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Objective: The objective of this study is to measure levels of Vitamin D3 and leptin and assess their relation of each to the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Design: This was a cohort observational study. Settings: This study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tanta University. Materials and Methods: Ninety lean women were enrolled in this study and were allocated into two groups with 45 patients in each group: the first group (study group) who are lean women with PCOS and the second group (control group) who are the lean infertile patients without PCOS. Blood samples were collected and tested for study parameters. Results: There were no significant differences regarding demographic characteristics between both groups. The differences were in ovarian volume and hormonal profiles. Serum leptin was found to be significantly increased in lean PCOS than in control groups. Vitamin D3 levels were found to be lower in the lean PCOS group than in control group. Conclusion: Lean PCOS women are a unique group with specific hormonal profiles different from the typical PCOS profiles. Leptin and Vitamin D3 may have a role in the pathogenesis of lean PCOS, but large studies are still required regarding this unique group.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of nontense vaginal hydrocele in male partner with oligoasthenospermia on the success rates of the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Patients and Methods: Enrolled patients (n = 60) were divided into two groups: Group I who have oligoasthenospermia with nontense vaginal hydrocele (study group) and Group II who have oligoasthenospermia with no hydrocele group (control group). The primary outcomes included the fertilization and pregnancy rates whereas the secondary outcomes included any complications occurred. Results: There were no differences in demographic characteristics between both groups. Semen parameters were poorer in the hydrocele group than in the nonhydrocele group regarding count and motility (P < 0.001). The volume of testis was reduced significantly in the hydrocele group (P < 0.001). The results of ICSI regarding fertilization rate, number and quality of developed embryos, and pregnancy rates are not statistically different between both groups. Conclusion: Hydrocele affects both sperm count and motility, but it has no effects on ICSI outcomes. Clinical pregnancy rate was comparable in patients with or without hydrocele. Hence, the surgical management of hydrocele before ICSI is not recommended.