1. The KM3NeT multi-PMT optical module
- Author
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Aiello, S., Albert, A., Alshamsi, M., Alves Garre, S., Aly, Z., Ambrosone, A., Ameli, F., Andre, M., Androulakis, G., Anghinolfi, M., Anguita, M., Ardid, M., Ardid, S., Aublin, J., Avgitas, T., Bagatelas, C., Bailly-Salins, L., Baret, B., Basegmez, S., Pree, Bendahman, M., Benfenati, F., Berbee, E., Den Berg, A. M., Bertin, V., Beveren, V., Biagi, S., Boer, R., Boettcher, M., Cabo, M. Bou, Boumaaza, J., Bouta, M., Bouwhuis, M., Bozza, C., Brânzaş, H., Bruijn, R., Brunner, J., Bruno, R., Buis, E., Buompane, R., Busto, J., Cacopardo, G., Caiffi, B., Calvo, D., Campion, S., Capone, A., Víctor Carretero, Castaldi, P., Celli, S., Chabab, M., Champion, C., Chau, N., Chen, A., Cherubini, S., Chiarella, V., Chiarusi, T., Circella, M., Cocimano, Ai R., Coelho, J. A. B., Coleiro, A., Colomer Molla, M., Coniglione, R., Coyle, P., Creusot, A., Cruz, A., Cuttone, G., D Amato, C., D Amico, A., Dallier, R., Benedittis, A., Martino, B., Wasseige, G., Palma, I. Di, Díaz, A. F., Diego-Tortosa, D., Distefano, C., Domi, A., Donzaud, C., Dornic, D., Dörr, M., Drakopoulou, Al E., Drouhin, D., Eberl, T., Eddyamoui, A., Eeden, T., Eijk, D., El Bojaddaini, I., Hedri, S. El, Enzenhöfer, A., Espinosa, V., Fermani, P., Ferrara, G., Filipović, M. D., Filippini, An F., Fransen, J., Fusco, L. A., Gajanana, D., Gal, T., García Méndez, J., Soto, A. García, Garufi, F., Gatelet, Y., Gatius Oliver, C., Geißelbrecht, N., Gialanella, L., Giorgio, E., Gozzini, S. R., Gracia, R., Graf, K., Grella, G., Grmek, A., Gromov, I., Guderian, D., Guidi, C., Guillon, B., Gutiérrez, M., Häfner, J., Haegel, L., Hallmann, S., Hamdaoui, H., Haren, H., Heijboer, A., Hekalo, A., Hennig, Al L., Hernández-Rey, J. J., Hofestädt, J., Huang, F., Idrissi Ibnsalih, W., Ilioni, A., Illuminati, G., James, C. W., Janezashvili, D., Jansweijer, P., Jong, M., Jong, P., Jung, B. J., Kalaczyński, P., Kalekin, O., Katz, U. F., Kayzel, F., Khan Chowdhury, N. R., Kistauri, G., Knaap, F., Kooijman, P., Koopstra, J., Kouchner, A., Kulikovskiy, V., Labalme, M., Lahmann, R., Lamoureux, M., Larosa, G., Lastoria, C., Lazo, A., Le Breton, R., Le Stum, S., Lehaut, G., Leonardi, O., Leone, F., Leonora, E., Lessing, N., Levi, G., Lincetto, M., Clark, M. Lindsey, Llorens Alvarez, C., Longhitano, F., Lopez-Coto, D., Maderer, L., Majumdar, J., Mańczak, J., Margiotta, A., Marinelli, A., Markou, C., Martin, L., Martínez-Mora, J. A., Martini, A., Marzaioli, F., Mastroianni, S., Melis, K. W., Miele, G., Migliozzi, P., Migneco, E., Mijakowski, P., Miranda, L. S., Mollo, C. M., Mongelli, M., Moussa, Ai A., Muller, R., Musumeci, M., Nauta, L., Navas, S., Nicolau, C. A., Nkosi, B., Fearraigh, B. Ó, O Sullivan, M., Organokov, M., Orlando, A., Palacios González, J., Papalashvili, G., Papaleo, R., Passaro, G., Pastore, C., Păun, A. M., Păvălaş, G. E., Pellegrini, G., Pellegrino, C., Perrin-Terrin, M., Pestel, V., Piattelli, P., Pieterse, C., Pisanti, O., Poirè, C., Popa, V., Pradier, T., Probst, I., Pulvirenti, S., Quéméner, G., Randazzo, N., Razzaque, S., Real, D., Reck, S., Riccobene, G., Rocco, R., Romanov, A., Rovelli, A., Salesa Greus, F., Samtleben, D. F. E., Sánchez Losa, A., Sanguineti, M., Santonocito, D., Sapienza, P., Schmeitz, R., Schmelling, J., Schnabel, J., Schneider, M. F., Schumann, J., Schutte, H. M., Seneca, J., Sgura, I., Shanidze, Ai R., Sharma, A., Sinopoulou, A., Smirnov, M. V., Spisso, B., Spurio, M., Stavropoulos, D., Stellacci, S. M., Taiuti, M., Tatone, F., Tayalati, Ai Y., Tedjditi, H., Thiersen, H., Timmer, P., Tingay, S., Tsagkli, S., Tsourapis, V., Tzamariudaki, E., Tzanetatos, D., Valieri, C., Elewyck, V., Vasileiadis, G., Versari, F., Viola, S., Vivolo, D., Wilms, J., Wojaczyński, R., Wolf, E., Yousfi, T., Zavatarelli, S., Zegarelli, A., Zito, D., Zornoza, J. D., Zúñiga, J., Zywucka, N., Aiello S., Albert A., Alshamsi M., Alves Garre S., Aly Z., Ambrosone A., Ameli F., Andre M., Androulakis G., Anghinolfi M., Anguita M., Ardid M., Ardid S., Aublin J., Avgitas T., Bagatelas C., Bailly-Salins L., Baret B., Basegmez Du Pree S., Bendahman M., Benfenati F., Berbee E., Van Den Berg A.M., Bertin V., Van Beveren V., Biagi S., De Boer R., Boettcher M., Bou Cabo M., Boumaaza J., Bouta M., Bouwhuis M., Bozza C., Branzas H., Bruijn R., Brunner J., Bruno R., Buis E., Buompane R., Busto J., Cacopardo G., Caiffi B., Calvo D., Campion S., Capone A., Carretero V., Castaldi P., Celli S., Chabab M., Champion C., Chau N., Chen A., Cherubini S., Chiarella V., Chiarusi T., Circella M., Cocimano R., Coelho J.A.B., Coleiro A., Colomer Molla M., Coniglione R., Coyle P., Creusot A., Cruz A., Cuttone G., D'Amato C., D'Amico A., Dallier R., De Benedittis A., De Martino B., De Wasseige G., Di Palma I., Diaz A.F., Diego-Tortosa D., Distefano C., Domi A., Donzaud C., Dornic D., Dorr M., Drakopoulou E., Drouhin D., Eberl T., Eddyamoui A., Van Eeden T., Van Eijk D., El Bojaddaini I., El Hedri S., Enzenhofer A., Espinosa V., Fermani P., Ferrara G., Filipovic M.D., Filippini F., Fransen J., Fusco L.A., Gajanana D., Gal T., Garcia Mendez J., Garcia Soto A., Garufi F., Gatelet Y., Gatius Oliver C., Geisselbrecht N., Gialanella L., Giorgio E., Gozzini S.R., Gracia R., Graf K., Grella G., Grmek A., Gromov I., Guderian D., Guidi C., Guillon B., Gutierrez M., Hafner J., Haegel L., Hallmann S., Hamdaoui H., Van Haren H., Heijboer A., Hekalo A., Hennig L., Hernandez-Rey J.J., Hofestadt J., Huang F., Idrissi Ibnsalih W., Ilioni A., Illuminati G., James C.W., Janezashvili D., Jansweijer P., De Jong M., De Jong P., Jung B.J., Kalaczynski P., Kalekin O., Katz U.F., Kayzel F., Khan Chowdhury N.R., Kistauri G., Van Der Knaap F., Kooijman P., Koopstra J., Kouchner A., Kulikovskiy V., Labalme M., Lahmann R., Lamoureux M., Larosa G., Lastoria C., Lazo A., Le Breton R., Le Stum S., Lehaut G., Leonardi O., Leone F., Leonora E., Lessing N., Levi G., Lincetto M., Lindsey Clark M., Llorens Alvarez C., Longhitano F., Lopez-Coto D., Maderer L., Majumdar J., Manczak J., Margiotta A., Marinelli A., Markou C., Martin L., Martinez-Mora J.A., Martini A., Marzaioli F., Mastroianni S., Melis K.W., Miele G., Migliozzi P., Migneco E., Mijakowski P., Miranda L.S., Mollo C.M., Mongelli M., Moussa A., Muller R., Musumeci M., Nauta L., Navas S., Nicolau C.A., Nkosi B., Fearraigh B.O., O'Sullivan M., Organokov M., Orlando A., Palacios Gonzalez J., Papalashvili G., Papaleo R., Passaro G., Pastore C., Paun A.M., Pavalas G.E., Pellegrini G., Pellegrino C., Perrin-Terrin M., Pestel V., Piattelli P., Pieterse C., Pisanti O., Poire C., Popa V., Pradier T., Probst I., Pulvirenti S., Quemener G., Randazzo N., Razzaque S., Real D., Reck S., Riccobene G., Rocco R., Romanov A., Rovelli A., Salesa Greus F., Samtleben D.F.E., Sanchez Losa A., Sanguineti M., Santonocito D., Sapienza P., Schmeitz R., Schmelling J., Schnabel J., Schneider M.F., Schumann J., Schutte H.M., Seneca J., Sgura I., Shanidze R., Sharma A., Sinopoulou A., Smirnov M.V., Spisso B., Spurio M., Stavropoulos D., Stellacci S.M., Taiuti M., Tatone F., Tayalati Y., Tedjditi H., Thiersen H., Timmer P., Tingay S., Tsagkli S., Tsourapis V., Tzamariudaki E., Tzanetatos D., Valieri C., Van Elewyck V., Vasileiadis G., Versari F., Viola S., Vivolo D., Wilms J., Wojaczynski R., De Wolf E., Yousfi T., Zavatarelli S., Zegarelli A., Zito D., Zornoza J.D., Zuniga J., Zywucka N., Groupe de Recherche en Physique des Hautes Energies (GRPHE), Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-IUT de Colmar, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA)), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées (SUBATECH), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Nantes université - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (Nantes univ - UFR ST), Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ), Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier (LUPM), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), KM3NeT, Aiello, S., Albert, A., Alshamsi, M., Alves Garre, S., Aly, Z., Ambrosone, A., Ameli, F., Andre, M., Androulakis, G., Anghinolfi, M., Anguita, M., Ardid, M., Ardid, S., Aublin, J., Avgitas, T., Bagatelas, C., Bailly-Salins, L., Baret, B., Basegmez Du Pree, S., Bendahman, M., Benfenati, F., Berbee, E., Van Den Berg, A. M., Bertin, V., Van Beveren, V., Biagi, S., De Boer, R., Boettcher, M., Bou Cabo, M., Boumaaza, J., Bouta, M., Bouwhuis, M., Bozza, C., Branzas, H., Bruijn, R., Brunner, J., Bruno, R., Buis, E., Buompane, R., Busto, J., Cacopardo, G., Caiffi, B., Calvo, D., Campion, S., Capone, A., Carretero, V., Castaldi, P., Celli, S., Chabab, M., Champion, C., Chau, N., Chen, A., Cherubini, S., Chiarella, V., Chiarusi, T., Circella, M., Cocimano, R., Coelho, J. A. B., Coleiro, A., Colomer Molla, M., Coniglione, R., Coyle, P., Creusot, A., Cruz, A., Cuttone, G., D'Amato, C., D'Amico, A., Dallier, R., De Benedittis, A., De Martino, B., De Wasseige, G., Di Palma, I., Diaz, A. F., Diego-Tortosa, D., Distefano, C., Domi, A., Donzaud, C., Dornic, D., Dorr, M., Drakopoulou, E., Drouhin, D., Eberl, T., Eddyamoui, A., Van Eeden, T., Van Eijk, D., El Bojaddaini, I., El Hedri, S., Enzenhofer, A., Espinosa, V., Fermani, P., Ferrara, G., Filipovic, M. D., Filippini, F., Fransen, J., Fusco, L. A., Gajanana, D., Gal, T., Garcia Mendez, J., Garcia Soto, A., Garufi, F., Gatelet, Y., Gatius Oliver, C., Geisselbrecht, N., Gialanella, L., Giorgio, E., Gozzini, S. R., Gracia, R., Graf, K., Grella, G., Grmek, A., Gromov, I., Guderian, D., Guidi, C., Guillon, B., Gutierrez, M., Hafner, J., Haegel, L., Hallmann, S., Hamdaoui, H., Van Haren, H., Heijboer, A., Hekalo, A., Hennig, L., Hernandez-Rey, J. J., Hofestadt, J., Huang, F., Idrissi Ibnsalih, W., Ilioni, A., Illuminati, G., James, C. W., Janezashvili, D., Jansweijer, P., De Jong, M., De Jong, P., Jung, B. J., Kalaczynski, P., Kalekin, O., Katz, U. F., Kayzel, F., Khan Chowdhury, N. R., Kistauri, G., Van Der Knaap, F., Kooijman, P., Koopstra, J., Kouchner, A., Kulikovskiy, V., Labalme, M., Lahmann, R., Lamoureux, M., Larosa, G., Lastoria, C., Lazo, A., Le Breton, R., Le Stum, S., Lehaut, G., Leonardi, O., Leone, F., Leonora, E., Lessing, N., Levi, G., Lincetto, M., Lindsey Clark, M., Llorens Alvarez, C., Longhitano, F., Lopez-Coto, D., Maderer, L., Majumdar, J., Manczak, J., Margiotta, A., Marinelli, A., Markou, C., Martin, L., Martinez-Mora, J. A., Martini, A., Marzaioli, F., Mastroianni, S., Melis, K. W., Miele, G., Migliozzi, P., Migneco, E., Mijakowski, P., Miranda, L. S., Mollo, C. M., Mongelli, M., Moussa, A., Muller, R., Musumeci, M., Nauta, L., Navas, S., Nicolau, C. A., Nkosi, B., Fearraigh, B. O., O'Sullivan, M., Organokov, M., Orlando, A., Palacios Gonzalez, J., Papalashvili, G., Papaleo, R., Passaro, G., Pastore, C., Paun, A. M., Pavalas, G. E., Pellegrini, G., Pellegrino, C., Perrin-Terrin, M., Pestel, V., Piattelli, P., Pieterse, C., Pisanti, O., Poire, C., Popa, V., Pradier, T., Probst, I., Pulvirenti, S., Quemener, G., Randazzo, N., Razzaque, S., Real, D., Reck, S., Riccobene, G., Rocco, R., Romanov, A., Rovelli, A., Salesa Greus, F., Samtleben, D. F. E., Sanchez Losa, A., Sanguineti, M., Santonocito, D., Sapienza, P., Schmeitz, R., Schmelling, J., Schnabel, J., Schneider, M. F., Schumann, J., Schutte, H. M., Seneca, J., Sgura, I., Shanidze, R., Sharma, A., Sinopoulou, A., Smirnov, M. V., Spisso, B., Spurio, M., Stavropoulos, D., Stellacci, S. M., Taiuti, M., Tatone, F., Tayalati, Y., Tedjditi, H., Thiersen, H., Timmer, P., Tingay, S., Tsagkli, S., Tsourapis, V., Tzamariudaki, E., Tzanetatos, D., Valieri, C., Van Elewyck, V., Vasileiadis, G., Versari, F., Viola, S., Vivolo, D., Wilms, J., Wojaczynski, R., De Wolf, E., Yousfi, T., Zavatarelli, S., Zegarelli, A., Zito, D., Zornoza, J. D., Zuniga, J., Zywucka, N., Research unit Astroparticle Physics, Centre Tecnològic de Vilanova i la Geltrú, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. LAB - Laboratori d'Aplicacions Bioacústiques
- Subjects
Astrofísica ,Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors ,data acquisition ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,tube ,water ,Física::Física de partícules [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC] ,FOS: Physical sciences ,radiation: induced ,GeV ,Physique [physics]/Physique [physics] ,model: production ,optical ,Cherenkov detectors ,Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics ,Neutrino detectors ,Neutrins ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det] ,Instrumentation ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) ,KM3NeT ,Mathematical Physics ,neutrino: interaction ,background: suppression ,glass ,photomultiplier ,Telescopis ,photon ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det) ,radiation: Cherenkov ,calibration ,sensitivity ,cascade ,neutrino: detector ,FISICA APLICADA ,Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physic ,ddc:520 ,readout ,sphere ,Òptica -- Aparells i instruments ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Telescopes ,Cherenkov detector - Abstract
The optical module of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope is an innovative multi-faceted large area photodetection module. It contains 31 three-inch photomultiplier tubes in a single 0.44m diameter pressure-resistant glass sphere. The module is a sensory device also comprising calibration instruments and electronics for power, readout and data acquisition. It is capped with a breakout-box with electronics for connection to an electro-optical cable for power and long-distance communication to the onshore control station. The design of the module was qualified for the first time in the deep sea in 2013. Since then, the technology has been further improved to meet requirements of scalability, cost-effectiveness and high reliability. The module features a sub-nanosecond timing accuracy and a dynamic range allowing the measurement of a single photon up to a cascade of thousands of photons, suited for the measurement of the Cherenkov radiation induced in water by secondary particles from interactions of neutrinos with energies in the range of GeV to PeV. A distributed production model has been implemented for the delivery of more than 6000 modules in the coming few years with an average production rate of more than 100 modules per month. In this paper a review is presented of the design of the multi-PMT KM3NeT optical module with a proven effective background suppression and signal recognition and sensitivity to the incoming direction of photons., French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-15-CE31-0020 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund) Commission Europeenne (Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), LabEx UnivEarthS ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-18-IDEX-0001, Paris Ile-de-France Region, France, Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG), Georgia FR-18-1268, German Research Foundation (DFG), Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR), PRIN 2017 program, Italy NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S, Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Innovation, Morocco, Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands, National Science Centre, Poland 2015/18/E/ST2/00758, National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento PGC2018-096663-B-C41 PGC2018-096663-A C42 PGC2018-096663-B-C43 PGC2018-096663-B-C44, Center for Forestry Research & Experimentation (CIEF) PROMETEO/2020/019, Generalitat Valenciana: Grisolia program GRISOLIA/2018/119 GRISOLIA/2021/192 Generalitat Valenciana: GenT program CIDEGENT/2018/034 CIDEGENT/2019/043 CIDEGENT/2020/049 CIDEGENT/2021/023, Junta de Andalucia AFQM-053-UGR18, La Caixa Foundation LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019, EU: MSC program, Spain 101025085
- Published
- 2022