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Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons are at a higher risk of severe influenza. Although we have shown that a standard-dose intradermal influenza vaccine versus a standard-dose intramuscular influenza vaccine does not result in differences in hemagglutination-inhibition titers in this population, a comprehensive examination of cell-mediated immune responses remains lacking.Methods: Serological, antigen-specific B-cell, and interleukin 2-, interferon γ-, and tumor necrosis factor α-secreting T-cell responses were assessed in 79 HIV-infected men and 79 HIV-uninfected men.Results: The route of vaccination did not affect the immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G (IgG) plasmablast or memory B-cell response, although these were severely impaired in the group with a CD4+ T-cell count of <200 cells/μL. The frequencies of IgG memory B cells measured on day 28 after vaccination were highest in the HIV-uninfected group, followed by the group with a CD4+ T-cell count of ≥200 cells/μL and the group with a CD4+ T-cell count of <200 cells/μL. The route of vaccination did not affect the CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell responses measured at various times after vaccination.Conclusions: The route of vaccination had no effect on antibody responses, antibody avidity, T-cell responses, or B-cell responses in HIV-infected or HIV-uninfected subjects. With the serological and cellular immune responses to influenza vaccination being impaired in HIV-infected individuals with a CD4+ T-cell count of <200 cells/μL, passive immunization strategies need to be explored to protect this population.Clinical Trials Registration: NCT01538940. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on a study which reviewed the trends in Salmonella infections in the United States from 1987 through 1997. Background information on salmonellosis; Materials and methods used; Seasonality of the infection; Site of isolation; Regional distribution; Animal-associated serotypes.

Presents a study on an outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infections occurred in Kansas among persons attending a school luncheon in 1998. Background on the outbreak; Methods; Results; Discussion.

Focuses on the immunoreactive epitope mapping of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus open-reading frame latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) ORF73. Use of full-length recombinant ORF73 in Western blot assay; Enzyme-immunosorbent assay; Immunofluorescence assays for LANA.

Background. Influenza surveillance data from tropical, sub-Saharan African countries are limited. To better understand the epidemiology of influenza, Nigeria initiated influenza surveillance in 2008.Methods. Outpatients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and inpatients with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) were enrolled at 4 sentinel facilities. Epidemiologic data were obtained, and respiratory specimens were tested for influenza viruses, using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays.Results. During April 2009–August 2010, 2841 patients were enrolled. Of 2803 specimens tested, 217 (7.7%) were positive for influenza viruses (167 [8%] were from subjects with ILI, 17 [5%] were from subjects with SARI, and 33 were from subjects with an unclassified condition). During the prepandemic period, subtype H3N2 (A[H3N2]) was the dominant circulating influenza A virus subtype; 2009 pandemic influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A[H1N1]pdm09) replaced A(H3N2) as the dominant circulating virus during November 2009. Among persons with ILI, A(H1N1)pdm09 was most frequently found in children aged 5–17 years, whereas among subjects with SARI, it was most frequently found in persons aged ≥65 years. The percentage of specimens that tested positive for influenza viruses peaked at 18.9% in February 2010, and the majority were A(H1N1)pdm09.Conclusions. Influenza viruses cause ILI and SARI in Nigeria. Data from additional years are needed to better understand the epidemiology and seasonality of influenza viruses in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]