there is no consensus on the specific surgical plan. The recurrence rate of the disease is high, and long-term and close follow-up is required after the operation. The pathogenesis, high risk fators, clinical and imaging manifestations, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of uterine IVL are reviewed, in order to provide references for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a genetic heart disease caused by mutations in genes that lead to abnormalities in the structure or function of ion channels, and is characterized by prolonged QT interval and T -wave changes in the electrocardiogram (ECG), and it is prone to palpitation, synocope, arrhythmia, cardiac arrest and even sudden death. The most common genetic subtypes of LQTS patients are LQT1, LQT2, and LQT3. Different Genetic subtypes of LQTS have different mutation genes, triggers, and even ECG changes, so clarifying the genetic subtypes of patients can help clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cardiac events. Effective prevention of cardiac events is one of the most important measures for patients with LQTS. During pregnancy and puerperium, women with LQTS will experience a series of physiological changes such as hormonal levels and hemodynamic changes, which may affect the risk of cardiac events associated with LQTS; their clinical management is also different from that of non -LQTS women, and it is necessary to review the research progress of its pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, treatment options and perinatal management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case of abdominal wall endometriosis involving pubic bone was successfully treated by surgical. The patient was diagnosed by abdominal wall ultrasound, pelvic magnetic resonance imaging and finally confirmed by fine needle biopsy. After admission, a multidisciplinary team including gynecologists, general surgeons, hernia surgeons, orthopedic surgeons and urologists was established to discuss and recommend surgical removal of abdominal wall endometriosis mass. The operation was completed by the multidisciplinary treatment team. Endometriosis was found in abdominal wall muscle, peritoneum and pubic symphysis. The endometriosis mass in the abdominal wall and pubic bone was completely removed. Because there were many abdominal muscles and fascia excised, the abdominal wall defect could not be sutured routinely. The abdominal wall defect was repaired with patches. The patient recovered well without complications and was followed up well. The successful treatment of this case showed that adequate preoperative examination and the cooperation of multidisciplinary treatment team were the key to the treatment of patients with complex abdominal wall endometriosis. For endometriosis involving pubic bone, tension -free hernia repair technique and postoperative compression bandage can be used as an alternative treatment for abdominal wall defect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesothelial cyst is a benign neoplastic lesion derived from mesothelial cells, mainly involves pelvic peritoneum and peritoneal peritoneum. It is more common in mesentery and omentum majus, and less in uterus. This paper reports the diagnosis and management of a patient with uterine mesothelial cyst misdiagnosed as leiomyoma with cystic degeneration in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. This patient with no typical clinical manifestations preoperatively was diagnosed as leiomyoma with cystic degeneration and underwent total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomy, mainly based on imaging characteristics. But the postoperative pathology, indicated uterine mesothelial cyst. This paper analyzes the diagnosis and treatment of the patient and reviews relevant literature, discuss the differential diagnosis and treatment of uterine mesothelial cyst, in order to improve the academic vision of the disease in gynecologists and avoid misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The S100 protein family is a family of 25 members of calcium-binding proteins that bind to Ca2+ and perform biological functions inside and outside the cell, regulating various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, migration and invasion, apoptosis, Ca2+ homeostasis and energy metabolism. They are closely associated with the development of many cancers, inflammatory diseases and immune disorders. Endometriosis (EMs) has a complex pathogenesis and is a chronic inflammatory disease that can cause pelvic pain and infertility. There are no accurate and easily accessible early non-invasive diagnostic methods and clear therapeutic targets. Studies have shown that S100B, S100A7 and S100A8 can participate in the inflammatory response by activating the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway; S10013 can participate in neovascularization and promotes disease progression by synergizing with other pro-angiogenic factors; S100A4, S100A6 and S100P may induce cell migration and invasion through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and/or p38 MAPK signaling pathway. The research progress on the role of S100 protein family in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of EMs is reviewed to provide ideas for further applications of S100 proteins in EMs, and to provide references for the search of potential early diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Müllerian duct anomalies are congenital malformations of the female genital tract, the rudimentary uterus horn is the result of blocked development of one of the Müllerian tubes. These abnormalities are usually diagnosed during puberty, because they tend to remain asymptomatic until adolescence. The initial clinical symptoms are nonspecific and may include dysmenorrhea, infertility, and chronic or acute abdominal pain. A 23-year-old patient with 8-year history of dysmenorrhea was reported. The final diagnosis was Rudimentary uterus horn with absense of right kidney. By discussing its typing, diagnosis and treatment, it is intended to remind clinicians that Müllerian anomalies should always be considered as an important differential diagnosis in young patients with abdominal pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometrial carcinoma, accounting for about 20%-30% of gynecological tumors, is a malignant tumor that seriously threatens women′s health. In recent years, research has shown that the incidence and mortality of the disease have increased gradually among urban women in China. In order to further clarify the pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma, more and more scholars have studied the occurrence and development of endometrial carcinoma from the aspect of epigenetics. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that widely participate in epigenetic regulation of cellular physiology and pathology. By reviewing the epigenetic effects of multiple miRNAs on tumor-related genes in endometrial carcinoma, we hope to further elucidate the possible molecular mechanisms of endometrial carcinoma pathogenesis and provide relevant basis for the exploration of new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of iron in oxygen transport, electron transfer, and enzyme activity is essential for cell function. During pregnancy, with the increase in the blood volume of the mother and the growth and development of the fetus, the demand for iron increases sharply. When the body′s iron storage and intake cannot meet the body′s needs, it will lead to a relative or absolute lack of iron and cause iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency during pregnancy is the most common cause of anemia during pregnancy and is related to offspring′s cognition, autism, and mental disorders. Anemia during pregnancy increases the risk of infection during the puerperium, abruption of the placenta, death of pregnant women, gestational hypertension, cesarean delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, fetal growth restriction, and preterm birth, etc, it endangers the health and safety of mothers and babies, so early diagnosis and treatment are critical. Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy is treated with oral iron and intravenous iron. This review summarized the diagnosis of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy, and discussed the adverse effects of iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy on pregnant women and their offspring, as well as its treatment and prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT) is a malignant tumor derived from chorioamniotic intermediate trophoblast. ETT is often related to the previous pregnancy history, most of which are secondary to the previous normal pregnancy, while ETT patients who are secondary to gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) are very rare. A patient with ETT secondary to the previous hydatidiform mole underwent uterine curettage because of hydatidiform mole, and hysteroscopic surgery was performed 2 years later because of abnormal uterine bleeding. The disease was found and was considered as ETT with suspected lung metastasis. The prognosis of the patients was good after hysterectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy. Combined with related case reports, the clinical features, such as onset time, location, ultrasound, pathology and immunohistochemistry, treatment and prognosis of this kind of ETT were summarized in order to improve clinicians′ understanding of the disease and make efforts to improve the treatment and prognosis of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improve the diagnosis and treatment of leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminate (LPD). Methods: 7 cases of LPD admitted between June 2018 and July 2021 in the Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Capital Medical University were analyzed retrospectively, including their clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment methods, pathological diagnosis and recurrence. Results: The average age of onset of the 7 patients was 41.6 years (33-48 years). All 7 cases had a history of laparoscopic uterine myomectomy with an average of (60.1±44.6) months (range 6 to 132 months). 57.1% of patients were asymptomatic, and they presented with the main complaint of masses in the pelvic and abdominal cavity found on physical examination. Imaging mainly showed multiple solid nodules in the pelvic and abdominal cavity. The diagnostic rates of MRI and CT were 28.6% and 25.0%, respectively. All 7 patients underwent surgical treatment. Nodules extensively involved the colon mesentery (4 cases), the surface of the peritoneum (3 cases), the omentum (2 cases), Douglas pouch (2 cases), ranging from 0.4 to 10 cm in diameters. One case underwent laparoscopic total hysterectomy, double adnexectomy and resected all LPD nodules, and the remaining 6 cases done laparoscopic or laparotomy LPD nodule resection. All cases were definitive diagnosed as LPD by histopathology and immunohistochemical examination, of which 1 case was cellular uterine leiomyomas. Conclusions: LPD is a rare benign tumor, lacking specific clinical symptoms and imaging. The diagnosis mainly depends on surgery, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The preferred treatment is surgical resection if possible, and close follow-up is required after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uterine collision tumor is a rare pathological type composed of two or more malignant tumors with few related reports. Its etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear. Clinical manifestations and imaging examinations are not specific, and preoperative diagnosis is difficult, mainly rely on pathological examination to make an accurate diagnosis. There are various histological types of uterine collision tumors, while no standardized treatment guidelines have been established so far. The comprehensive treatment mainly consists of surgery and radiotherapy, supplemented by chemotherapy, and the prognosis is quite different. In recent years, the incidence of uterine malignant tumors has been increasing. With the extensive use of experimental techniques such as immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in clinical pathology, the detection rate of uterine collision tumors has been increased. This article reviews the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of uterine collision tumors, in order to increase people′s comprehensive understanding of uterine collision tumors, making early and accurate diagnosis, and implement clinical intervention measures to improve the prognosis of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer (OC) has become one of the major diseases threatening women′s life and health due to its high recurrence rate and mortality with its incidence rate increasing. At present, there is a lack of effective methods for early detection, screening, recurrence monitoring and treatment evaluation of OC. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is fragment of DNA released by tumor cells into the blood circulation. It has the advantages of noninvasive, real -time, and can reflect the characteristics of tumor genes. Recent years, with the advancement of ctDNA detection technology and the in-depth research of ctDNA, ctDNA has shown more advantages than traditional histological, serological and imaging detection methods in the early diagnosis, tumor molecular typing and treatment monitoring of OC. This paper will review the extraction and detection methods of ctDNA and its latest research progress in the diagnosis and treatment of OC, to provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of OC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Double primary breast and ovarian cancer (DPBOC) is a common type of multiple primary malignant neoplasms of the female reproductive system. Both breast and ovary are sex hormone regulating organs, and they have similar endocrine regulating mechanism. Because breast cancer is diagnosed early and has a good prognosis, the risk of primary ovarian cancer is higher than in the general women population. Studies on sporadic breast cancer or ovarian cancer have been relatively mature. However, the pathogenesis of DPBOC is still unclear. Due to the lack of sensitive and specific screening methods, it is difficult to differentiate from metastatic tumors, which has attracted little attention from clinicians. This review will focus on the pathogenesis, differential diagnosis of ovarian metastasis from breast cancer, treatment and prevention of DPBOC. The study may make clinicians pay attention to the early monitoring of the second primary carcinoma organ, take necessary preventive measures for high-risk groups, seize the best treatment opportunity, and prolong the survival time of patients with DPBOC as long as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary small cell carcinoma of the ovary -hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT) is a rare but extremely lethal malignancy that mainly impacts young women. Although the origin of SCCOHT is still obscure, it is difficult to differentiate from other ovarian small cell tumors in histomorphology, and there are no definite treatment guidelines as the rarity, some breakthrough progress has been made in the molecular pathogenesis recent years. SCCOHT is characterized by a diploid genome with loss of SMARCA4 and lack of SMARCA2 expression. The lack of expression of BRG1 and BRM proteins encoded by these two genes in immunohistochemical staining has become an important means to identify the tumor in pathological diagnosis. In addition, there are also some studies on treatment, such as targeted drugs for pathogenic molecules. In this review, the clinicopathological characteristics, differential diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of SCCOHT were analyzed and summarized, in order to further deepen the understanding of this disease and lay the foundation for more accurate diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis is a common chronic disease in women of reproductive age, among which thoracic endometriosis syndrome is a relatively rare type. Endometrial-like tissue moves into the thoracic cavity and causes a variety of clinical manifestations related to the menstruation, including catamenial pneumothorax, hemothorax, hemoptysis, pulmonary nodules and chest pain. Among them, menstrual pneumothorax is the most common. The pathogenesis of this disease is not yet fully understood. At present, there are many hypotheses explaining how endometrial tissue moves into the thoracic cavity and the pathogenesis of menstrual pneumothorax, but there is no single hypothesis that can explain all the clinical manifestations of thoracic endometriosis syndrome. The examinations include radiological imaging (e.g., chest X-ray, CT and MRI), histological examination and so on. Management of this disease includes drug treatment and surgery. Drug therapy is the first -line treatment, among which gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists are the first-line drugs. For patients who still relapse after drug treatment or cannot tolerate the adverse reactions caused by drug treatment, surgical treatment should be considered and drug treatment should be supplemented after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Septate uterus is the most common type of congenital uterine malformation, which may lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes such as abortion, premature delivery and fetal growth restriction. At present, the etiology of septate uterus is not clear. The researchers try to explore the causes of septate uterus and the mechanism of adverse pregnancy outcome through the study of gene level, embryonic development process and anatomical structure of septate uterus, but they can not completely reveal the causes of its formation. Septate uterus can be diagnosed by ultrasound. With the development of diagnostic techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and three-dimensional ultrasound technology make the diagnosis of septate uterus more accurate, but hysteroscopic diagnosis is still the gold standard for the diagnosis of septate uterus. Because the current classification system for uterine deformities is different and the definition of septate uterus is different, it often leads to different therapeutic outcomes. Although there are a large number of retrospective studies and prospective controlled studies supporting the treatment of septate uterus by transcervical resection of septum (TCRS), high-quality randomized controlled studies are needed to support clinical decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is an iatric disease frequently occurred in patients with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, but also can be observed in spontaneous ovulation cycles, especially those with multiple-pregnancy, hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome. The incidence of natural pregnancy complicated with OHSS is very low, which seriously affects the health of patients and even endangers their lives. This paper reported a case of spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (sOHSS) with ovarian rupture, and discussed the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, complications, differential diagnosis and treatment of sOHSS, so as to provide a reference for clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tube torsion refers to a gynecological acute abdominal disease, in which the fallopian tube rotates on its own axis without ipsilateral ovarian torsion. The incidence is reported to be 1/1 500 000, of which about 12% occurs during pregnancy. The diagnosis of tubal torsion is very difficult, and its clinical symptoms are not typical, with a wide range of differential diagnosis and easy to be misdiagnosed. A number of studies have shown that MRI has a higher diagnostic accuracy than ultrasound. Surgery is the standard diagnosis and therapy of tubal torsion, and the choice of surgical method is also a challenge for medical personnel. A case of second trimester complicated with tubal torsion necrosis admitted to the First Hospital of Lanzhou University is reported as follows. By reviewing the literature, we can deepen the understanding of the disease and improve the ability of diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective：The clinical data of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix were analyzed retrospectively in order to provide the basis for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Methods：The clinical data of 59 patients with small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix were collected in Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, and the prognosis of the patients was followed up. The age of onset, clinical manifestations, human papillomavirus (HPV) typing, pathological diagnosis, postoperative pathology in different clinical stages, treatment plan and survival were statistically analyzed. Results：The median age of onset of the 59 patients was 43.6 years. The main clinical manifestation is irregular vaginal bleeding (53 cases, 89.8%). The positive rate of HPV18 in HPV typing was the highest (48 cases, 81.4%). Immunohistochemical tests showed that 58 cases (98.3%) were positive for Syn, 49 cases (83.1%) were positive for CgA, 58 cases (98.3%) were positive for NSE, and 50 cases (84.7%) were positive for CD56. Thirty-nine patients with clinical stage ⅠB and ⅡA underwent surgical treatment, including 23 patients (59.0%) with deep muscular infiltration, 11 patients (28.2%) with lymph vascular space infiltration (LVSI), and 9 patients (23.1%) with pelvic lymph node metastasis. The cut-off date for followup was July 31, 2019. All patients were followed for more than 5 years. Of the 59 patients, 19 survived and 40 died. The mean survival time was 22.6 months, and the median survival time was 20.2 months. Kaplan-Meier Log-Rank test was used for survival analysis. Clinical stage (Log-Rank P=0.000), lymph node metastasis (Log-Rank P=0.015), and depth of tumor invasion (Log-Rank P=0.009) were the prognostic factors. LVSI (Log-Rank P=0.450), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (Log-Rank P=0.856), postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy (Log-Rank P=0.900), TP/TC (paclitaxel or docetaxel + platinum) regimen or EP (etoposide+cisplatin) regimen (Log-Rank P=0.939) had no significant effect on prognosis. Conclusions：The main clinical manifestation of this disease is irregular vaginal bleeding. The disease is closely related to HPV18 infection. Infiltration and metastasis occurred in early cases. Diagnosis of the disease requires immunohistochemistry. The later the clinical stage, with lymph node metastasis and deep tumor infiltration, the worse the prognosis. Early diagnosis and treatment are the key to improve the curative effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer develops insidiously without particular early-stage symptoms. About 70% of the patients are found to have entered advanced stage, and have lost the best treatment opportunity. Circulating tumor cell (CTC) that shed from the primary tumor and enter the blood circulation are considered as tumor markers with great diagnostic and prognostic potential. Current studies have found that CTC detection is instructive for the early diagnosis, treatment efficacy monitoring and prognosis assessment of epithelial ovarian cancer, and may be a better monitoring method than CA-125. In recent years, more and more scholars have conducted in-depth studies on the detection methods and clinical applications of CTC in epithelial ovarian cancer. This paper reviews several typical methods for the capture and identification of CTC in epithelial ovarian cancer, the clinical significance of CTC in the diagnosis and treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer and the prospect of their clinical application and transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The congenital atresia of vagina is caused by abnormal development of the urogenital sinuses and the ends of the Mullerian tubes and does not form a normalvagina, which is less common. Complete vaginal atresia, also known as type II vaginal atresia, is associated with dysplasia of the cervix, dysplasia of the uterine body, or uterine deformity, and is more rare clinically. In this paper, one case of type II vaginal atresia who was admitted to the Second Hospital of Jilin University and then transferred to Peking Union Medical College Hospital in October 2018 was clinically analyzed, we also reviewed related literature and summarized the progress of the diagnosis, classification and treatment at home and abroad, in the hope of a doctor to better understand the genital tract malformation, patients to receive individualized treatment and achieve a better prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrauterine adhesion（IUA） is an endometrial injury disease caused by various pathogenic factors, which seriously affects female genital health and reproductive function. Intrauterine operation during pregnancy is the main cause of IUA. Furthermore, intrauterine infection and less perfusion of endometrial blood flow may also be closely related to the onset and progress of the disease. Hysteroscopy is the gold standard for clinical diagnosis and treatment of IUA. Transcervical resection of adhesion is currently an effective method to deal with IUA. Postoperative adjuvant treatment is used to prevent adhesion recurrence, but there is no consensus on the best diagnosis and treatment plan for this disease. This article reviews the clinical etiology, diagnosis and therapy of IUA, aiming at providing further evidence for its early detection and prevention, precise diagnosis and timely treatment, so as to avoid severe damage to the uterine endometrium, and provides a reference for clinical decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a devastating complication of monochorionic twin pregnancy and remains a major challenge for worldwide fetal medicine specialists. In TTTS, intertwin transfusion through vascular anastomoses in the shared placenta leads to severe hemodynamic imbalance, which is the main cause of perinatal death. Approximately 10%-15% of all monochorionic diamniotic twins develop TTTS, which usually occurs between the 16th and 26th weeks of gestation, the type, number and diameter of these anastomoses determines the risk profile. Advancements in antenatal management have led to increased perinatal survival and a decreased incidence of neonatal complications, including brain injury and neurodevelopmental impairment. Therefore, early detection, rigorous monitoring, appropriate treatment, prolonging the gestational age as much as possible, and choosing the right time to terminate the pregnancy are the keys to reducing the mortality of monochorionic diamniotic twin. This article analyzes the pathogenesis, prediction, diagnosis and treatment of TTTS, and summarizes the long-term nervous system damage of surviving fetuses after laser treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular RNAs (circRNA) are hotspot members of non -coding RNA networks, which have a variety of characteristics and pathophysiological functions. CircRNA plays roles in epigenetic, transcriptional, and post -transcriptional regulation. At present, the number of validated endogenous circRNA involved in ovarian cancer continues increasing and many circRNA expressions are related to the occurrence, invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer. In addition, the abnormal expression of circRNA is also closely related to the stage, volume of tumor, differentiation and metastasis of ovarian cancer. Because of their high stability, highly conserved, and tissue-specific expression patterns, circRNA may become potential markers of ovarian cancer for the diagnosis. This article reviews the current research reports of circRNA related to ovarian cancer, proposes its impact on the occurrence of ovarian cancer and its potential value as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and as a therapeutic target for ovarian cancer, and explores circRNA′ s impacts of chemotherapy resistance for ovarian cancer. Finally, the clinical potential and future research directions of circRNA related to ovarian cancer are discussed. Circular RNAs (circRNA) are hotspot members of non -coding RNA networks, which have a variety of characteristics and pathophysiological functions. CircRNA plays roles in epigenetic, transcriptional, and post -transcriptional regulation. At present, the number of validated endogenous circRNA involved in ovarian cancer continues increasing and many circRNA expressions are related to the occurrence, invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer. In addition, the abnormal expression of circRNA is also closely related to the stage, volume of tumor, differentiation and metastasis of ovarian cancer. Because of their high stability, highly conserved, and tissue-specific expression patterns, circRNA may become potential markers of ovarian cancer for the diagnosis. This article reviews the current research reports of circRNA related to ovarian cancer, proposes its impact on the occurrence of ovarian cancer and its potential value as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and as a therapeutic target for ovarian cancer, and explores circRNA′ s impacts of chemotherapy resistance for ovarian cancer. Finally, the clinical potential and future research directions of circRNA related to ovarian cancer are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uterine arteriovenous fistula (UVAF) is a kind of rare abnormal uterine vascular disease, which is one of the causes of late postpartum hemorrhage in women. In recent years, with the opening of the two-child policy and the increase of the rate of artificial abortion, the incidence rate of UAVF has also increased, which seriously affects the quality of life of women and increases the difficulty and risk of the second pregnancy. Due to the diversity of etiology and clinical manifestations of UAVF, it is often difficult to identify early and make appropriate treatment in clinical work, which leads to the occurrence of adverse events. At present, the diagnosis of UAVF mainly depends on imaging methods, among which angiography is the gold standard. Conservative treatment, interventional therapy and surgical treatment are the main treatment methods of UVAF, among which uterine artery embolization is the most commonly used, but the adverse effects of re-pregnancy are increasing year by year. According to the patient′s clinical symptoms and fertility wishes, choosing a reasonable diagnosis and treatment program can improve the prognosis and reduce the risk of re-pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma of the ovary is a kind of adenocarcinoma presenting as mesonephric-like differentiation. The origin of mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma is uncertain, and the related reports at home and abroad are few. There are no relevant guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of this disease. A 67-year-old woman with bilateral solid ovarian cyst and highly suspected malignant ovarian tumor was treated by operation, the postoperative pathological diagnosis was bilateral ovarian mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma with borderline serous mucinous tumor. The clinical manifestations of the disease were nonspecific. Its pathological immunohistochemistry was characterized by negative ER and PR, GATA3 and TTF-1 expression. Due to the lack of specific postoperative diagnosis and therapeutic criteria for this disease, the postoperative chemotherapy regimen of paclitaxel plus carboplatin for 6 courses was proposed. The analysis of this case was intended to provide more reference for diagnosis and treatment of this disease for subsequent studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]