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The First 1000 Days (the period from conception to a child's second birthday) is an important developmental period. However, little is known about experiences of parents with refugee and migrant backgrounds during this period. A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Publications were identified through searches of the Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Scopus databases, critically appraised, and synthesised using thematic analysis. A total of 35 papers met inclusion criteria. Depressive symptomatology was consistently higher than global averages, however maternal depression conceptualisations differed across studies. Several papers reported changes in relationship dynamics as a result of having a baby post-migration. Consistent relationships were found between social and health support and wellbeing. Conceptualisations of wellbeing may differ among migrant families. Limited understanding of health services and relationships with health providers may impede help-seeking. Several research gaps were identified, particularly in relation to the wellbeing of fathers, and of parents of children over 12 months old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

System barriers to effective healthcare engagement and navigation contribute to healthcare disparities among Latino children with immigrant parents in the US. We evaluated a nine-minute educational video supporting healthcare navigation and engagement skills of Spanish-speaking Latino parents of infants. Participants viewed the video at their child's 2-month well-visit, completed a pre-and post-video knowledge evaluation, and answered open-ended questions on video style. A paired t test was used to examine differences in knowledge and open-ended responses were coded using an iterative, consensus-based process. Of the 79 participants, 63.3% had an education level below high school diploma/GED and 84.8% were at risk for limited health literacy. There was a significant gain in healthcare navigation and engagement knowledge after watching the video (p < 0.001). Parents expressed that the video was interesting and provided useful information. Parents valued the knowledge gained and preferred videos over written materials for receiving culturally and linguistically tailored health education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scoping review provides an overview of cancer interventions implemented with Arab Americans across the cancer control continuum, including an examination of outcomes and implementation processes. The search strategy included database searching and reviewing reference lists and forward citations to identify articles describing interventions with Arab adults living in the US, with no restrictions on date of publication or research methodology. The review included 23 papers describing 12 unique cancer interventions. Most interventions focused on individual-level determinants of breast and cervical cancer screening; used non-quasi-experimental research designs to evaluate intervention effectiveness; and demonstrated improvements in short-term cancer screening knowledge. Implementation processes were less commonly described. Most interventions were culturally and linguistically tailored to communities of focus; were delivered in educational sessions in community settings; engaged with the community mostly for recruitment and implementation; and were funded by foundation grants. Suggestions for research and intervention development are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigrant and refugee populations face multiple barriers to accessing mental health services. This scoping review applies the (Levesque et al. in Int J Equity Health 12:18, 2013) Patient-Centred Access to Healthcare model in exploring the potential of increased access through virtual mental healthcare services VMHS for these populations by examining the affordability, availability/accommodation, and appropriateness and acceptability of virtual mental health interventions and assessments. A search in CINAHL, MEDLINE, PSYCINFO, EMBASE, SOCINDEX and SCOPUS following (Arksey and O'Malley in Int J Soc Res Methodol 8:19–32, 2005) guidelines found 44 papers and 41 unique interventions/assessment tools. Accessibility depended on individual (e.g., literacy), program (e.g., computer required) and contextual/social factors (e.g., housing characteristics, internet bandwidth). Participation often required financial and technical support, raising important questions about the generalizability and sustainability of VMHS' accessibility for immigrant and refugee populations. Given limitations in current research (i.e., frequent exclusion of patients with severe mental health issues; limited examination of cultural dimensions; de facto exclusion of those without access to technology), further research appears warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, Hispanic adults that answer health surveys in Spanish report worse health than those who answer in English. This paper documents a growing English-Spanish gap in self-reported health (SRH) among Hispanic adults in the United States between 1997 and 2018. Data are from the 1997–2018 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The analytic sample consisted of 189,024 Hispanic adults older than 18 with valid information for the variables considered in the study. Descriptive analyses indicate that Hispanic adults who answer the NHIS in Spanish report worse health than English respondents do across the period of analysis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to study the English-Spanish gap in SRH and to track its evolution over the last 22 years. At baseline, Spanish respondents exhibited significantly worse levels of SRH than those who answered in English and this gap persisted across time and older cohorts. The gap was still present when demographic/socioeconomic characteristics and assimilation are considered. In the majority of the cases, there is a significant interaction between language of interview, and period and cohort indicators. The English-Spanish gap in self-reported health is not explained by demographic/socioeconomic characteristics or assimilation. It may be possible that there are differences in how Hispanic adults understand health categories items across different languages with differences observed depending on how self-reported health is operationalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the mental health of service providers working with Syrian refugees. Using the Professional Quality of Life framework, we hypothesize greater stress/less support from the work, person, client environment is associated with symptoms of STS, depression, and anxiety. We surveyed a sample of 104 service providers throughout Istanbul late 2018. Multivariable logistic regression examined associations between work (organizational support, caseload, supervision), person (perceived social support), client environment (trauma disclosure, percent Syrian refugees) on STS, depression, and anxiety. We found rates of moderate-to-severe STS to be 27.88%; depression 40.38%; and anxiety 29.81%. Our hypothesis was partially supported. Lower organizational support was associated with moderate-to-severe STS (aOR 0.91, 95% CI 0.84, 0.99) while lower social support with anxiety (aOR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81, 0.99). Caseload, supervision, trauma disclosure, percent refugees did not show significant associations. Organizations working with Syrian refugees may benefit from enhancing organizational support and promoting social support for staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large body of research has documented an immigrant mortality advantage. However, we still do not know enough about how interactions between the characteristics of origin and destinations countries shape variabilities in immigrants' experiences and health. In this paper, we examine the effects of ethno-cultural similarities and differences between the country of origin and the country of destination on immigrants' longevity. We use meta-regression methods to examine data on 78 origin and 16 destination countries (1092 risk estimates from 69 studies). In contrast to expectations from approaches that focus on immigration/acculturation stress, we found that a shared official linguistic family, moving to a country where one is not likely to be considered a visible minority, and more integrative immigration policies actually reduce or even eliminate the immigrant mortality advantage. We discuss potential explanations for these findings and argue that selection mechanisms provide a better account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to identify and describe the European evidence on opportunities and barriers to access and utilization of palliative care among non- western migrants. A systematic review in accordance with PRISMA guidelines was conducted in June 2020, searching Medline, CINAHL, PsychINFO and EMBASE databases. PROSPERO# CRD42020193651. Studies included empirical research published between 2011 and 2020. Search words were, for example, ethnic groups and palliative care. Thematic analysis was used to analyze data. Twenty nine qualitative and six quantitative studies were included. Four main themes were identified: communication and language; knowledge and awareness; patient preferences, cultural and religious issues; and lack of resources at different levels of palliative care service provision. Migrants' access to palliative care is impeded at system, community and individual levels, yet, recommendations are mostly at the individual level. Closer attention is required to these different levels when designing future palliative interventions for migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, Asians in the US have experienced a spike of racism. The goal of this paper is to examine the association between racial discrimination amid COVID-19 pandemic and depressive symptoms among Asian subgroups and to test whether communications about the incident with various sources moderate this relationship. Data come from an online survey conducted among 245 Asian Americans. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted. COVID-19 racial discrimination was positively associated with depressive symptoms, and this association did not vary between Chinese Americans and other Asian subgroups. Communications with a spouse/partner buffered the mental burden of racial discrimination. Those who shared their experience in online ethnic communities displayed stronger depressive symptoms than who did not. These results suggest the potential benefit of communication with a spouse/partner in mitigating the mental burden of discrimination and call for more online mental health support for Asians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assessed the effectiveness of Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) in recruiting undocumented Latinx immigrants for a prevalence health study at a time of heightened immigration enforcement. RDS was used to collect and analyze data from clinical interviews with 254 undocumented Latinx immigrant adults, enabling inference to a population of 22,000. 45% of the sample reported having a chronic medical condition. The desired sample size was achieved and exceeded with three initial recruits and 10 waves of recruitment across 9 weeks. There was substantial cross-group mixing for recruitment in terms of sex and recency of immigration, which facilitated the emergence of diversity within recruitment chains. Primary factors that contributed to effective recruitment were location, flexibility, on-site childcare, and detailed explanation of the recruitment process. RDS is an effective recruitment method to study the health of undocumented Latinx immigrants, which is essential to informing intervention and policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to understand genetics within the context of health. This paper assesses (a) genetic knowledge among Mexican-born farmworker and non-farmworker adults; (b) their interpersonal and device sources of genetic knowledge; and (c) the association between their genetic knowledge and the sources of this genetic knowledge. Interviews were conducted with Mexican-born farmworkers (100) and non-farmworkers (100) in North Carolina. Participants answered 15 questions to assess genetic knowledge, and sources from which they had seen or heard about genes and genetics. Results show limited knowledge of genetics, with farmworkers and non-farmworkers providing a similar level of correct responses (6.6 versus 7.3), but with farmworkers providing more incorrect responses (4.0 versus 2.7). Important sources of genetic information for farmworkers were promotoras (47%), compared to teachers (49%) for non-farmworkers. This study demonstrates a need for increased dissemination of genetic information to Mexican-origin farmworkers and non-farmworkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) migrants face significant health risks as they adapt to new cultures. These risks are exacerbated by their limited participation in preventative behaviours such as sports and physical activity. The review aimed to identify studies that examined the correlates of sport and physical activity participation in migrants. The systematic review identified 72 papers, including 6 interventions, 18 qualitative and 48 quantitative studies. The 44 identified correlates highlight the complexities involved in working with migrants. The correlates were grouped in four themes using the social ecological model; acculturation, demographic, psychosocial and environmental/organisational. The social ecological model identified general correlates such as social support and safety. However, there were unique correlates relating to individuals who are facing cultural changes such as acculturation and language. Overall, there is a lack of contextualisation of CALD migrants' sport and physical activity experiences because many studies fail to consider acculturation comprehensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Italian coasts are docking berths for the majority of boats carrying asylum seekers coming from Middle East and Sub-Saharan countries. These people escaped from their home countries in an effort to survive war, hunger and torture. These experiences might have affected their mental health, which became more endangered during their journey. The main aim of our work was to assess the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in asylum seekers in a first aid facility, where immigrants were aided after their arrival. Thus, we designed a cross-sectional survey with paper-and-pen questionnaires. The setting was the C.A.R.A. (Centro Accoglienza Richiedenti Asilo) in Mineo (Sicily). Participants were asked for general information. They also completed the PTSD Checklist of the DSM-IV (PCL-C) and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ). We collected 140 questionnaires and the PCL-C was completed by 98 residents; 44% of responders were considered affected by PTSD. Although we used a conservative cut-off, PTSD prevalence was found to be much higher than that in the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to assess food and nutritional security status of an indigenous population who migrated from Colombia to Ecuador. We collected data about the perception of food insecurity, anthropometric and food intake (n = 104). An analysis multivariate (Generalized Linear Model) we used to know the adequacy to the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI). All the households were food insecure, stunting affected 45.1% of children and adolescents and the 60% were overweight or obese women. Significant differences were observed by gender for energy, lipid, carbohydrate, fiber, and iron (p < 0.001). No age group meets the DRI for fiber, calcium and potassium (except in children 24–59 months) and iron. There was a deficiency in vitamins A, D, folic acid and thiamine. The Epera Siapidara people in Ecuador experience acute food insecurity and a double burden of malnutrition, which may seriously affect their health and general progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our aim was to provide data regarding uptake of gynecological early detection measures and performance of breast self-examinations among migrant women in Germany. Cross-sectional self-reported data were collected using paper-and-pencil questionnaires. Descriptive analyses, Chi square-tests, and logistic regression were applied. Results were adjusted for educational level. Of 5387 women, 89.9% were autochthonous, 4.1% German resettlers, 2.8% Turkish, 3.1% other migrants. Participation rates regarding cancer screening differed significantly, with the lowest proportion in Turkish migrants (65.0%), resettlers (67.8%), other migrants (68.2%) and autochthonous population (78.2%). No differences in performance of breast self-examinations were detected. When adjusted for education, results indicated only slight changes in the odds to participate in screening irregularly or not at all. Results support existing evidence by showing lower participation rates in cancer screening among migrant women, but there were no differences regarding breast self-examinations. Migrant women form a potential high-risk group for late-stage diagnosis of cervical or breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latino farmworkers are exposed to a number of carcinogens in the workplace. Cancer survival rates for Latinos are below average. This paper describes Mexican immigrant farmworkers' knowledge of colorectal, breast, and testicular cancer, and compares farmworkers' cancer knowledge to that of other Mexican immigrants. Survey interviews for this study were conducted with 100 farmworkers and 100 non-farmworkers in 2015 in North Carolina as part of an ongoing community-based participatory research project. We found low to moderate levels of knowledge about colorectal, breast, and testicular cancer among farmworkers. Compared to non-farmworkers, farmworkers had similar levels of knowledge about breast and testicular cancer, but slightly lower knowledge about colorectal cancer (p = 0.0087). Few studies have used quantitative methods to assess farmworkers' knowledge of specific types of cancer. Our results demonstrate a need for increased dissemination of existing cancer education programs and further research to develop additional educational tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the impact of parental international migration on the mental health of children left behind. Data for this paper were taken from the 'Child Health and Migrant Parents in South-East Asia, Thailand, 2008' project. A total of 1,030 children (519 from emigrant parents and 511 from non-migrant parents) were covered. Data were collected from the caregivers of children using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. Multivariate analyses were performed to determine the association between parental migration and the mental health status of children left behind. Several factors were significantly associated with children's mental health. Our study did not find any association between current parental migration status and mental health status of the children left behind. The study found, however, that mother's earlier migration history had a significant, independent association with mental health problems of the children left behind. Therefore, effective strategies to prevent such mental health problems among children are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Canadian government's plan to support a balanced distribution of immigrants throughout the nation has contributed to newcomers' dispersion to small town communities and rural areas. However, very little work has examined the health experiences of immigrants settling in smaller urban and rural regions. Even less literature exists on the perspectives of service providers working with newcomers in Canada's urban-rural communities. This paper focuses on a part of a larger Community-based study on 'Newcomer Settlement and Integration in Education, Training, Employment, Health and Social Support' in Brantford-a middle-sized urban/rural region in Ontario, Canada-and discusses the findings in the health domain. Data were generated from 212 service providers and 237 newcomers using both qualitative and quantitative research tools. Newcomers identified several barriers in accessing mental and/or physical health services including lack of culturally appropriate services and discrimination. The striking differences between newcomers' and service providers' responses to the survey questionnaires bring to light cultural variations between the newcomers' and the service providers' perceptions of 'health'. The findings reinforce the need for including newcomers in developing more inclusive and culturally-appropriate health services and programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latinos/as, the fastest-growing ethnic group in the United States, experience high cancer rates. Factors contributing to treatment decisions among Latinos diagnosed with cancer must be studied. This paper aims to identify treatment decisions among Latinos with cancer and examine factors influencing these decisions. A qualitative exploratory study using semi-structured interviews of 60 Latino/as diagnosed with cancer was conducted. Close-ended responses were analyzed using percentages and frequency distributions, while open-ended responses were analyzed using open coding and thematic categorization. Surgery was the most commonly chosen treatment among participants because it was perceived as providing the highest chance of prolonging life. Only 57% of participants were provided with treatment options. Latinos/as typically prefer modest, paternalistic patient-physician relationships. Therefore, providing culturally appropriate information is valuable. This study underscores the need for health providers to present all available treatment options to enhance cancer treatment outcomes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to assess the frequency of depression symptoms among Brazilian immigrants living in Massachusetts, the second largest Brazilian immigrant population in the United States, and to identify correlates of depression. A convenience sample of Brazilian immigrants aged 18 or older residing in Massachusetts was used. Data were collected from December 2013 to March 2014, in the Consulate General of Brazil in Boston and in three religious events, using a structure questionnaire and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Depression symptoms were observed in 35.3% of the respondents, with equal distribution by sex. Correlates of depression were low income, being single, poor English proficiency, and poor self-perception of health. These results suggest a need for community outreach, sensitization, and counseling, in Portuguese and adapted to the culture of Brazilian immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports language differences in poor/fair self-rated health (SRH) among adults from six Hispanic groups in the United States. Data are from the cross-sectional 1997-2013 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The total sample of Hispanic adults with valid information for the variables considered in the study (n = 156,374) included Mexican-Americans (Mex-Am; n = 43,628), Mexicans (n = 55,057), Puerto Ricans (n = 14,631), Cubans (n = 8,041), Dominicans (from Dominican Republican, n = 4,359) and Other Hispanics (n = 30,658). We compared percentage of the population that reported poor/fair SRH among Hispanic individuals by language of interview and across origins using bivariate tests of association. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to study the odds of reporting poor/fair SRH based on language among the overall population and each group. Among the six Hispanic origins Puerto Ricans (15.92%), Cubans (16.36%) and Dominicans (15.32%) reported poor/fair SRH at higher levels than the overall sample (12.32%). In the logistic regression model adjusting potential covariates, those interviewed in Spanish were at higher odds of reporting poor/fair SRH than those interviewed in English (OR = 1.47, p < 0.0001). In the stratified analysis, Mexican-Americans were the only group where language of interview did not affect the odds of reporting poor/fair SRH. There are differences by Hispanic origin for reporting poor/fair SRH, and also by language of interview. Achieving accurate measurement of health status among Hispanics is a concern for all researchers, in particular those who study differences in health status by race/ethnicity in the United States. Future, research should account for Hispanic background and language of interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite an abundant literature on social support and health, relatively less is known about how support and its impact on physical health vary within the Black population. Using the National Survey of American Life (NSAL), this paper examines which sources and types of support are associated with physical health among African Americans, U.S.-born Caribbean Blacks and foreign-born Caribbean Blacks. The results showed that for U.S.-born Caribbean Blacks, being married was especially beneficial to health. Closeness to family was associated with better health while negative interactions with family members was associated with worse health for African Americans and foreign-born Caribbean Blacks. Different sources of instrumental support affected all three groups. Overall, the findings reveal that, among Black Americans, the association between social support and physical health is contingent upon ethnicity, nativity, and the ways in which social support and health are operationalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the concepts of mental health and help seeking behaviours of migrant and ethnic minority families constitutes an important step toward improving the intercultural competence of health and education professionals. This paper addresses these goals among ethnic and migrant minorities in Portugal. For this a multi-informant approach was selected. The study involved nine focus groups (N = 39) conducted with different samples: young immigrants (12-17 years), immigrant parents, teachers and health professionals. The results showed similarities and differences in concepts of mental health, as well as help seeking processes. Stigma continued to be recognized as a barrier in the access to mental health care. The paper argues that providing adequate training on mental health on cultural diversity competencies to health and education professionals can contribute to a better inter-communication and -relation system in the family-school-primary care triangle and thus facilitate access to mental health care for youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examined the prevalence of depressive symptomotology among women of Mexican ancestry (N = 205), over the age of 18, of diverse incomes and nativity. We examined differences in rates of diagnosis by Spanish/English preference and the sensitivity and specificity of three common measures: the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9), the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-10), and depression questions from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, Short Form (MDD CIDI-SF); PHQ9 was used as the 'gold standard' measure. Results indicated 18-32 % of participants met criteria for depression with higher rates found among Spanish preference participants. The K-10 had significantly higher sensitivity (0.81) but lower specificity (0.79) than the MDD CIDI-SF items (0.57 and 0.89, respectively). This study suggests that the K-10 and MDD CIDI-SF measures are complementary to each other for screening of depressive symptomatology. Implications for cultural and linguistic assessment of depression are further discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High smoking prevalence among Korean American (KA) males place KA family members and co-workers at an elevated risk of involuntary tobacco smoke exposure (ITSE). KA emerging adults (EAs) face an additional risk of ITSE by their peers, as emerging adulthood is associated with increased smoking. This paper explores health behaviors, attitudes and beliefs of ITSE among KAEA. Qualitative data analysis was conducted on transcripts from ten focus groups (N = 67). Themes related to attitudes and perceptions of ITSE were identified: high level of cultural tolerance, lack of knowledge/insufficient information, perceived benign health effects, and perceived hopelessness/indifference. Themes related to culturally-held beliefs include: tolerance of male family smokers, allowance of indoor smoking and misconceptions of practices perceived to minimize ITSE. The dissemination of culturally relevant ITSE information is needed in KA communities. Failure to implement indoor smoking bans in ethnic enclaves calls for increased enforcement of regulations by public health officials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are few studies of the migration context factors and physical activity (PA) level among minority ethnic women in Europe. We investigated the association between migration context factors and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among minority ethnic women. Objectively recorded MVPA were obtained from 487 minority ethnic women included in the STORK-Groruddalen Cohort Study at three time points in pregnancy/postpartum. We investigated the associations between (a) contact with ethnic Norwegians and (b) Norwegian language skills and. No associations were observed in pregnancy. Postpartum, women who reported contact with ethnic Norwegians accumulated 17 MVPA min/day (95% CI: -.60, 34.54) more than women with no contact. In complete case analyses, this difference was significant (27 MVPA min/day (95% CI: 8.60, 44.54)). In early postpartum women with contact with ethnic Norwegians seems to be more physically active than women without contact. No associations were observed in pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mammography screening rates remain low among Asian American women (AAW). The aims of our study were to: (a) assess breast cancer knowledge and mammography screening behaviors, and (b) identify the factors related to the transtheoretical model (TTM) stages of change in relation to mammography utilization among AAW aged 40 and older. Using a cross-sectional design, a convenience sample of 714 AAW completed a structured questionnaire in 2021. Participants demonstrated a moderate level of knowledge regarding breast cancer and mammography. Only 34.2% of the participants reported obtaining regular mammograms. The ordinal logistic regression indicated that age, birthplace, health perception, breast biopsy history, breast cancer knowledge, self-efficacy, and perceived barriers were correlated with TTM stages of change. Our results highlight the need for implementing effective interventions aimed at increasing knowledge and screening rates for breast cancer among AAW. Additional TTM studies with AAW are needed to determine the relationships among TTM constructs and develop theory-based programs to improve adherence to screening guidelines. Future research using a mixed-method design may provide opportunities to explore complex phenomena associated with breast cancer screening behaviors. Finally, further assessments of the Breast Cancer Knowledge Scale's psychometric properties are necessary to improve this instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years Israel has become a destination for many migrants from Africa that illegally cross the Egyptian-Israeli border. The objective of this paper is to describe the epidemiological characteristics of injuries among illegal migrants in Israel. The study was carried out retrospectively using data from 19 trauma centers that participated in the Israel National Trauma Registry between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2011. Illegal migrants from Africa were compared to the local population. Migrants were injured more often than the local population from intentional injuries (57.11 %). Migrants were also less likely than the local population (58.38 %) to sustain a minor injury (i.e., injury severity ≤8). The study also shows the hospitalization cost as a result of injuries among migrants from Africa. Preventive measures among illegal migrants from Africa should prioritize intentional injuries and industrial site injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one migrates from an area of low to high incidence of breast cancer their personal risk of developing breast cancer increases. This is however not equally distributed across all races and ethnicities. This paper specifically examines Filipino migrants. A literature review was conducted to summarize breast cancer incidence, screening practices and trends in treatment amongst Filipino migrants. In addition, a retrospective cohort study was conducted specifically examining the age in which Filipino women were diagnosed with breast cancer compared to Asian and Caucasian counterparts. Filipino women are diagnosed with breast cancer at a statistically significant younger age (53.2) compared to their Asian (55.1) and Caucasian (58.4) counterparts. In addition, they are at an increased risk of developing more aggressive breast cancer with noteworthy disparities in the care they are receiving. The evidence suggest this group is worthy of special focus when diagnosing and treating breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes a unique approach to the study of immigrant and native health differentials by addressing the role of internal as well as international mobility and considering the binational context in which such moves occur. The analyses take advantage of a unique dataset of urban residents in Mexico and the United States to compare Mexican origin immigrants and US-born Spanish-speaking residents in one urban setting in the United States and residents in a similar urban setting in Mexico. The binational approach allows for the test of standard indicators used to proxy acculturation (duration of residence in the United States, household language use) and measures of residential mobility among Mexican-Americans, Mexican immigrants and residents in Mexico. The results confirm a lower prevalence of obesity among Mexicans in Mexico and recent immigrants to the United States when compared to longer residents in the United States. However, for Mexican urban residents, more residential moves are associated with less obesity, while more residential mobility is associated with higher obesity in the urban sample in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, part of a larger epidemiological study carried out between 2004 and 2010, analyzed immigrants frequenting the largest Apulian regional hospital (Bari Policlinico). Our aim was to evaluate the perception on the part of undocumented immigrants of their rights of access to the National Health Care services and whether this privilege is actually utilized. An anonymous multi-language questionnaire was distributed to all patients with STP (code number for temporary presence of foreigners) at the immigrant outpatient Infectious Diseases Clinic of Bari from June 2009 to June 2010. Questions were related to nationality, date of arrival in Italy, use of health facilities in the 2 years prior to the compilation of the questionnaire, and their understanding of STP. The patients were also screened for infectious diseases (HIV-Ab, HBsAg, HCV-Ab, VDRL, TPHA and Mantoux). A total of 256/272 patients completed the questionnaire; the meaning of STP was unknown to 156/256 (60.9 %) patients, only 54/256 (21 %) knew the exact meaning of STP and only 42/54 (76.6 %) of the latter knew how long STP was valid. Moreover, 128/256 (50.7 %) were aware that doctors from the emergency unit were not allowed to notify police regarding presence of illegal immigrants. Regarding clinical data 3 % were HIV+ (8/256), 5 % (13 patients) positive for TPHA, 5 % for HBsAg, 2 % were HCV (five patients). A >10 mm diameter infiltrate of Mantoux test was noted for 44 % of patients. A lower prevalence than expected for infections such as HIV, HBV or HCV was noted for immigrants compared to data from their countries of origin. At present, large-scale political solutions to the challenges of facilitating access to health facilities for undocumented immigrants are lacking in Italy. The development of communication systems is fundamental to improving access to health services and to creating links between immigrants and the healthcare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have investigated the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and C virus (HCV) infection among Vietnamese Americans (VAs). The purpose of this paper is to assess the prevalence of HBV and HCV infection, identify the sociodemographic characteristics of the HBV infected population and the level of HBV knowledge among VAs in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan areas with data from a health fair in 2011. A total of 617 VAs received serological testing for HBV and HCV, and 329 completed a survey of HBV knowledge assessment. About 9 % were infected with HBV and 5 % with HCV. Vietnamese Americans younger than 30 years had the highest HBV prevalence (13.1 %) followed by those age 41-50 years (12.1 %). The prevalence of HCV infection was particularly higher among those older than 70 years old (13.9 %). Misunderstanding HBV as a food-borne disease is prevalent among VAs. Efforts to develop public health screening and education programs targeting this population are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One-fifth of Kazakhstan's population is labor migrants working in poor conditions with limited legal rights. This paper examines self-rated health, mental health and access to health care among migrant workers. Using geo-mapping, a random sample of internal and external migrant market workers was selected in Almaty (N = 450). We used survey logistic regression adjusted for clustering of workers within stalls. Almost half of participants described their health as fair or poor and reported not seeing a doctor when needed, 6.2 % had clinical depression and 8.7 % met criteria for alcohol abuse. Female external migrants were at higher risk for poor health and underutilization of health services. High mobility was associated with depression among internal migrants and with alcohol abuse among female migrant workers. This study demonstrates the urgent need to address health and mental health needs and improve access to health care among labor migrants in Central Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigrant Latinos frequently experience social isolation in their receiving communities. This paper investigates the prevalence of social isolation among immigrant workers in a new settlement area and delineates the association between social isolation and physical and mental health outcomes. Interviews were conducted in Spanish with immigrant Latino manual workers (N = 743) in western North Carolina. The CES-D and the SF-12 questionnaires assessed health outcomes. A social isolation scale was used to assess degree of social isolation. Nearly 1 in 5 workers (19.5 %) reported the highest level of social isolation. Social isolation was associated with higher depressive symptoms and poorer physical and mental health, related to quality of life. Social isolation is a common experience among immigrant Latinos that may have negative implications for physical and mental health. Community outreach efforts to minimize experiences of isolation may be useful in protecting immigrant physical and mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low levels of physical activity (PA) are reported in South Asian pregnant women. This scoping review summarizes culturally tailored strategies in prenatal PA studies for South Asian women and identifies barriers and facilitators. A search strategy was developed with the keywords "Physical Activity" AND Pregnant AND "South Asian" and was carried out on Medline, SportDiscus, EMBASE, Web of Science and Proquest Theses and Dissertations. Primary research studies were included. Forty-six studies were included of which 40 were from South Asian countries. No interventions were identified outside of South Asian countries. Offering material in different languages was the most common tailoring strategy. Reported barriers were possible social norms favouring inactivity, lack of awareness on safe exercises, and physical symptoms (e.g., fatigue). Facilitators included social support and relief from physical symptoms. Future PA interventions for South Asian pregnant women should account for population-specific barriers and facilitators to increase PA initiation and maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the effects of the announcement and publication of the 2019 Public Charge Rule on participation of the special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children (WIC) among pregnant immigrants. A difference-in-differences approach was used to analyze the changes in prenatal WIC participation before and after the 2019 Public Charge Rule announcement and publication among immigrants relative to US natives. We identified 17,623,683 live singletons born in a hospital from 2015 to 2019. Compared to US natives, the odds of prenatal WIC participation among immigrants were 11.4% lower after the 2019 Public Charge Rule announcement, and 19% lower after the final rule was published. The results of this study suggest that pregnant immigrants may decide not to participate in the WIC program due to the fear of jeopardizing their immigration status after the announcement and publication of the 2019 Public Charge Rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to describe and understand the relationship between sociodemographic factors and PrEP awareness, and willingness to use a PrEP modality (oral or injectable).Despite the availability of effective prevention tools such as HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), African immigrants in the United States are disproportionately affected by HIV. Although PrEP can significantly reduce HIV infection in this population, research evidence on PrEP outcomes, such as awareness, knowledge, and willingness to use, is extremely limited. Between April and May 2022, 92 participants completed an online survey assessing their awareness, knowledge, and willingness to use oral or injectable PrEP. The association between sociodemographic characteristics and PrEP-related measures was examined using descriptive and Pearson's chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests. Participants (N = 92) were born between 1990 and 1999 (46.7%), female (70.76%) and highly educated (59.6%). About 52.2% were unaware of PrEP, and 65.6% were willing to use a PrEP modality. Findings indicate that individuals who reported being aware of PrEP demonstrated a high level of knowledge regarding the medication. Having a healthcare provider was associated with PrEP awareness and willingness to use, while educational status was associated with PrEP awareness. 51.1% of participants were willing to use an oral pill for prevention and 47.8% were willing to use injectable PrEP. Our findings highlight the need for PrEP-related research and interventions for African immigrants to increase awareness and provide options for HIV prevention, as African immigrants are currently not well-represented in PrEP delivery systems in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has laid bare entrenched health inequalities in the U.S. health care system faced by structurally marginalized immigrant communities. Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) recipients are well suited to address these social and political determinants of health due to their large presence in service positions and skill sets. Yet their potential in health-related careers is limited by unique barriers related to uncertainty about their status and training and licensure processes. We report findings from a mixed-method (interview and questionnaire) study of 30 DACA recipients in Maryland. Nearly half of participants (14; 47%) worked in health care and social service fields. The longitudinal design featured three research phases conducted between 2016 and 2021, which enabled us to observe participants' evolving career trajectories and capture their experiences during a tumultuous period (due to the DACA rescission and COVID-19 pandemic). Using a community cultural wealth (CCW) framework, we present three case studies that demonstrate challenges recipients encountered as they embarked on health-related careers, including protracted educational journeys, concerns about program completion/licensure, and uncertainty about future employment. Yet participants' experiences also revealed valuable forms of CCW they deploy, including building on social networks/collective knowledge, forging navigational capital and sharing experiential knowledge, and leveraging identity to devise innovative strategies. Results highlight the critical value of DACA recipients' CCW that renders them particularly apt brokers and advocates in promoting health equity. Yet they also reveal the urgent need for comprehensive immigration and state-licensure reform to promote DACA recipients' inclusion in the health care workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oregon expanded Emergency Medicaid coverage to 60 days of postpartum care in 2018, facilitating ongoing care for conditions such as gestational diabetes. We linked Medicaid claims and birth certificates from 2010 to 2019 in Oregon and South Carolina, which did not expand postpartum care. We used a difference-in-difference design to measure the effects of postpartum care coverage among Emergency Medicaid recipients with gestational diabetes. Primary outcomes were receipt of recommended glucose tolerance testing and new diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes. Our sample included 2,270 live births among a predominantly multiparous, Latina population. Postpartum coverage was associated with a significant increase in receipt of a recommended glucose tolerance test (23.1 percentage points, 95% CI 16.9–29.3) and in diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes (4.6 percentage points, 95% CI 3.3–65.9). Expansion of postpartum coverage increased recommended screenings and care among Emergency Medicaid enrollees with pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racially minoritized groups are more likely to experience COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and have lower vaccination rates. As part of a multi-phase community-engaged project, we developed a train-the-trainer program in response to a needs assessment. "Community vaccine ambassadors" were trained to address COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. We evaluated the program's feasibility, acceptability, and impact on participant confidence for COVID-19 vaccination conversations. Of the 33 ambassadors trained, 78.8% completed the initial evaluation; nearly all reported gaining knowledge (96.8%) and reported a high confidence with discussing COVID-19 vaccines (93.5%). At two-week follow-up, all respondents reported having a COVID-19 vaccination conversation with someone in their social network, reaching an estimated 134 people. A program that trains community vaccine ambassadors to deliver accurate information about COVID-19 vaccines may be an effective strategy for addressing vaccine hesitancy in racially minoritized communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community health centers (CHCs) screen patients for social determinants of health (SDoH). The study's purpose was to assess the relationship between demographic factors and unmet social needs (SDoH risk) among pregnant mothers. Patient data from 345 pregnant women between January 2019-December 2020 assessed SDoH risk, using the Protocol for Responding to and Assessing Patients' Assets, Risks, and Experiences (PRAPARE) tool. Chi-square analyses explored relationships between social needs and demographic factors, and a multivariate logistic regression examined associations between these variables controlling for covariates. Hispanic patients and those who preferred to speak Spanish had 2.35 and 5.39 times the odds, respectively as non-Hispanic Whites and English speakers of having moderate/high/urgent SDoH risks. Mothers who had not completed high school had increased odds (aOR = 7.38) of SDoH risk. By identifying indicators that increase social risk level, CHCs can connect patients to essential social services, improving the downstream health of mothers and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refugees encounter numerous healthcare access barriers in host countries, leading to lower utilization rates and poorer health outcomes. In the US, social inequities and fragmented health systems may exacerbate these disparities. Understanding these factors is necessary to ensure equitable care of refugee populations. A systematic literature review of qualitative studies on US adult refugee healthcare access from January 2000 to June 2021 was performed in accordance with PRISMA. Studies were analyzed deductively and then inductively to incorporate previous findings in other resettlement countries and emergence of US-specific themes. 64 articles representing 16+ countries of origin emerged from the final analysis, yielding nine interrelated themes related to health literacy, cost of services, cultural beliefs, and social supports, among others. The main challenges to refugees' healthcare access emerge from the interactions of care fragmentation with adverse social determinants. Given diverse barriers, integrated care models are recommended in treating refugee populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although exclusionary immigration policies are associated with fear of deportation and avoidance of public benefits, relationships between immigration enforcement policy and public charge policies are largely unknown. Using a California population-based survey of 1103 Asian and Latinx immigrants in 2018, we tested the relationship between immigrants' experiences with law enforcement and their concern about public charge. Direct encounters with various forms of law enforcement, including being asked to show proof of citizenship by law enforcement, staying inside to avoid police or immigration officials, and having known someone who had been deported, were associated with immigrants' avoidance of public benefits due to public charge concerns. Latinx immigrants were more likely to be concerns about public charge than Asians. Intersections among immigration policies deserve further consideration. There is a need to provide accurate and reliable information to immigrant communities about public benefits and advocate for inclusive immigration policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions of people cross political borders yearly without having the proper documents. This has led to increased detention and deportation practices in destination countries for reasons related to security and sovereignty. The objective of the current study was to analyze and visualize research publications on the detention and deportation of migrants to identify current research hotspots, research gaps, and potential future research in the field. Relevant research articles were obtained from the Scopus database for the study period from 1900 to December 31, 2022. The analysis included presentations of key contributors to the field and visualization of topics, themes, and international collaboration. In total, 906 articles were found. The earliest was in 1982. The majority of articles were published in journals within the subject areas of social sciences and humanities. The number of publications showed a steep rise from 2011 to 2022. The Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies was the most prolific, but publications in the Citizenship Studies journal received the highest number of citations per article. Researchers from the United States contributed the most. Mexico ranked fifth in the number of publications. Oxford University was the most prolific institution, followed by three universities in Australia. The majority of articles were single-authored, indicative of limited author-author collaboration. Research hotspots in the field were "human rights" and "mental health". The detention and deportation of Mexican and other Latino migrants in the United States constituted a distinct research theme in the field. International research collaboration was limited by geographical proximity (e.g., the United States and Mexico) or common language (e.g., the United Kingdom and Australia). Future research topics should focus on alternatives to detention, family separation, and healthcare services for detained migrants. Research activity on detention and deportation is required from all world regions, including the source countries of migrants. Future research should promote alternatives to traditional detentions. The contribution of countries in Africa, the Middle East, and South-Eastern Asian regions needs to be encouraged. Future research on the detention and deportation of non-Latino migrants is highly required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asian Americans are less likely than Whites to seek mental care and when they do, there is a substantial delay in help-seeking. Stigma associated with mental health service use is one of the major barriers to help-seeking among Asian Americans. However, few studies have examined multi-layered contextual predictors of stigma to examine joint as well as unique contributions of each predictor. Using a cross-sectional study of 376 Filipino and 412 Korean American parents from the Midwestern U.S., we investigated how individual, familial, ethnic cultural, and macro level factors were associated with stigma among immigrant parents. The findings from hierarchical regressions suggest that familial and ethnic cultural factors are prominent predictors of stigma among Korean Americans, whereas macro level factors are particularly pertinent to Filipino Americans. This study highlights the significance of subgroup specific interventions to be effective in addressing unmet mental care needs in distinct subgroups of Asian Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the mental health status of Brazilians living in the U.S. We assessed the prevalence and correlates of depression to guide the development of culturally relevant community-based mental health interventions. An online survey was conducted between July and August 2020 among a sample of Brazilian women living in the U.S. (age 18 and over, born in Brazil, English or Portuguese speaking) recruited through Brazilian social media pages and community organizations. The survey assessed depression using the Center for Epidemiological Study Depression Scale (CES-D-10), the Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS), the Oslo Social Support Scale (OSSS), and community strengths (CS). We first assessed the correlation between CES-D-10 scores and EDS, OSSS, and CS. We found that half of the participants (52.2%) had CES-D-10 scores of 10 or greater, indicating the presence of depressive symptomatology. In a multivariable model controlling for significant covariates (age, time lived in U.S.), EDS was positively associated with CES-D-10 scores (β = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.45, 0.83), while OSSS was negatively associated with CES-D-10 scores (β = -0.53, 95% C I= -0.80, -0.27). No statistically significant relationship was observed between CES-D-10 and CS scores. In this sample of Brazilian immigrant women, depressive symptomatology was highly prevalent, and experiences of discrimination were associated with increased symptoms of depression. There is a need to understand and address mental health in Brazilian immigrant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Asians face stressors as a growing immigrant group in America. Work is needed to understand how these stressors impact mental health to identify those at risk of depression and design interventions. This study examined associations of three stressors (discrimination, low social support, limited English proficiency) with depressive symptoms in South Asians. Using cross-sectional data from the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America study (N = 887), we fit logistic regression models to evaluate independent/joint effects of three stressors on depression. Overall prevalence of depression was 14.8%; 69.2% of those with all three stressors had depression. The combined effect of high discrimination/low social support was significantly greater than the sum of the individual factors. Experiences of discrimination, low social support, or limited English proficiency, as well as a combination of these factors, should be considered when diagnosing/treating South Asian immigrants in a culturally appropriate manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forced migrants suffer from significant psychological distress. However, they often prioritize urgent practical resettlement needs over mental health needs. The present study used a quasi-experimental design to compare pathways of treatment for survivors of torture (N = 369) from 42 different counties receiving care from a refugee health clinic. Random intercept ANOVAs were used to compare combined case management services and psychological treatment (CM-PT) to case management services only (CM) on changes in cultural adaptation and global functioning over time. Results showed that both groups improved on each outcome. Importantly, the CM-PT group endorsed greater improvements in cultural adaptation (b = 0.28, 95% CI 0.14, 0.41, p ≤ 0.001) and global functioning (b = 3.29, 95% CI 1.33, 5.25, p = 0.001) compared to the CM group. These findings suggest that treatment for survivors of torture should be multifaceted and include case management and psychological treatment. Case management services alone may be beneficial when socio-cultural and resource barriers exist for mental health treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refugee patients benefit from interdisciplinary approaches that address trauma-related migration in culturally responsive ways. This qualitative evaluation assessed the interdisciplinary trauma-based course for refugee populations. The qualitative data comes from focus groups and surveys to evaluate medical, social work, and public health students' perceptions of the interprofessional education course of refugee patient care. The evaluators analyzed qualitative data through a thematic content analysis method. Following key themes emerged from students' reflections: (1) collaboration in interdisciplinary learning, (2) role of clinical learning, (3) skills and knowledge related to refugee population care, (4) improvements for interprofessional education, and (5) strengths of the interprofessional education course. The Interprofessional Refugee Health Elective course enhanced their knowledge and competence in refugee health care. Educators, students, and the patient population will benefit from investing in interprofessional education courses that focus on specific needs and complex care management for refugee patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inadequate access to prenatal services has been associated with higher rates of mother and child mortality and premature births in the general population. Thus, this paper aims to compare the utilization and adequacy of prenatal care services of Dominican immigrant mothers with that of Puerto Rican mothers. Data was extracted from birth certificates using a cohort from 1998 to 2002 (n = 252, 919). The Kotelchuck index for adequate prenatal care was used for comparison with socio-demographic characteristics of the population. Less than half of Dominican mothers (48.5 %) received adequate prenatal care compared to more than two-thirds (69.1 %) of Puerto Rican mothers ( p < .001). After controlling for demographic characteristics, health insurance, pregnancy risks, complications and previous birth (parity) the odds of receiving adequate care of Dominican mothers was 0.7 that of Puerto Rican mothers ( p < .001). These results suggest significant disparities in obtaining adequate prenatal care services among migrant women and native Puerto Ricans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]