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INSTRUCTION: Large prospective studies have established an independent association between hearing impairment and cognitive decline (Lin FR et.al. 2011, Gallacher J et.al. 2012). Individuals with mild to severe hearing loss have a 2- to 5-fold increased risk of developing dementia compared with those with normal hearing (Lin FR et.al. 2011). Moreover, neuroimaging studies (Peelle JE 2011, Lin FR et.al. 2014) report an association between peripheral hearing impairment and temporal lobe cortex and whole brain atrophy. A combination of several interdependent mechanisms could account for this association, such as vascular risk factors, neurodegenerative processes affecting both peripheral auditory pathways and the cerebral cortex, social isolation, and reduced cognitive stimulation. Based on these reports, hearing rehabilitation using conventional hearing aids has logically been proposed as a treatment to help improve neurocognitive performance; however, the impact of the rehabilitation generated controversial results, with a beneficial effect reported in only half of the elderly groups presented in the published analyses (Mulrow CD et.al. 1990, Tesch-Römer C 1997, Acar B et.al. 2011, Choi AY et.al. 2011, Lin FR et.al. 2013, Van Hooren SA 2005). In cases of acquired severe to profound hearing loss with no benefit from conventional amplification, cochlear implantation that uses direct electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve has proved to be successful; patients 80 years or older are one of the groups receiving benefit (Carlson ML et.al. 2010, Williamson RA, et. al. 2009). Moreover, similar to younger patients with cochlear implants, most elderly patients who have received implants show an increase in social activities and improved confidence (Vermeire K et.al. 2005, Clark JH et.al. 2012, Olze H et.al. 2012). To the best of our knowledge, the relationship between hearing benefit following cochlear implantation and cognitive abilities in elderly patients has not been investigated. The longitudinal multicenter study was to assess speech perception, cognitive abilities, and quality-of-life scores before implantation and at 6 and 12 months after cochlear implant activation inpatients 65 years or older (Isabelle Mosnier MD et.al. 2015). So we aimed to determine these benefits on Alzheimer's Disease. CASE HISTORY: A 81 year old woman presented for evaluation of postlingual bilateral hearing loss which had been increased progressively during 25 years. She had been used hearing aid on left ear for 24 years. She had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease for 15 years. Preoperative Evaluation: The case's preoperative evaluation included audiologic, otolaryngologic, linguistic - rehabilitative (included Ling's sound, three syllables - one syllable -- sentences discrimination tests), cognitive, quality of life, depression and neurological assessments. Surgical Procedure: A left cochlear implantation of a nucleus 22 CI24RE (ST) device was performed without difficulty. Radiologic findings confirmed that the implant had been properly positioned. The patient was discharged from the hospital the following day. Postoperative Evaluation: After one month an operation, the case's implant was connected to Nucleus 5 speech processor. Impedance levels of all electrodes were normal. NRT of the default electrodes (included 22, 16, 11, 6) were normal, but there was no NRT on first electrode. Mapping and aural rehabilitation procedures were performed according to standard guidelines. Audiologic tests, mapping procedure were repeated at 1, 3, 6 months, 1, 2 years postoperatively, and results were compared with the preoperative findings. Rehabilitation procedure was repeated at 3, 6 months, 1, 2 years postoperatively, and results were compared with the preoperative findings. Conclusion: Epidemiologic studies demonstrate that the anticipated number of people aged 60 years or older will double by the year 2050. As a consequence, the number of people with cognitive impairment and dementia will dramatically increase, reaching more than 100 million worldwide by 2050. Because there is no curative treatment available for cognitive decline, clinical research is needed that focuses on identification of risk factors to establish preventive measures that may reduce the burden of the disease. Further research is needed to evaluate the longterm influence of hearing restoration on cognitive decline and its effect on public health (Prince M et.al. 2009, Brookmeyer R et. al. 2007). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Role of parents in early childhood language development is quite important. The children of young age learn the language from their daily life experiences and especially during their interactions with their parents. However, families with hearing-impaired children have difficulty communicating with their children. The language development characteristics of hearing-impaired children using hearing aids or cochlear implants are closely related to the characteristics of the language input provided to them by their families. The purpose of this study is to assess the use of facilitative language techniques by families of hearing-impaired children using cochlear implants Material and Method: Study was carried out with eight children who are hearing-impaired, aged one to three years, have severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss, use a cochlear implant (uni/bilateral) and were trained with the Auditory-Verbal Therapy (AVT) and the mothers of these children. In order to collect the data, the interactions of the mother with the child were recorded for 15 minutes. The techniques used by the mothers are marked according to their frequency in the entry form developed by the researcher. Results and Conclusions: A result of the study, a significant increase in both the number and variety of the use of facilitative language techniques were determined for all of the surveyed mothers in comparison to the preliminary evaluation. The use of facilitative language techniques by mothers has been found out to be feasible and it is thought to be beneficial to include these techniques in early childhood intervention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Hydrocephalus can be defined broadly as a disorder of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) formation or absorption, leading to an increase in volume occupied by this fluid in the central nervous system (CNS). Birth defects or acquired other things in later life can cause Hydrocephalus. Birth defects arise from neural tube defects or aquaductal stenosis. Other reasons include meningitis, brain tumors, intracerebral hemorrhages, subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury. Hydrocephalus is generally treated by the surgical intervention of shunt system. The aim of this report of case with hydrocephalus is to demonstrate early outputs in pursuit of cochlear implantation in the same side with shunt system in teenage girl. We investigate whether the shunt system suitable or not when thought together with other complications. Case Presentation: There are not any risk factors at prenatal medical history of the 14 year-old girl who suffers from Hydrocephalus. At natal medical history low birth weight, premature birth and anoxaemia problems are observed. Also, the mentioned patient was born via in vitro fertilization and her twin sister was born as dead. Considering the postnatal medical history, the patient has undergone the highest increased level of bilirubin and throughout 2 months she has been treated with phototherapy at newborn intensive care unit. She had a shunt surgical operation at the right side when she was just 3 months because of hydrocephalus as craniofacial abnormality. Up to 13 years old, she had hypothyroid treatment, epilepsy treatment, laser eye surgical operation and now, she has only hearing and communication disorders. Her hearing loss was recognized by her teacher when she was 6 years old and then she has been bilateral hearing aid user. In addition her hearing loss progressed in time, we determined bilaterally profound hearing loss at last assessment. And also her hearing aids are not sufficient for hearing performance and language development. Gains of left hearing aid were better than right one so when the cochlear implantation was planned, it should be operated on the right side. Language performance was assessed with PLS- 4 and receptive-expressive language age was detected as 5,5-6 year-old and she lives many difficulties at her academic progress. On the other side there aren't any complications with regards to cochlear implantation at brain diffusion and temporal bone magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography. In accordance with these findings, she was followed as a cochlear implant candidate and eventually she underwent surgery at last March. Med --El Synchrony implant was implanted and Sonnet sound processor was preferred. Because of the shunt system has not an electromagnetic feature, there were not any complications during the surgical placement. Also during follow- up, she was assessed and supported through therapies in the sense of auditory perception. Conclusion: The most comfortable levels with cochlear implant were adjusted via auropalpebral reflexes at the first post-op fitting whereas the threshold levels were regulated according to automatically %10 of most comfortable levels. We determined free field thresholds with cochlear implant at post-op first control approximately 40 -50 dB HL. In conclusion, she has better hearing performance and enhanced quality of life according to before. We will continue intensive auditory verbal therapy and following for the best outcomes from implantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]