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There is a widespread perception among academic researchers and aid practitioners alike that empirical cross-country analysis fails to find any significant link between aid flows and growth, and that aid is successful only when associated with good policies in the recipient countries. These positions do not stand up to careful scrutiny of existing studies. In this paper, we offer a re-examination of the literature on the aid–savings, aid–investment, and aid–growth relationships, and a comparative appraisal of more recent research contributions. Using an analytic framework for evaluating the empirical work, a coherent and positive picture of the aid–growth link emerges. There is a robust aid–growth link even in countries hampered by an unfavourable policy environment. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the socio‐economic dynamics that, in the Colombian case, underlie the relationship between mining and the territory where it takes place. The description includes the key features of public policy regarding mining, under which mineral resource extraction may have produced unintended effects that raise doubts regarding mining's contribution to Colombian economic development. Under a qualitative approach, I carried out a documentary analysis from which I identified several aspects of the economic and mining policy. The analysis confirms several of the explanations for the so‐called resource curse hypothesis, the connection between these aspects, and of them with specific policy decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along the path of economic development, advancement of some groups naturally generates economic disparity in society. The concurrent presence of both winners and losers invariably give rise to the psychologically economic question of how the losers perceive and respond to the benefits of development. The 'tunnel effect' proposed by Hirschman provides valuable insights for understanding the changing tolerance of economic inequality in the process of economic development. This paper critically discusses this proposition, reviews the related literature, and provides possible extensions. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Domestic savings remain low in Ghana despite several attempts to improve this situation. Whereas existing studies on private savings have identified several determinants, the role of financial literacy in saving decisions has not been explored. In this paper, we build on existing studies and provide evidence supporting our hypothesis that financial literacy is key to promoting domestic saving. The study relies mainly on primary data, and the binary probit regression model is employed as the estimation technique. Our results show that improving financial literacy among Ghanaians should be incorporated into the broad policy package aimed at increasing domestic saving which is a prerequisite for investment and subsequently sustainable economic growth. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the significant features of Chinese economic development in the 1980s was that grain imports increased sharply, while the whole economy experienced rapid growth and reform. This paper attempts to measure the domestic resources costs (DRC) of rice and wheat production in China (two of the most important grains in the Chinese grain sector) during the period 1981-87 and to examine the questions of whether, or to what extent, the level of comparative advantage in grain production can explain the performance of China's grain trade. Substantial comparative advantage in China's rice production and considerable comparative disadvantage in wheat production have been found by the measurement. These preliminary results suggest that the relative costs incurred by China's domestic grain sector were likely to have played some role in determining both the structure of its grain trade and its large scale of net wheat importation in the 1980s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses several issues related to the relationship between finance and development. Link between financial development and economic growth; Role of finance in poverty reduction in developing countries; Stability of the financial system.

It is commonly argued that 'institutions matter' for growth and poverty reduction. While recognising the importance of institutions, it is necessary to go ' beyond institutions' in understanding the factors that promote growth and poverty reduction. This paper draws on the research findings of the IPPG Research Consortium (Improving Institutions for Pro-Poor Growth), some of which are included in this issue, to make the following arguments. We argue, first, that the ways in which economic, political and social institutions interact are crucial in shaping pro-poor development outcomes. Secondly, the establishment of effective institutions also requires the building and strengthening of effective social, political and economic organizations, across sectors and issue areas, which can push for, negotiate, implement and monitor locally appropriate and legitimate institutional arrangements if the aim of poverty reduction is to have sustained traction as a policy goal. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the changing aid relationship between the European Union (EU) and Africa since the early 2000s, emphasising the existence of a paradox: on the one hand, the EU has been preoccupied with improving the quality of its aid; on the other hand, it has failed to fully take into account the voice of the recipients in the design of the Country Strategy Papers (CSPs). The failure to promote local ownership is due to the excessive preoccupation of the European Commission with showing that it is able to commit and spend money quickly and to the new emphasis on ensuring increased coordination and complementarity with the Member States, which results in a reduced space for negotiations with recipient countries. More controversial are the conclusions on the EU's contribution to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the political, economic and social context of security in Central Asia from a domestic, regional and international perspective. Its main question is seemingly obvious: where are the Central Asian Republics in transition coming from and where are they going to? A number of lessons and projections on future developments in the region's crisis potential can be inferred from the history of South Asia after 1947. The paper outlines the problems common to South and Central Asian countries, which are associated with nation-building and inherent in the process of transition from a colonial relationship to independence. These problems include the necessity to provide for peoples with different ethnic and religious allegiances to coexist securely within and beyond the present borders. In Central Asia perpetuated dependence on Russia combine with ethnic allegiances transcending borders of inter alia two nuclear powers with a geostrategic interest in Central Asia, Russia and China. In South Asia the same factors have already shown to be causes of instability and an over-reliance of military instruments in ascertaining nationhood and national security. A similar development has to be avoided in Central Asia. In the contemporary context Kazakstan and Pakistan have begun to undertake efforts to establish a regional regime for politico-economic co-operation. This indicates an awareness on the part of these two governments of the crisis potential in the region. On a more positive note, it also indicates that co-operation under a formal regime framework is seen as security and stability building. The paper ends with an outlook on possible linkages between regime and nation-building and on the feasibility of a regional security regime. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective relations between states and business have been increasingly identified as an important institution for sustaining economic development. This paper constructs quantitative indices measuring the quality of state-business relations (SBRs) across Indian states in the 1985-2008 period. It represents the first effort to systematically characterise SBRs across sub-national units within a country without resorting to subjective surveys. We discuss the possible sensitivity of the indices to minor and major definitional changes and examine the evolution of SBRs across Indian states and at the national level through the study of cross-sectional and secular trends in these indices. The results suggest that SBRs have improved over time in all states barring Bihar. Rankings of states in terms of the SBR index show varying time trends-stable and high ranks for states like Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, stable and low ranks for states like Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, rapidly improving ranks for states like Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan and swift deterioration in ranks for states like Bihar and Madhya Pradesh. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between indicators of governance and per capita foreign aid in a cross-section of seven PICs. Controlling for poor economic growth, foreign exchange shortage and small size, a fixed-effects model correcting for AR (1) errors is tested for the period 1996–2004 that incorporates five measures of governance. The findings here confirm that voice and accountability, rule of law and corruption are negatively correlated with per capita foreign aid. However, regulatory quality and government effectiveness are positively associated with per capita foreign aid. Some policy implications are drawn. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent empirical growth literature has proposed three underlying fundamental determinants of economic growth, namely, physical geography, economic integration and institutional quality. This paper unpacks the final determinant into both political-economic institutions as well as the primarily political institution of democratic development. Using both cross-sectional and panel datasets, we show that, properly instrumented, there is no evidence that democracies grow faster or slower than non-democracies. This result is in contrast to much of the more recent literature, which tends to find a weakly positive relationship. Political- economic institutions, however, remain positive and significant determinants of economic growth, which corroborates much of the empirical evidence in the existing literature. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of the reallocations of resources across manufacturing industries on aggregate manufacturing TFP growth in Singapore for the period 1965–2002. This is done by decomposing aggregate TFP growth into its sources, TFP growth arising from within individual industries and from the reallocations of capital and labour. The results show that TFP growth was negative before 1985 but improved remarkably to positive figures after 1985. Resource reallocations are found to account for a large portion of this improvement in aggregate TFP growth. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional industrial development has been the focus of a number of very specific policy initiatives in South African since the 1960s. Until the end of the 1980s these initiatives were driven by political imperative: to develop the homeland areas and to stem migration to South Africa's cities. They failed on both counts. In the early 1990s, industrial policy was markedly less focused on location. However more recently the Spatial Development Initiatives (SDI) and Industrial Development Zone (IDZ) programmes have both involved the identification of industrial locations and used incentives to encourage firms to locate in these areas. The SDI programme has specifically taken South African regional industrial policy into the southern African region with its cross-border development corridors. The paper questions the underlying rationale for South Africa's regional industrial policy, and in particular the role of incentives in influencing firm-level decisions, including their location decisions. The tentative conclusion is that there is no reason to suppose that the South African government could or can do better than the market in directing firm-level location decisions, and that industrial policy incentives may be far less important to the firm than macroeconomic and market conditions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amartya Sen's 1998 Nobel Prize and his recent synthesis of his views in Development as Freedom provide an opportunity to assess his intellectual contribution and style. The paper identifies entitlements analysis and capabilities analysis as the areas which make him stand out for wider audiences from the economists of his generation; and considers the integrative development philosophy which he has constructed around those two areas, centring on the direct and instrumental values of freedom and democracy. Three aspects of Sen's intellectual style are discussed: first, his multi-disciplinarity and fruitful balance between vivid cases, formal theorizing, and policy relevance; second, a preference for gentle persuasion, seen in adoption of evocative but ambiguous, politically safe labels and an avoidance of seeking debate on all fronts (e.g. concerning hyper affluence); third, a continuing project to debate with and influence economists, and hence, while upgrading parts of their inadequate picture of persons, retention of other parts. His capability approach lends itself however to enrichment by deeper analyses of human agency. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper argues that, if for many years financial policy was aimed at addressing issues central to development and nation-building, in more recent years it has become tethered to the objectives of stabilization and debt repayment. Following a review of the African experience with financial liberalization, the paper calls for the subordination of financial policy to the needs of long-term economic growth through provision for more long-term capital for productive investment through capital market developments and establishment of specialized development financial institutions. The paper also argues that financial liberalization has had little political anchoring in African countries and has severely constrained the policy choices for emerging democracies. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appearance of the first two syntheses of the literature on the economic failure of 'statist' policies in post-colonial Ghana, to 1983, and the subsequent economic liberalization, is an opportune moment at which to consider the state of the debate about the political economy of the country since independence. This has focused on the nature of the socially optimum combination of administrative and market methods of resource allocation in this 'test-case' economy, and about the political conditions which largely determine the extent to which it is achieved. Explicitly or implicitly, both Frimpong-Ansah's (1991) and Rimmer's (1992) books combine the twin traditions of rational choice thought that have been dominant in recent years in the literature on African economic development, market economics and 'new' institutionalist political economy. The paper considers, in turn, the economics and politics of Ghana's economic decline and partial revival. It suggests that, while there is a consensus that 'state failure' was the main cause of Ghana's decline in relation to similarly endowed countries, 1950-83, the question of how far and in what respects the state should retreat from administrative control of resource allocation remains relatively open. For example, while the inconvertibility of the currency seems to have been irredeemably disastrous, the much criticized marketing board system may yet prove worthy of reform rather than abolition. There is also a consensus that the prolongation of what, for the economy as a whole, were disastrously counterproductive policies was to a great extent the result of the subordination of the public interest in economic growth to the sectional and personal interests of governments and their members. However, the paper argues that it is necessary to revise such explanations to take account of two surprisingly neglected points: (a) that economic growth in itself is a major political asset to governments in Africa as elsewhere and (b) that economic decline (as in Ghana 1975-83) requires more explanation than economic stagnation (as in Ghana 1950-75). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent literature reports that foreign aid contributes to economic growth when economic policies are good. This paper claims that aid can contribute not just to growth but also to pro-poor growth, through increasing the responsiveness of social indicators to economic growth. The empirical evidence we present is in favour of this claim, suggesting that both aid itself and a recipient government's budget share allocated to social services tend to increase the (absolute) size of the income elasticity of poverty and infant mortality, and that, moreover, aid tends to increase this budget share. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic development gap been Africa and the rest of the world has widened in the past four decades with no reversal of this trend in sight. Africa has responded to its underdevelopment with the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) which seeks to deal with the continent's relative lack of economic progress as a collective by addressing the sources of its poor economic expansion. This paper examines whether NEPAD does indeed address the causes of Africa's underdevelopment and questions the probability of its success. It argues that although NEPAD recognizes and incorporates recent developments in new growth theory, the actual realisation of the vision is going to be awkward because problem areas have been glossed over in the plan. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the need for a set of policies encouraging economic co-operation within the former Soviet Union states of Central Asia.Central Asia is the focus of this report; however, the argument emphasizing the need for international assistance to support regional cooperation is valid for the countries of the Caucuses and in some of Eastern Europe, especially the Balkan states. Regional co-operation is seen as a means to mitigate the difficulties of managing a transition from Soviet-command economies to market-based institutions given especially the extreme distances to industrialized marketplaces. Co-operation will not be a natural consequence of existing tendencies that encourage a lack of trust and inward looking national policies. Policy commitments are needed to develop transport, trade and transit within and to the region from foreign markets. The international community must encourage economic cooperation that reduces cross-border political insecurity and provides scope for sustainable economic growth. These efforts may require subsuming bilateral relations under coordinated regional programmes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper questions the line of reasoning followed by several authors, notably Easterly and Levine according to which ethno-linguistic fragmentation, because it leads to poor policies, is the main factor explaining the ‘tragedy’ of low African growth. A first set of criticism concerns the model itself and stresses that current empirical work is unable to convincingly identify the channels through which ethnic fragmentation affects growth: (i) polarization may be more relevant than fragmentation, (ii) the various tests of the effect of ethnicity on the quality of policy are far from being conclusive. A second set of remarks concerns the relevance of these studies to Africa: the African sub-sample is often quite limited, and the relationship is unstable (according to Chow tests). It actually appears that ethnicity has a more important effect on growth in Africa than elsewhere. This still needs to be explained and is not as such an explanation for lower African growth. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines the complex historical legacy and structural adjustment efforts in Mozambique in addition to reviewing recent economic developments. An in-depth analysis of new and more reliable national accounts data show that macroeconomic stabilization has occurred through recovery from a suppressed outset. Yet, easy import substitution has now been used up, and structural transformation on the export side remains to be addressed. Moreover, a coherent development strategy geared towards poverty reduction is still to be implemented. The government budget also remains problematic, and aid dependency continues. Accordingly, fundamental development challenges lie ahead. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In broad terms, reduction in poverty can come about through redistributions among households at an existing level of average income, or through growth in average incomes, or through a combination of the two. However, both theoretical and empirical considerations suggest that growth of average household incomes is likely to be necessary to achieve sustained long-term poverty reductions. But the pattern of this growth is important; clearly a growth pattern where the benefits accrue disproportionately to the richest in a society will have less poverty impact than one where the benefits are equally distributed or biased towards the poor. This is likely to be particularly important in countries where growth is likely to be slow. This paper reflects on the relationship between growth in household incomes, inequality and poverty. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews Indonesia's development record and policy framework, focusing in particular on its industrial policy regime. Although not matching the Asian Tigers in its economic performance since 1970, the country has one of the most creditable records in the Third World. Indonesia has resembled its East Asian neighbours in its generally conservative macroeconomic management and, since the mid- 1980s, in its export orientation. However, it is difficult to discern any evidence to support the proposition that the government's industrial policy--in the sense of selective, micro-level interventions--has contributed to Indonesia's rapid industrialization. A case could be made for more non-discretionary intervention to enhance supply-side capabilities, especially in the areas of education and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses policies designed to counter poverty and income inequality within a two period overlapping generations model. The baseline is provided by a laissez-faire regime where income in the second period is determined by the human capital of the agent together with the investment in education in the first period. Within the framework of a balanced budget, two policies are examined; the provision of income support alone and then when this is supplemented by additional education for the poor. The latter policy can lead to greater mean income and less poverty and income inequality compared to laissez-faire when income is responsive to educational outlay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economists involved in offering policy advice to developing countries have often expressed frustration at the extent to which political factors within developing countries have thwarted the implementation of effective economic reform. While the focus of economic policy in the first few decades after World War II was on overcoming market failures, since the 1970s the focus has been on overcoming government failures. This paper examines how politics interacts with economic policy, in particular to consider if the new political economy can help us to achieve the political reform that seems essential if economic reform programmes are to be effective. The conclusion is that economic advice, and advisers, must understand the political environment within which policies will be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the academic literature on the macroeconomic impact of development aid, with a special emphasis on the question as to whether, as claimed by much of the empirical literature, aid does not increase growth. The inadequate theoretical foundation of models of aid's impact on savings, in particular their failure to consider economy-wide effects, make them a poor basis for conclusions about aid's impact. The combination of weak theory with poor econometric methodology makes it difficult to conclude anything about the relationship between aid and savings. The literature on the relationship between aid and growth suffers from similar problems. Country-level studies of aid's impact on a range of macroeconomic variables are required which may build on the relatively small existing literature in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a growth-employment model that decomposes the Indonesian economy into six components, based on a combination of economic sectors and location, and ascertain the sectors that created the most jobs in Indonesia over the past two decades. We find that urban employment is mostly driven by higher growth in the services sector, especially areas that require skilled personnel. Meanwhile, the agriculture sector growth still drives employment in rural areas, although it appears that the services sector also creates a significant number of jobs. Based on these findings, we provide some policy recommendations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A consensus among academics and policymakers holds that investing in human development not only improves lives, but also by itself promotes stellar economic growth. We investigate these claims by estimating the two‐way causality between economic growth and human development in Nigeria over the period from 1961 to 2015. By employing three statistical frameworks (Gregory–Hansen Cointegration, Stock–Watson Dynamic Ordinary Least Square and Vector Error Correction Model), our estimates suggest the following. First, economic growth and human development share a long run relationship, that is, they are cointegrated. Second, despite the two variables sharing a long run relationship, only economic growth can exercise a positive effect on human development, and no evidence of reverse causality was observable. Far importantly, we prescribe a policy recommendations from these findings. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between income inequality and economic growth is estimated using dynamic panel estimation on a sample covering 112 emerging countries for the period 1980-2014. The results show that income inequality has a positive influence on economic growth for richer countries, in line with the classic theory, and a negative effect for poorer countries, as argued by the political economy approach. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

‘Prima mangiare’ (first, you need to be alive) takes a ‘from the inside out’ look at the abstracted formalism of ‘capabilities’ theorizing as well as at the prevailing development and welfare-planning, provision, delivery and ‘part’-icipation approaches to poverty alleviation. While outside intervention is indeed a moral imperative on the ‘do-your-share’ principle, there are vast geographical and demographic swathes where State or NGO-led public action do not reach. Even though autonomous human agency is subsumed in the ‘public action’ concept, ‘capabilities’ theorizing, while enunciating timely and valid principles about the ‘what’ (e.g. in UNDP's work), has little of immediately practical import to offer when it comes to the ‘how?’: the excluded cannot ‘eat’ theory. Unlike ‘capabilities and functionings’, the latino (Moraisean) concept and practice of ‘capacitation’ offers the poor, starting with the excluded, both a theory and a practice by which they autonomously learn to become entrepreneurially and organizationally ‘literate’ in an increasingly competitive and globalizing world. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although much bilaterally supported international agricultural research was conducted prior to 1972, only with the formation of the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) did a co-ordinated research programme funded by a number of agencies (national, development banks, UN and charitable) become a reality. Four existing institutes (IRRI, CIMMYT, IITA and CIAT) were initially accepted for funding, and in the course of the next seven years ICRISAT, CIP, ILRAD, IBPGR (now IPGRI), WARDA, ILCA, ICARDA, ISNAR and IFPRI were added. A brief period of consolidation occurred between 1979 and 1991, but in 1991–92 five more institutes (ICRAF, IIMI, INIBAP, ICLARM and CIFOR) became part of the system, quickly reduced by two by absorbing INIBAP into IPGRI, and merging ILCA and ILRAD to become ILRI. There are also several internationally funded institutes not of the CGIAR but associated with it, and strangely referred to as the non-associated centres, including AVRDC, IBSRAM, ICIMOD, ICIPE and IFDC. The CGIAR programme has become increasingly large and diverse. Plant breeding and crop and animal production still form the major components, together accounting for 40 per cent of the budget. Studies of economic policy and the strengthening of national agricultural research systems (NARS) through training and in other ways, have always been an important component of the CGIAR programme, although receiving little publicity. They have grown in importance as the system has developed. More recently increasing attention has been given to the environment, sustainability and biodiversity, and to the difficulties that an international system encounters in dealing with the ‘location specificity’ of many of the problems studied. ‘Ecoregional’ and ‘systemwide’ initiatives have become part of the research agenda. Perhaps most importantly a serious attempt is now being made to come to grips with the location specificity problem through the ecoregional initiatives. This requires greater collaboration between the CGIAR centres, and the many other partners in national and international agricultural research. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The record of the international development effort over the past half-century has generally been disappointing—success in east Asia, failure in Africa and limited success in countries containing the majority of the people of the developing world. After 45 years well over a billion people still live in abject poverty. This reflects failure to achieve and sustain rapid growth, which in turn reflects the statist, protectionist policies followed in the majority of developing countries from the 1950s to the 1980s. Official aid and the influence of international agencies encouraged these policies. In the 1980s and early 1990s, a revolution in thinking has led most of Asia and Latin America to market-based policies which have increased growth rates substantially in many countries. The extreme view that aid is inconsistent with the market philosophy is wrong, but the new policy consensus, together with the huge increase in flows of private capital, do raise important questions about the role of aid. It is important to recognize that aid can do harm and is not validated merely by good intentions. The principles which should govern aid need to be reformulated. Aid should be basically concerned with helping countries to run efficient market economies and should take two main forms: assistance to the state to enable it to play its proper role in a market economy, and to the private sector to enable it to lead economic growth in conditions where markets often work imperfectly. Both forms of aid should be subject to strict disciplines. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neo-liberal interpretation of the Thai state suggests that industrial policy was incoherent, subject to rent seeking and irrelevant to Thai development success. A more nuanced micro-historical analysis of the state's interventions demonstrates that this over-simplification misses important examples of effective selective interventions during first stage import-substitution industrialization in the 1960s, as well as in second stage ISI in the 1970s. In the 1980s there was a systematic turning of the entire industrial policy machinery to promote manufactured exports. Without these selective interventions there is reason to doubt whether Thailand would be where it is today--a next tier NIE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the last fifteen years most countries in sub-Saharan Africa--already the poorest region of the developing world--have experienced further declines in living standards, and in some cases, starvation. It is argued that this represents a test case for development economics, which has been a particularly controversial branch of the discipline in recent years. Two insights from the early 'development economics' of the 1950s--rural capital market imperfections and early 'strategic trade policy' arguments for protection--are shown to have continuing relevance in explaining African underdevelopment. The argument is developed by reference to two large Asian countries--India and Indonesia--which lagged behind Africa in the 1980s, but which have now overtaken it, and whose experience, we argue, can suggest valuable ways forward for Africa in the 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of AIDS programmes mimics that of many development programmes. Some of the responses made by organizations to AIDS are analysed in relation to broader issues in social and economic development. The emphasis is on the political nature of health. The pluralist and relative natures of programming for health are examined, suggesting that there can never be a common approach to health or any individual health problem such as AIDS. The central tenet of the article is that HIV is not a cause in its own right, but a strong marker for action and concern in development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assesses the effect of external economic policies of Japan on economic development of developing countries. Levels of international development promotion; Trade policy of Japan; Initiatives in restructuring business operations in Japan; Salient characteristics of Japanese Official Development Assistance.

This report evaluates research in development studies in the United Kingdom, primarily over the period 1980 to the present. It focuses on the content, quality, relevance and impact of both economic and non-economic research studies. On the basis of these considerations, it offers numerous recommendations for improving future performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines alternative structural adjustment programmes (SAP) with the aim of assessing which will give Africa the best chance of recovering from economic crisis and attain goal of economic development for the 1990s. Information on the basic policy directions and policy implements formulated by the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA); Assertions made by World Bank to prove the efficacy of its SAP; Problems associated with the ECA proposal of structural transformation and the World Bank agenda.

This essay discusses the politics of programming development assistance. The first section presents a macro-view of the development 'system' as a background to the first case study, the country programming exercise in Colombia. The second very different case is of the attempt to reorganize the debt of Guinea-Bissau through a structural adjustment programme. The case studies reveal the two programming experiences to be political rather than simply technical exercises. They show the effort to find a disinterested coordinator to be futile. The conclusion argues that coordination should be the major responsibility of host country nationals who draw their primary inspiration from the so-called beneficiaries of development assistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]