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Leukocyte mono-Ig-like receptor 5 (LMIR5, also called CD300bJ is an activating receptor expressed in myeloid cells. We have previously demonstrated that T cell Ig mucin 1 works as a ligand for LMIR5 in mouse ischemia/reperfusion injury of the kidneys. In this article, we show that LMIR5 is implicated in LPS-induced sepsis in mice. Notably, neutrophils constitutively released a soluble form of LMIR5 (sLMIR5) through proteolytic cleavage of surface LMIR5. Stimulation with TLR agonists augmented the release of sLMIR5. LPS administration or peritonitis induction increased serum levels of sLMIR5 in mice, which was substantially inhibited by neutrophil depletion. Thus, neutrophils were the main source of LPS-induced sLMIR5 in vivo. On the other hand, i.p. administration of LMIR5-Fc, a surrogate of sLMIR5, bound to resident macrophages (M&phgr;) and stimulated transient inflammation in mice. Consistently, LMIR5-Fc induced in vitro cytokine production of peritoneal M&phgr; via its unknown ligand. Interestingly, LMIR5 deficiency profoundly reduced systemic cytokine production and septic mortality in LPS-administered mice, although it did not affect in vitro cytokine production of LPS-stimulated peritoneal M&phgr;. Importantly, the resistance of LMIR5-deficient mice to LPS- or peritonitis-induced septic death was decreased by LMIR5-Fc administration, implicating sLMIR5 in LPS responses in vivo. Collectively, neutrophil-derived sLMIR5 amplifies LPS-induced lethal inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]