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This paper offers an epilogue to a special edition of articles employing a temporal lens to examine the politics of European asylum and reception systems. From camps to courts to casework, the papers explore a range of temporal matters arising in relation to attempts to manage human mobility. In this epilogue, I identify three temporal themes that arise across the different papers and that are dominant in contemporary Euro-American migration governance. These are: 1) the tempos (the strategic, often contradictory, employment of fast and slow speeds); 2) synchronicity (the multiplicity of times in European migration systems, and the alienation caused by disharmony); and 3) the tenses (from thwarted and inaccessible individual futures, to political representations of the past and future, and the enduring reverberations of past events). The prologue goes on to argue the importance of avoiding allochronism and identifies ways the authors avoid temporally 'othering' people, including by recognising people's autonomy in acts of timing and in reclaiming and recalibrating their own timelines and rhythms. The paper ends with a call for the migration sector to 'widen our gaze' and to draw out the underlying colonial and capitalist temporalities so as to situate migration governance in broader temporal bordering and dispossession. After all, themes of limbo, impermanence, insecurity, temporal poverty, negated futures, temporal dissonance, and other temporal governance mechanisms that hierarchise, marginalise and discipline us, are increasingly evident across the globe, whether or not we cross a border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on aspirations and capabilities models in migration studies, this paper explores the utility of this approach for elucidating long-term integration processes. Aspirations as individual constructions of what one's life should look like in the future are a concept used by scholars to study migrants' motives to migrate. However, neither are aspirations an often applied analytical category, nor a sufficiently examined theoretical subject in the area of long-term migration. This paper addresses this gap and applies the category of aspirations and capabilities to the study of long-term adaptation processes of Polish emigrants of the 1980s in three European countries: Austria, Italy and Sweden. The case study illustrates the aspirations/capabilities model's usability for studying integration processes and proves that aspirations and capabilities should be a subject of inquiry throughout migrants' lives. As a contribution to the debate, an analytical framework along with a schema depicting live long migration processes is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canada has long sought to disperse skilled immigration across the country, with the goal of promoting economic development, improving cultural diversity, and mitigating population decline. The Provincial Nominee Programs (PNPs) are one mechanism for achieving regionalized immigration: they allow Canadian provinces and territories to use labor market information (LMI) to identify in-demand skills and offer visas to newcomers who match local needs. However, even when LMI is accurate, many factors can prevent newcomer access to local labor markets, particularly in third-tier cities (populations of 100,000 to 500,000), including credential recognition, discrimination, and a lack of settlement infrastructure. This paper centers the stories of three newcomers to Canada, each with senior technology sector experience and arriving through PNPs into third-tier cities. Amidst well-established themes in settlement narratives, such as housing affordability, family, lifestyle, and the role of Local Immigration Partnerships (LIPs), this paper suggests that newcomers arriving under programs such as the PNPs may experience LMI congruence or incongruence: the degree to which expectations of a labor market (shaped by being selected for immigration based on particular in-demand skills) match or do not match newcomers' real experiences of labor market access. Policymakers and institutions that use LMI to guide decisions may consider two lessons from the narratives offered in this study: one, the continued importance of reducing barriers to labor market entry for newcomers, and two, the possibility that LMI congruence and accurate expectations play a role in retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to analyze the effect of immigration on income inequality in host countries, to verify whether immigration exacerbates or reduces the existing gap among social classes. Through seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR), the paper analyzes the effect of immigration on income inequality at the subnational level in Italy (regions). A SUR is a generalization of a linear regression model that allows the use of several regression equations at the same time, with each equation having its own dependent variable. In this paper, the dependent variables of the equations are represented by within-region income inequality and between-region inequality. Furthermore, in order to assess changes in income inequality at the subnational level in Italy, the paper uses several socio-economic controls as independent variables: pre-existing income inequality and levels of unemployment, population, and attained education. The results report a negative or null effect of immigration on income inequality in Italy, while identifying pre-existing income inequality, together with high unemployment and higher education as triggers for present income inequality. The economic and the political implications of these results, and how they generate backlash against immigrants, are discussed at the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While German migration policies aim to provide temporary protection and integrate Ukrainian refugees into German society as early as possible, the procedures and ideas of integration might be perceived differently by the beneficiaries. The feeling of "permanent temporariness" has been persistent among Ukrainians since March 2022. In this situation, some of the refugees renounce their agency and put responsibility on decision-making onto the state, while others oppose the idea of "being integrated" since they see their time in Germany as temporary, and their future in Ukraine as soon as the security situation allows them to return. Drawing on the experiences of single Ukrainian women who received protection in Germany, the paper presents an anthropological perspective on person–state interactions in the context of refugees' future-planning. How do German policies for supporting Ukrainian refugees impact their "stay or return" decision-making? Do the policies address their needs now and allow them to make investments for the future, or, on the contrary, contribute to their decision to return to Ukraine, which appears to be "simpler" and "more predictable"? How does the experience of going through bureaucratic procedures contribute to the sense of having agency and being capable of shaping their today and tomorrow? To answer these questions, I am going to present the reasonings and emotions concerning bureaucratic procedures that are closely intertwined with the planning of their future by Ukrainian refugees in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last decade has witnessed an increasing proliferation of measures and strategies included in Italian and EU legislation to speed up the procedure for recognizing international protection, implicitly emptying it of its protective capacity. The contribution, part of ethnographic research that started in 2012 and is still in progress, intends to analyze how the use of time as a tool to govern contemporary migration flows acts differentially in terms of time spent, the time allowed, and time available, considering the different actors involved in determining its rhythm (Jacobsen and Karlsen, 2021; Della Puppa and Sanò in Studi Emigrazione, 220, 2020, in Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 26(5), 503–527, 2021; Rozakou, 2021). The paper will be composed of two parts: in the first one, through the presentation of a life story, the impact on migrants' experiences and emotional reactions to this unilateral determination of time dictated by policies and regulations will be problematized. The second part aims to examine the rationality of these procedures and assess their impact on the provisions in the broader legal framework. It seems interesting to investigate how control over time and through time (Tazzioli in Political Geography, 64, 13–22, 2018) is configured as a "specific modality of relations between parts of the world" (Fabian, 2021: 75), particularly how the "temporal architectures" (Sharma, 2014) enacted by Italy and the European Union have been codified in the law and governance policies of the current migration flow, and how migrants experience and endure these policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Middle Eastern immigrants have long been coming to Atlantic Canada and establishing communities which constitute the largest immigrant and ethnic communities in the region. This paper, deriving from a Metropolis-funded qualitative study, examines the role of transnational familial and ethnic networks of immigrants from the Middle East in facilitating mobility and settlement in this region. While acknowledging Canadian immigration, settlement and integration policies and services, diverse and ever-changing geo-political contexts, and other macro- and meso-structures, we argue that Middle Eastern transnational family and ethnic networks have been important "drivers" and a part of immigrants' "mobility capital" that facilitated not only their immigration to Atlantic Canada but also their secondary migration, that is immigrants' leaving the Atlantic provinces and relocating elsewhere in Canada, in the case of limited/tenuous employment opportunities or other dissatisfaction. While Atlantic Canada has historically played the role of an immigration gateway as a result of its geo-political position, this role of family and ethnic-based networks, in the context of its political economy, has contributed to also rendering it a "revolving door" for immigrants to Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether pre-immigration Canadian work experience improves the economic returns to human capital among immigrants. Unlike some previous studies that treat immigrants with Canadian work experience as a homogenous group, this study distinguishes those with high pre-immigration Canadian earnings from those with low pre-immigration Canadian earnings. Based on the analysis of the Longitudinal Immigration Database, this study finds that among economic principal applicants who were admitted to Canada from 2000 to 2015, the economic returns to both education and foreign work experience were significantly higher for economic immigrants with high pre-immigration Canadian earnings than for those with low pre-immigration Canadian earnings—and in particular, those with no pre-immigration Canadian work experience. This result was observed after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, and held in the short, medium and long run after landing. The result also held among economic immigrants from both developed Western countries and developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the USA, the debate over the in-state resident tuition policy for undocumented youth touches on concerns with fairness, lawfulness, and membership in political communities that immigration and higher education policies raise more generally. Drawing upon policy design scholarship and using interpretative analysis, this policy matters paper examines demographic, political, and cultural factors that influence in-state tuition policy for undocumented youth among and within states. I argue that subsidizing higher education for undocumented youth immigrants responds to values in areas with more predominant moralistic political cultures as well as on social construction of deservingness based on American values acculturation. The policy paper suggests how the differences in state-resident policy designs—for undocumented immigrants—result in various inclusion standards and levels of civic membership among states and localities. As a result, the social mobility and path to legality depend largely on undocumented youth's access to higher education, tied to the benefit of paying in-state resident tuition fees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With this paper, we aim to look into the issue of identities among the immigrant population living in the West using an integrative multimodal approach. Although this topic has been in fashion for quite some time, most studies analyze either the political or mass-media discourse related to immigrants or reflect on how immigrants see themselves, on the basis of textual analysis of immigrants' narratives and interviews. Our study takes a different approach and analyzes a video recorded and published on YouTube, focusing not only on the text but also on by analyzing non-verbal manifestations of changing positions on the part of the narrator. In particular, we examine identities/positions that the main protagonist, a Moroccan immigrant named Omar, assumes in the course of the story. We show how one particular gesture (pointing), coupled with other verbal and non-verbal markers, can signal a change of identity/position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on fieldwork in Fuzhou's Changle county―an emigrant-sending region in the People's Republic of China (PRC)―this paper analyzes transnational judicial practice as it pertains to resolution of transnational migrants' legal disputes. Resolution of "foreign-related" disputes had been obstructed by spatial and temporal barriers and difficulties navigating the PRC's judicial system. However, a more efficient path for transnational migrants to resolve their legal disputes emerged due to: the PRC government's increased concern toward transnational migrants; implementation of new governance procedures within the judicial system; utilization of the transnational migrant's informal social networks; and, application of internet-enabled communication technologies. By examining the extra-territorial reach of state authority in regulating transnational activities, analysis from the 26 interviews conducted reveals the key role played by leaders in Overseas Chinese Associations, who act as informal judicial "mediators" between the PRC's judicial system and transnational migrants. Additionally, internet-enabled communication technologies and social networks have helped collapse the physical and temporal distances that previously separated transnational migrants from their country of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its potential contribution to educational achievement, immigration has garnered increased attention in literature. However, the existing research has predominantly examined the relationship between immigration and academic achievement through remittance or has failed to sufficiently control for the numerous factors that explain and mitigate the impacts of a student's immigration status. This paper aims to explore one socio-demographic dimension of immigration, i.e., how immigration status helps explain the school performance gap. We compared native and immigrant students in Cameroon, ages 6–20 years old on outcomes of reading, writing, and level of educational attainment, controlling for relevant socio demographic factors. The results show that native students are more likely to be able to read and write a simple sentence in the official language than immigrant students. The level of education attended by the student increases the differences in academic achievements between native and immigrant students. Marital status, on the other hand, reduces the gaps in school performance. To narrow the school performance gap among students, the Cameroonian government should focus on students by highlighting linguistic skills, supplying specific teachers for immigrant students, and offering psychosocial staff to assist them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focal point of this paper is a specific element in the domain of asylum policies, the Safe Country of Origin (SCO) policy. This asylum policy became integrated into the European Union's (EU) hard law in 2005 with the adoptation of Directive 2005/85/EC or Asylum Procedures Directive (APD). The SCO policy envisions a list of countries considered 'safe' and allows for asylum applications from those countries to be rendered 'unfounded'. The SCO list materialised as an effort to devise a more expeditious asylum procedure by fast-tracking the process for a distinctive group of claimants. Until the present day, reaching consensus on the definition of 'safe' and the content of a common EU SCO list has proven impossible. The purpose of this paper is to theorise and explain the absence of a pan-EU SCO list. As a dominant theory of regional integration (Hoffmann 1966, 1995; Milward 2000), Liberal intergovernmentalism (LI) will provide a complementary analytical framework offering insight into the process of making a supranational SCO list in order to underline the interactions between both Member States (MS) and the EU. This investigation will also discern a constellation of factors responsible for the current impasse. The paper argues that no consensus on a common EU SCO list was reached as MS arrived at the negotiation table with dissimilar migratory pressures, combined with the heterogenous procedural application of SCO in their respective national legislatures. What motivated states to push for negotiations on this policy was a desire to attract support for a restrictive and deterring asylum tool by incorporating it into EU hard law, allowing for almost immediate rejection of applicants from 'safe' countries and therefore reducing the pressure on asylum determination systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The belief that participation in sport and physical activity assists the integration of culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) migrants is prominent within sport policy and programming. Integration outcomes may be enhanced when the migrant develops facets of cultural capital that are valued by both the migrant and the destination country. This paper systematically examines the cultural capital of CALD migrants in the context of participation in sport and physical activity. Databases were searched for papers published in peer-reviewed journals between 1990 and 2016. A total of 3040 articles were identified and screened, and 45 papers were included in this review. Findings show that migrants' cultural capital can be both an asset to, and a source of exclusion from, sport participation. Sport and physical activity are sites where migrant-specific cultural capital is (re)produced, where new forms of cultural capital that are valued in the destination society are generated, and where cultural capital is negotiated in relation to the dominant culture. The authors conclude that the analytical lens of cultural capital enables an in-depth understanding of the interplay between migrant agency and structural constraints, and of integration as a two-way process of change and adaptation, in the context of sport and physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the linkage between exclusion and onward migration of the Ghanaian migrants living in Italy to the UK. It is based on an ethnographic research in the region of Veneto. The paper shows that Italy's adoption of partial exclusion or subordinated model of integration, the weak position of the African migrants in Italy's employment sector, lack of employment opportunities for African women and the second generation, blocked mobility, lack of access to housing due to racial discrimination and hostile attitudes of the Northern League party are the main forces behind the onward migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When emigrant families return-migrate to their homeland, what happens to their school-age children? What challenges do these children face when they switch to a different school system and language? This paper addresses these questions in the context of family return migration to Latvia, based on 40 in-depth interviews with children, their parents and key informants -teachers, school support staff and return-migration coordinators. We find that imaginings of a smooth reintegration into a parental homeland of extended family and friends may not be realised; instead, many children, particularly those of secondary and upper primary-school age, experience the move as a rupture in their lives. School may be fraught with unrealistic expectations on all sides, not helped by poor communication between parents, teachers and support staff. The lack of fluency in the Latvian language is seen by teachers as an obstacle, rather than something to be accepted and worked with. Most teachers are unfamiliar with children from different backgrounds and origins and need training in diversity, tolerance and differentiated learning. This will become increasingly necessary in a country like Latvia, with its ongoing high rates of international migration and return. Our findings show that the educational system and children's experiences of schooling play a crucial role in returnee families' overall reintegration. This raises the importance of return preparedness for the children, including language preparation and awareness of pedagogical and curriculum differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent geo-politicisation of return migration warrants deep consideration of the politics of return and reintegration. A focus on geopolitics prefigures the study of reintegration not just as circumstantial to the lives of migrants or the formal strategies of states but also as deeply embedded in the historical socio-cultural and political contexts where it takes place. In introducing a set of papers that explore these links from different angles and based on research from around the world, this article argues that return and reintegration constitute a qualitatively different process from immigration and integration in the receiving countries, first and foremost because the sending state-a key actor in the reintegration process-is in a position of geopolitical power marginality. Indeed, the strategies of all the stakeholders implicated in reintegration are closely linked to the geopolitics of migration governance. In these contexts, migrants' intimate, as well as pragmatic, strategies of reintegration and re-migration are an expression, as well as a trigger, of multi-scale geopolitics. There is a distinct contrast between the emphasis on borders and securitisation in high-income countries and the informality and precarity of the way that migrants have to manage their ontological security in the process of return and reintegration. Reintegration should thus be understood as a process contingent upon different and, often, incongruous legal, political and socio-economic elements, as endorsed and employed by the different stakeholders involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When emigrant families return-migrate to their homeland, what happens to their school-age children? What challenges do these children face when they switch to a different school system and language? This paper addresses these questions in the context of family return migration to Latvia, based on 40 in-depth interviews with children, their parents and key informants — teachers, school support staff and return-migration coordinators. We find that imaginings of a smooth reintegration into a parental homeland of extended family and friends may not be realised; instead, many children, particularly those of secondary and upper primary-school age, experience the move as a rupture in their lives. School may be fraught with unrealistic expectations on all sides, not helped by poor communication between parents, teachers and support staff. The lack of fluency in the Latvian language is seen by teachers as an obstacle, rather than something to be accepted and worked with. Most teachers are unfamiliar with children from different backgrounds and origins and need training in diversity, tolerance and differentiated learning. This will become increasingly necessary in a country like Latvia, with its ongoing high rates of international migration and return. Our findings show that the educational system and children's experiences of schooling play a crucial role in returnee families' overall reintegration. This raises the importance of return preparedness for the children, including language preparation and awareness of pedagogical and curriculum differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social networks play an important role in shaping major aspects of migratory decisions and outcomes. Adopting an approach, which focused on both before and after stages of migration, this paper examines the value of social networks to the migration of young people by drawing on the experiences of independent child migrants in Ghana. In this paper, we argue that, prior to migration, social networks significantly shape children's migration trajectories largely through information dissemination on potential destinations and therefore may partly explain the clustering of migrants in certain urban spaces. Besides, through provision of financial resources, such networks account for who migrates and stays put. After migration, social networks by serving as a channel of information flows, enhancing access to jobs and providing informal insurance cover shape major outcomes of young people's migration. Successful socioeconomic integration of young migrants is a product of membership of village associations. However, social networks do not always engender positive livelihood outcomes due mainly to composition and reciprocity characterising interactions among network actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conceptualizes the digitalization of foreign workers' management as a gradual move by the state to phase out intermediaries and to reduce undocumented migration in Malaysia. The privatization of digital migration management to information technology (IT) firms is necessary in line with the centralization of all immigration functions. However, privatizing digital migration management has subject the employers and foreign workers to new non-state actors (IT firms and immigration service providers) while gradually eliminating the existing non-state actors (private agencies). The main theoretical question of the privatization of migration management concerns the role of immigration service providers as a result of digitalization. Using Malaysia as its case study, this paper highlights the need to re-conceptualize the role of service providers as "paper shifters" in providing front-line services, collecting agent services, and post office services and thus facilitating the online platform's operations. This paper concludes that privatizing foreign worker management has not achieved the objectives of digitalization in reducing undocumented migration, eliminating intermediaries, improving efficiency, and reducing recruitment cost. The state's privatization framework based on the employer-pay-model has resulted in the commercialization and monopolization of the foreign worker industry. In order to achieve the benefits of digitalization, the process should be done by the government without any form of privatization. The analysis draws upon official documents, parliamentary debates, statements by trade associations and civil societies, newspaper articles, and secondary literature. Based on the media discourse analysis of online news media and document analysis of official publications, this thought piece article explores immigration service providers' role in Malaysia's migration management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conceptualizes the digitalization of foreign workers' management as a gradual move by the state to phase out intermediaries and to reduce undocumented migration in Malaysia. The privatization of digital migration management to information technology (IT) firms is necessary in line with the centralization of all immigration functions. However, privatizing digital migration management has subject the employers and foreign workers to new non-state actors (IT firms and immigration service providers) while gradually eliminating the existing non-state actors (private agencies). The main theoretical question of the privatization of migration management concerns the role of immigration service providers as a result of digitalization. Using Malaysia as its case study, this paper highlights the need to re-conceptualize the role of service providers as "paper shifters" in providing front-line services, collecting agent services, and post office services and thus facilitating the online platform's operations. This paper concludes that privatizing foreign worker management has not achieved the objectives of digitalization in reducing undocumented migration, eliminating intermediaries, improving efficiency, and reducing recruitment cost. The state's privatization framework based on the employer-pay-model has resulted in the commercialization and monopolization of the foreign worker industry. In order to achieve the benefits of digitalization, the process should be done by the government without any form of privatization. The analysis draws upon official documents, parliamentary debates, statements by trade associations and civil societies, newspaper articles, and secondary literature. Based on the media discourse analysis of online news media and document analysis of official publications, this thought piece article explores immigration service providers' role in Malaysia's migration management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small- and mid-sized cities in Canada, the USA, Australia, and New Zealand have increasingly looked to international migration to boost economic growth, address population decline, and fill labour shortages. Policies and strategies adopted to attract but especially retain migrants are often deemed unsuccessful, however, as most migrants continue to show a preference for larger cities. The retention of migrants is generally seen as a goal that can be achieved by meeting specific criteria at the city level such as providing jobs and services and creating a welcoming environment. In this special issue we aim to move beyond this view to consider migrant retention in a broader frame. In this editorial introduction we raise three key analytical points. Firstly, we conceptualise the temporal and spatial dimensions of retention, noting how retention is not only about how long migrants stay in a place but also why they stay there, where they move on to, and whether they return. Secondly, we consider how migrants decide to move or stay, and the extent to which these processes can be considered purely rational, or also subjective and inter-subjective. In this sense, we consider what migrants "do" with policies, rather than how policies shape their decisions to stay or leave. Thirdly, we explore how not only formal but also informal policies and practices play a role in making cities welcoming and attractive to migrants. We then present a place-based perspective and offer some comparative insights. The contents of the Special Issue are subsequently presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A policy shift in the mid-2000s established a pathway between international study and immigration to Canada. Designed to facilitate the settlement of young, highly skilled, and Canadian-trained workers, these pathways are premised on the conception of international students as ideal immigrants. Yet, because higher education institutions enjoy wide latitude when it comes to selecting and admitting international students, this education-immigration nexus has gained scholarly attention and sparked an immigration and settlement debate. What are the implications of having an uncapped temporary foreign worker stream administered by higher education institutions? What are the downstream effects for graduates, employers, and communities as the higher education sector accepts greater numbers of international students every year? What does this mean for the composition of Canadian immigration in the longer term? This paper will highlight the importance and relationship between study, labor market access, and immigration to Canada, consider the roles and responsibilities of higher education institutions in multi-step pathways to immigration, and discuss implications and future strategies which acknowledge the reality of this education-immigration nexus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canada's migration management has been evolving into a two-step model since the 1990s, creating pathways for temporary residents to apply for permanent status through federal and provincial programs. The COVID-19 pandemic brought with it unprecedented challenges but also holds the potential to be a key policy moment to re-imagine Canada's migration future. In this paper, we draw on semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 16 Chinese temporary residents, to reveal some of the successes, opportunities, as well as challenges, limitations, and conspicuous cracks in these new policies intended to maintain high levels of immigration during the pandemic and through Canada's post-pandemic recovery. We review some of the recent pandemic-related policy measures that strengthen Canada's current two-step migration model, which created more opportunities for temporary residents within Canadian borders to transition to permanent resident status, while restricting the eligibility of overseas applicants. The lived experiences of Chinese temporary residents can provide useful lessons as Canada determines which pandemic measures to make permanent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic and concomitant policy measures have disproportionally affected the lives of migrants worldwide. Focusing on inequalities between social groups, studies have tended to neglect the role of local embeddedness as a factor influencing the extent to which individuals are affected by COVID-19. In this paper, we study the vulnerabilities of people with different migration experiences in an urban setting in the early stages of the pandemic, focusing on three key livelihood assets: economic, social, and human capital (health). Our analyses are based on online survey data (n = 1381) collected among international migrants, second-generation residents (those with at least one parent born abroad), and non-migrants residing in Amsterdam in July 2020. We find that international migrants, and particularly those who arrived in the city more recently, reported larger shocks to their economic and social capital than other city residents. This finding illustrates the vulnerabilities of "newcomers" to the city and their limited resilience to shocks. Second-generation residents were particularly vulnerable in terms of health, but this relationship was strongly mediated by education and neighborhood effects. In all three groups, those with poor relative wealth and those who were self-employed were more vulnerable to economic shocks. Our findings illustrate how the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated inequalities in vulnerabilities across migrant and non-migrant groups, and how those who were locally embedded, including migrants and non-migrants, were less likely to be negatively affected by the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing intellectual and policy debate around optimal approaches to diversity governance, particularly in relation to criticism of multiculturalism, is now entering a new phase characterised by advocating alternative conceptual and policy paradigms most notably interculturalism. Proposing a conceptual complementarity approach, rather than dogmatically oppositional stances, this paper approaches interculturalism as offering heuristic additive values to multiculturalism. As the paper shows, the Australian context indeed offers an optimal case study for conceptualising and engaging with interculturalism within an otherwise resilient multicultural framework. Australia's unique and strong multicultural ethos has combined with successful intercultural strategies at different levels of diversity governance, policy and practice across various sectoral terrains. This paper uses an online national survey to examine the public understanding of and attitudes towards multiculturalism and interculturalism as supposedly distinct yet interconnected policy tools relating to the ever-changing diversity governance agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the temporal dimension of migration, analyzing how time shapes the experiences of migrants both during their journeys and within reception systems. Topics include the impact of temporal uncertainty on migrants' lives, the role of time in creating different forms of immobility, and the exploitation of migrant time by capitalist systems within and beyond reception centers.

Although the era of Palestinian migration to France is relatively recent, and began in the 1970s, Palestinians have significantly integrated into French society. The social, economic, and political situations in their homeland have played an essential role in Palestinian migration from that homeland or, in some cases, from the refugee camps of Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. Palestinian migrants/refugees have integrated into French society despite their economic classes or categories. As this paper analyses, students and businessmen were the types of Palestinian migrants with the highest level of integration in French society. They are the two main categories making up the Palestinian community in France. Marriage also plays a significant role as a crucial integration mechanism for both women and men. Despite the fact that the French Jacobin system obliges all migrants/refugees to assimilate into French society, this has not affected the understanding of original Palestinian identity. These migrants/refugees still introduce themselves as Palestinians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the relationship between the international immigration rates and the unemployment rate in Spain for the period 1981–2016. During this period, immigration and employment grew rapidly, but in 2008, the Spanish economy collapsed with a significant increase in unemployment. This paper shows that, due to the characteristics of the migration policy in Spain, unemployment and immigration are cointegrated and, in addition, immigration causes unemployment. This causal relationship is positive, in the sense that the greater the immigration, the greater the unemployment. Last but not least, we find a positive long-term relation between immigration flows and GDP per capita growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an empirical classification of migration-related diversities in 166 European cities. The local turn in migration studies has shown that migration-related diversity may take varied forms in different cities. Our understanding of how and why cities differ is lagging behind the wealth of existing conceptualisations. This is partly because most studies look only at one kind of city, in particular, superdiverse global cities. This paper takes a systematic inductive approach to map the diversity of migration-related diversities in urban setting and understand the reasons behind such variations. Applying quantitative classification methods to European cities in France, Germany, the Netherlands and Italy, we search for a new meaningful classification of the urban diversity configurations based on measures of volume, variety and spread of migration-related diversity. Five empirical clusters of cities of migration are found: superdiverse cities, migrant minority cities, new diversity cities, low-migration cities and non-diverse cities. Subsequently, we develop a better qualitative understanding of these clusters by examining typical cities, their economic positioning, migration history, their policy and political structures, as well as their social and geographical position. A thorough classification, we argue, is necessary to have a more differentiated view of the existing urban diversities and go beyond one-size-fits-all solutions for urban governance of migration-related diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the effects of immigration on labour market outcomes of the native-born based on the skill cell approach pioneered by Borjas (QJE 118:1335–137, 2003). Three economies are included in the first cross-country analysis of the labour market effects of immigration in Sub-Saharan Africa based on this approach—Ghana, Rwanda and South Africa. We find limited effects of immigration on native-born labour market outcomes in these three countries, and results are sensitive to specifications and groups under consideration. Overall, an unfavourable effect on native-born labour market outcomes is more likely for workers with lower levels of education. In accordance with the literature, we find that the complementarity of workers as captured by an occupational dissimilarity index helps explain the results in some countries, but not in all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly skilled migrants from Nigeria and other developing countries are becoming more attractive resources for industrial countries, as these countries experience demographic shifts characterized by skilled labor force shortages in certain sectors of their economies. Although there are a number of regional characteristics that may affect migration outcomes, in this paper, we also include individual-level factors in our analyses, such as education and age. Again, this paper also examines the issue of the North-South divide in poverty and other characteristics and how these affect migration. Furthermore, this paper also identifies which regional economic factors influence the individual’s migration decision, taking into account personal characteristics. For empirical analysis, we used data from the Nigerian Migration Survey by the World Bank. The micro data allow us to identify household factors that influence migration decisions. In doing this, we control for different individual propensities to migrate and also assess the genuine impact of regional economic factors on migration. The results show that individual, regional, and country-specific factors make significant impact on migration decisions and dynamics. The paper concludes that socioeconomic variables and personal characteristics are crucial for explaining the pattern of regional migration flows in Nigeria. Thus, migration policies have to be adopted that will emphasize the mutual links between migration and development across the different regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays immigration has been deemed an important societal issue in Chile. One of the ways to legitimize ideology in a society is through the media (van Dijk, 2012); therefore, media representation of immigrants may lead to the formation of social stereotypes and ultimately to their different treatment in a host country. This paper aims to analyze the ways in which the media portrays immigrants in Chile. To accomplish this goal, we examine a corpus of newspaper headlines published in El Austral Temuco during 2015–2018, applying a methodology which combines CDA and media framing analysis. The results of the analysis show a strong context difference in the terms use by the media, mainly, between a foreigner, an immigrant, and the national: the first one is represented as a professional, and the last two are portrayed as passive social actors. Thus, the conclusion is that the immigrants in the South of Chile are presented by the media to foreground the Government actions, and little emphasis is done to their contribution to the Chilean society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the motivation for Nigerian migration to Canada for undergraduate education, with a focus on parent-sponsored undergraduate Nigerian students in Canadian universities. Using a qualitative research methods approach, the study shows that middle-class and upper-class Nigerians send their children to Canadian universities for undergraduate education because the student visa provides employment opportunities for international students, during and after studies, and Canadian permanent residence upon graduation. It is demonstrated in the paper that migration for higher education fits the neoliberal agenda of the current Canadian immigration policies and practices that target "designer im/migrants," that is, im/migrants that are young, skilled, highly productive, educated, and self-sufficient. It is claimed throughout the paper that migration for higher education is not fortuitous for the parents and their wards and the Canadian state, as higher tuition paid by international students augments the declining public funding of post-secondary institutions in Canada and avails international students the opportunity of employment and permanent residence in Canada. The study in essence reveals the contradiction in the claim that the neoliberal state is a neutral entity as evidence shows that Canada's post-secondary institutions implement neoliberal programs with the aid of the Canadian state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-return migration has been seen as a linchpin that conceptually connects return migration and transnationalism. However, little is known about why return migrants embark on the journey to return to the host country after resettling back in their home country. In recent years, there has been a growing number of Hong Kong Canadians who have returned to Hong Kong, only to resettle back in Canada again. Drawing on the findings of a biographic narrative study of 20 post-returning migrants, this study attempts to explain how the interplay of the changing life-course needs of family and societal contexts influence decision-making processes in post-return migration. This paper reveals how the accumulation and maintenance of transnational resources, such as social networks and cultural experience, intergenerationally provide options for the future migration of migrant families. Based on the findings, we offer a tentative conceptual map for the understanding of the possible pathways of intergenerational transnational migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the range of experiences of "voluntary" return to Ghana, based on the different positionalities of migrants set against migration and return regimes and broader socio-economic inequalities. The cases illustrate how geopolitical relations shape migrants' mobilities, highlighting the unequal relations between different actors in the countries of origin and destination; primarily these are the migrants, their relatives, and communities of origin. Conflicting interests and expectations of these actors, as much as differing return policies, create unequal options and expectations of mobility. Migrant journeys, regardless the age, gender, legal status or social class, are always geopolitical journeys. The diverging experiences of return, thus, depend not only on the individual situations, but also on the broader politicized relations and interests between stakeholders in the migration and return processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the fertility behavior of Turkish men in Europe from a context of origin perspective. Men of the first and subsequent migrant generations are compared with "stayers" from the same regions of origin in Turkey. We pay special attention to the men's reasons for migration by distinguishing between work and nonwork motivations for migration. We use data from the 2000 Families Study, which was conducted in 2010 and 2011 in Turkey and in western European countries; the sample consists of about 3,500 men. We analyze the transitions to fatherhood as well as to second and third births using event-history analyses; and we investigate the cumulated number of children using Poisson regression analysis. As the men were aged 18–92 at the data collection, we carry out separate models for birth cohort groups. Our findings provide support for the hypothesis of the interrelatedness of events. First-generation migrant men show elevated first birth transitions, which are closely linked to marriage and migration. However, in contrast to the pattern that is often found for women, this effect is observed for labor as well as for nonwork migrants. The rates of transition to a second and a third birth differ less from those of stayers. Analyses of cumulated fertility at age 41 or older further suggest that the migrants' overall numbers of children are smaller than those of the stayers in Turkey. Thus, our findings indicate that there are dissimilation processes and crossover trends among emigrant men characterized by higher rates of transition to family formation linked to migration but lower overall fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different measures of fertility have strengths and limitations when used to describe the fertility of immigrants, and no single measure captures every aspect of this complex phenomenon. This paper introduces a novel visual framework that shows life course profiles of immigrant childbearing in a multifaceted way. It develops the well-known cohort fertility curve—showing the average number of children ever born over the life course—and adds lines for immigrant women arriving at different ages, using their average number of children born on arrival as a starting point. These immigrant fertility profiles can illustrate a number of important aspects of childbearing simultaneously, including children born before arrival, fertility after arrival and completed fertility at the end of childbearing. In addition to showing numbers of children born (i.e. fertility quantum), the slopes of each profile indicate the tempo of fertility and how this changes by age and duration of residence. The fertility profiles of different immigrant groups can be plotted in the same graph, and can be compared and contrasted with non-immigrant groups—at origin as well as destination—through the augmentation of each visualisation. Using Nordic register data, we illustrate how these fertility profiles can be used to expand our knowledge of immigrant childbearing and to investigate various hypotheses of migrant fertility, giving a novel overview of the relationships between fertility measures such as period and quantum, before and after arrival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Return migrants in Albania show highly heterogeneous motivation-for-return profiles. It is certainly complicated to obtain a full vision of returnees' characteristics, but this paper contributes to better understand the complex nature of their experiences before and during their life abroad, and after their return to Albania. Cluster analysis allowed grouping returnees that have similar characteristic by their reason for returning, leading to homogeneous empirical types that reflect the multifaceted system of interactions between the host and the home countries in which migrants are embedded. This paper clearly identifies at least two well-differentiated groups based on migrant reasons for returning and gives some policy recommendations to increase the in-flown and fully take advantage of returnees' potentialities for the economic and social development of the country. Existing programs and services for the reintegration of return migrants in Albania must abandon their general stamp to consider the complex heterogeneity of returnees' profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current refugees' crisis is undermining the main government coalitions of many countries in the European Union (EU), and tolerant attitudes and open admission policies toward immigrants seem to be part of the recent past history. The dilemma is gaining a lot of media attention as the public and political debate on migration is now playing an important role in all the European elections. Thus, the aim of this paper twofold. First, an analytical tool is developed to measure two synthetic indicators: (1) the citizens' openness towards immigration for 23 countries—18 EU Countries, plus Iceland, Israel, Norway, Switzerland, and Russia—included in the 2016 European Social Survey; and (2) the citizens' openness towards immigrants and refugees for 22 countries (same set without Hungary). And second, the effects of political orientation of citizens over the last synthetic indicator (immigrants and refugees) are studied. The approach of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) will be adopted here, with the purpose of identifying which countries are more, or less, open to the phenomenon of immigration and refugees. The results show that the Nordic countries and leftist are those which show more openness to immigration and refugees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Labour migration is a dynamic process involving information gathering, motivation formation, and a series of actions of labour migration. This paper is an attempt to explain the process from a desire for the decision-making of potential migrant workers at the micro-level, including the input of labour brokers. Focus group and in-depth interviews were conducted in the Samut Sakhon City of Thailand. Myanmar migrant workers were interviewed. Thailand is a popular receiving country of unskilled migrant workers in Southeast Asia. Existing migration studies regarding intermediaries are less concerned with the micro-process of migrants' decision-making. The findings enrich the understanding of the labour migration decision-making process, motivation building and the facilitating and bridging roles of brokers. Sternberg's (2000) motivation building model has been incorporated into Spaan and Van Naerssen's (2018) threshold of decision-making. Key obstacles are identified during the realization process. A micro-level decision-making process model is constructed involving information gathering, desire creation, aspiration realization, and motivation formation which finally contributes to the action of labour migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses data from nine rounds of the European Social Survey between 2002 and 2018 to examine the relationship between individual attitudes toward immigration and party preferences among voters across countries. We find that individuals with more favorable attitudes toward the effect of immigrants on their country's economy and culture have a higher likelihood of voting for parties that are further left on the political spectrum, while those with more unfavorable attitudes prefer parties further to the right. Our results also show that voters are more strongly influenced by their perceptions of the cultural contributions of immigrants than by their views of the economic contributions of immigrants and this effect is becoming stronger over time. Interestingly, while the direction of influence is clear, extreme views on immigration do not appear to translate into votes for parties on the extremes of the political spectrum. Overall, our results provide useful insights in a global climate of increased focus on immigration policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is on migration and migration policy transition of Turkey. The focus is on the Turkish National Development Plans from the 1960s until today and the socio-political and economic context. We identify three distinct periods. The first period of the 1960s is characterized by an explicit support of out-migration to reduce population pressure and on remittances to promote economic growth. The second period from the 1970s to 2000 is marked by diaspora policies of Turkey relative to Europe, thereby acknowledging the role of the Turkish diaspora in the promotion of Turkish economic development and international relations. Since the year of 2000, Turkish migration policy turned to the promotion of highly skilled immigration, aiming at the promotion of technological progress towards a knowledge society with the support of intellectual elites. The policy transition towards the promotion of highly skilled immigration goes hand in hand with institutional and legal changes, which we specify. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on an extensive review of recent literature about resilience and integration, this paper evaluates a social resilience approach to the integration of international migrants in Canadian cities. We advocate a social resilience approach that acknowledges how institutions of all types play critical roles in newcomers' efforts to establish their lives in new places, especially when faced with unanticipated events such as a global pandemic. Centering research around the concept of social resilience goes beyond the neoliberal idea that integration is primarily an individual affair achieved with support from friends, family, and a nebulous community and draws attention to the social diversity of migrants and the complexity of their migration and settlement histories. Inherently relational, a social resilience approach encourages comparative studies of integration across cities that can reveal how different institutions and their programs affect migrants' trajectories. Detailed examinations of local institutions and their responses to shifting selection and integration policies, especially during a pandemic, also hold the potential to provide crucial information for supporting newcomers effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health care personnel attitudes toward refugee claimant entitlement to health care are influenced by multilevel factors including institutional and societal culture. Although individual attitudes may be modified through training, macro- and meso-issues require system-level interventions. This paper analyzes the role of individual-, institutional-, and city-level factors in shaping attitudes toward refugee claimants' access to health care among Canadian health care personnel. A total of 4207 health care personnel in 16 institutions located in Montreal and Toronto completed an online survey on attitudes regarding health care access for refugee claimants. We used multilevel logistic regression analysis to identify individual-, institutional-, and city-level predictors of endorsing access to care. Participants who had prior contact with refugee claimants had greater odds of endorsing access to care than those who did not (OR 1.13; 95% CI 1.05, 1.21). Attitudes varied with occupation: social workers had the highest probability of endorsing equal access to health care (.83; 95% CI.77,.89) followed by physicians (.77; 95% CI.71,.82). An estimated 7.97% of the individual variation in endorsement of equal access to health care was attributable to differences between institutions, but this association was no longer statistically significant after adjusting for city residence. Results indicate that the contexts in which health care professionals live and work are important when understanding opinions on access to health care for vulnerable populations. They suggest that institutional interventions promoting a collective mission to care for vulnerable populations may improve access to health care for precarious status migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to the field of study of skilled migration by employing a different database from the one commonly used to study labor-market placement; our database was collected through an online questionnaire answered by Mexican migrants with tertiary education living in the USA. Through analysis of a set of both objective and subjective variables (not available in any other official database), we developed a statistical profile of their working and income conditions (high, medium, and low), and we corroborate much of what is in the literature, that is, that the concept of human capital is insufficient for analyzing the job outcomes of tertiary-educated migrants. We find the variables that increase the probability of tertiary-educated migrants' income falling within the high-income stratum for both men and women are having a command of English and having a job offer prior to arrival in the USA. Other variables matter for men but not for women (and vice versa); for example, confidence in studies undertaken in Mexico mattered only for men. While being a professional or an entrepreneur/manager increases the probability of high income for both men and women, men excel in the market with STEM and econ-business degrees while women excel only in econ-business. For both men and women's income, feeling discriminated against because of having a non-native accent decreases the likelihood of being in the high-income bracket. The perception of ethnic discrimination, however, affects only women's income in a similar way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of naturalisation among intra-EU migrants has only recently drawn the attention of social science scholars. Empirical evidence from quantitative studies shows an increase in citizenship applications among this new wave of mobile people, indicating a strategic use of naturalisation. However, there is not a great deal of micro-level research, especially as to the subjective meanings attached to citizenship take-up in a new EU member state. Drawing on 68 in-depth interviews conducted with Italians and Spaniards living in London and Berlin, we argue that an individual's understanding of naturalisation within the EU context is based on two aspects: on one hand, a strictly pragmatic evaluation of the pros and cons of the new status; on the other, a new sense of belonging as well as new cultural and territorial identifications that intra-EU migrants are not often willing to experience. Therefore, this article suggests that EU migrants that strongly identify with their country of origin and the EU see national and EU identities as conflicting with naturalisation, thus setting aside instrumental considerations. This constitutes a critique to theoretical approaches claiming the diminishing importance of a nation's cultural self-understanding. Our paper also sheds light on the possible effect of the UK's departure from the EU on young Southern European migrants choosing to apply for British citizenship, highlighting that it is mostly the implementation of the formal exit process and the actual abrogation of EU citizenship rights that reconfigure patterns in naturalisation, rather than the uncertainty and fears about the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In their article, James Hollifield and Michael Sharpe argue that Japan is an "emerging migration state" due to its increased efforts to liberalize the rights accorded to migrants. However, this paper argues that Japan's exercise of "side-door immigration policies" like the Economic Partnership Agreements does not warrant such assessment of Japan. The notion of "migration state," from Hollifield (1998, Hollifield, International Migration Review 38:885–912, 2004), requires a state to be constrained by "embedded liberalism" and "rights-based politics." These necessary conditions of a "migration state," however, must be understood in the context of a free-market flow of migration, which contemporary Japan does not exhibit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops an area classification to examine immigration, ethnic diversity, and its social consequences in local authorities of England and Wales. Using a set of demographic, socio-economic, and migration variables drawn from survey and administrative data and cluster analysis methods, it produces a 12-fold classification of local authorities. The classification includes groups of traditional immigrant settlement areas with high flows of migrants of different migration streams and nationalities, smaller urban, and semi-rural areas with high migration rates associated with a dominant migrant group, as well as areas with migration rates close to the national average or below average migration rates. By taking into account the nuances of diversity and immigration and the local socio-economic context in which migrants settle, the classification provides a useful framework towards understanding the different ways immigration can impact on social cohesion and how local policies can be more responsive to the needs of local populations. Examination of attitudes to immigration, perceptions of cohesion, and social mixing suggests that less ethnically diverse local authorities with a dominant migrant group and socio-economically deprived local authorities are most at risk of experiencing higher pressures on social cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This interdisciplinary paper explores the role of governments in the identity formation of people of resettled refugees. Using ethnographic data collected from 32 South Sudanese Australians and 9 professionals who work with this community, the paper outlines how participants face a range of systemic barriers and threats from government institutions relating to the cultivation of self-identity. We demonstrate how institutions poorly respond to the three typologies of self: moral, democratic, and status-seeking, and forward alternative institutional responses and possibilities. We conclude by arguing that rather than delivering a cohesive society, the regulation of cultural values and moral identities threatens the development of positive self-identities among resettled refugees and their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]