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The effect of physical condition factors such as strength and flexibility on kayaking has been widely investigated. However, little information is found regarding psychological factors such as motivation and how they are simultaneously involved. Therefore, this research aims to analyse the elements of physical (arm muscle strength and waist flexibility) and psychological (achievement motivation) conditions on the ability to row a kayak. A total of 17 male athletes in Aceh province, Indonesia, participated in this research voluntarily. Participants were athletes registered with the Indonesian Rowing Association and had participated in championships at the provincial level (22.32 ± 1.02 years, 71.56 ± 3.64 kg, 173.09 ± 2.17 cm, and BMI 23.89 ± 2.88). Each data was collected using push and pull dynamometer tests, sit and reach tests, questionnaires, and ergometer machines. The data were then analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analysis. The results showed that arm muscle strength, waist flexibility, and achievement motivation influenced kayak rowing ability (R = 0.933; F = 29.17; p < .05). Partially, the influence value of arm muscle strength was R = 0.727; F = 16.79; t = 4.09; p < .05, waist flexibility was R = 0.695; F = 14.04; t = 3.74; p < .05, and achievement motivation was R = 0.817; F = 30.13; t = 5.48; p < .05. Of these three elements, motivation was reported as the most dominant element, followed by arm muscle strength and waist flexibility. Finally, it is important for coaches, athletes, and practitioners to consider these elements in achieving optimal rowing ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Handstand skills are one of the materials that must be mastered by students through Physical Education (PE) learning. However, the learning media used by the teacher has not been effective in achieving this goal. Therefore, this study aims to develop Android-based gymnastics learning media to improve handstand skills in junior high school students. The design used is Research and Development (R & D) which adopts the Plomp model and pre-experimental to test its effectiveness. A total of 47 junior high school students in Indonesia participated in this study. Then, 9 experts were also involved to assess the feasibility of the product before it was implemented. The procedures in this study consisted of preliminary research, prototyping phase, and assessment phase. Product effectiveness testing includes pre-test data, use of Android-based learning media, and post-test data. The instrument used was a handstand skills test, and the duration of the treatment was ± 1 month. Validity and reliability data were analysed using the validity coefficient V from Aiken and Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC), while product effectiveness used a t-test. The results showed that the average validity was 0.87 (high) and the reliability was 0.88 (very high). The results of testing the effectiveness of the product also showed that the Android-based gymnastics learning media was effective for improving handstand skills (p < .05), with an average post-test of 70.93 > pre-test of 63.45 and the difference is 7.48. In conclusion, students in junior high school can develop their handstand skills by using Android-based gymnastics learning media. This research is expected to be able to overcome the limitations in learning, both for PE teachers, junior high school students, and gymnastics practitioners in improving handstand skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]