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Several investigations have evaluated the research trajectory concerning entrepreneurship; nonetheless, only a few studies have examined the literature trajectory regarding entrepreneurship in tourism. Therefore, this research explores papers spanning from 2013 to 2023, mapping thematic, intellectual, and conceptual frameworks using bibliometric techniques. The research delves into scientific output, prolific authors, influential articles, co-occurrence of keywords, co-citations, and many others. The keywords "tourism" OR "travel & tourism" AND "entrepreneurship" OR "entrepreneur" were strategically employed to encompass 514 articles and review papers published in English between 2013 and 2023. VOSviewer was used as a technique for doing topic grouping alongside performance analysis. With 85 articles, 2023 is the most productive year. The most influential institution is "The Hong Kong Polytechnic University" and the nation is the United Kingdom correspondingly. Likewise, the most renowned journal is "Tourism management," and the most productive journal is "journal of sustainable tourism". Furthermore, the most cited article is "Scale, change and resilience in community tourism planning." This research provides researchers with insights into the existing state of research on entrepreneurship in tourism and offers guidance for future research. This study is the inaugural endeavor to present both performance evaluations and scientific clusters of the literature on entrepreneurship in tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Envy and jealousy arising out of human emotions have received limited attention in the entrepreneurship literature. This paper explored the nature and existence of envy and jealousy, as well as their causes, effects and management in entrepreneurship. A qualitative case study design and convenience sampling were used to select four CEOs of entrepreneurial firms in Ghana. Interviews were conducted to understand the phenomenon from the respondents' viewpoints. Thematic analysis was done to guide the Ghanaian narrative of envy and jealousy and their nexus with firms' success or otherwise. The paper found that envy and jealousy are different phenomena that exist in entrepreneurial activities, their nature is suggestive and manifest changes in demeanour where a normal characteristic of frowning deepens into a scowl, gossip, apathy and "eye service". Envy and jealousy were caused by perceived favoritism arising out of lack of transparency, selfishness, greed and nepotism. Envy and jealousy lead to increased labour turnover, loss of revenue and sometimes sabotage but positively make the envied person resilient and hardworking. It, therefore, requires skillful strategies to attenuate the negative effects of envy and jealousy through education, transparent communication, discipline, friendliness and firm and fair management strategies. This paper provides better insights to help keep businesses alive by way of awareness creation to encourage entrepreneurs to consider envy and jealousy as possible factors that can destroy companies. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to provide insight into the phenomenon of envy and jealousy in the field of entrepreneurship using Ghanaian narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the diverse shades of financial resource acquisition within the South-Asian context of Pakistan with emphasis on the interrelationship between impression management tactics and entrepreneurial reputations. This paper provides valuable information about the various factors that influence the likelihood of obtaining funds within the context of a reputation-based model. Analyzing impression management strategies, including Self-Promotion, Ingratiation, Supplication, Exemplification, and Intimidation, we identified various effects on resource acquisition. As seen with Self-Promotion as the most influential strategy, other factors also appear to have mixed impacts, suggesting that success is contingent upon the strategies being adapted to specific conditions. Entrepreneurial reputation appears as an important element for moderating this relationship. The relationship between strategy and reputation reveals how reputation either enhances or mitigates impression management. When Intimidation is used, its effectiveness is lessened if there is a positive reputation to counteract it; however, this is not the case with Ingratiation. The findings of our study can guide entrepreneurs, business managers, and policymakers and underscore the need for timely management of organizational reputation and inclusive policymaking for distributive justice in the sharing of resources. In addition, we outline future research directions, together with options such as longitudinal analysis, cross-cultural comparisons, analysis of digital platforms, and the impact of new technologies on the financial resource acquisition processes. In this context, by focusing on these issues, our work enriches the understanding of financial resource acquisition processes occurring in reputation-based entrepreneurial environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the theoretical landscape of global entrepreneurship through a bibliometric analysis. The documents in peer-reviewed papers and conference proceedings are included for the study from the Scopus database based on selected keywords on global and international entrepreneurship. The Biblioshiny package under R programming and VOS viewer is used for analysis. A total of 2531 documents were taken for an in-depth investigation. The findings of the study are; many authors contribute to global entrepreneurship, and they focuses on various areas in global entrepreneurship field, collaborative patterns, trend topics, emerging themes, and future research topics in this theme. The study is purely based on the Scopus database. Hence, other databases are not taken into account. The Scientific Procedures and Rationales for Systematic Literature Reviews methodology were used in this study to understand the trends. The reliability may be affected by the intrinsic flaws in the bibliometric analysis. Primary data not used for the study are considered as limitations. The findings offer insights to scholars, practitioners, policymakers, and entrepreneurs for framing policies, programs, schemes, and activities to develop global entrepreneurship for a promising future for the entrepreneurs and the nation's prosperity. The study's originality lies in the structured literature review. The methodology provides a framework for the state of global entrepreneurship in the past and present and directions for the future. Global entrepreneurship helps to solve problems and to build sustainable global entrepreneurial practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is extensive as a whole and relies on a detailed bibliometric analysis to gain a better understanding of the transformation landscape in artificial intelligence (AI)-related entrepreneurship. A thorough analysis of data, taken from the Scopus database, results in clarified trends identifying AI as an increasingly important component of entrepreneurship from various perspectives. We extracted the bibliographic record from Scopus for 197 documents on AI in entrepreneurship research. By conducting bibliometric analysis, we tried to understand the top-influential and productive papers, authors, sources, and the significant contributing countries and institutions that use AI in entrepreneurship research. This study also intends to identify the most influential and productive writers and development of the discipline of AI in entrepreneurship. The insights identified at the base of this analysis are not only beneficial for exploring the rapidly developing field of AI entrepreneurship. They are also beneficial with respect to several practical implications for different stakeholders and fields. While the above distinguishes provide crucial findings that should be considered for further research within the rapidly changing sector of AI entrepreneurship, they have important implications for various concerned parties, of which researchers, practitioners, and policy makers not the least. The found themes and sub-themes, including business process automation, technology-based innovation, AI-reliant business models, as well as AI role in facilitating startup happenings, represent directions in which the academical research along with practical application is set to get into more detail in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This conceptual and theoretical research argues about some implications of the post-development era for rural entrepreneurship as a new developmental strategy and approach. This paper tries to remind us that the entrepreneurship is not an easy ride and has some dark sides; therefore, there is a pressing need to make entrepreneurship more welcoming to criticism and to clarify its common sense ways of thinking and practicing. From the methodological point of view, this study is some sort of an explanatory and instrumental case study and its focus is on the process of rural development in Iran as a specific event or phenomenon. The paper draws on Campbell Jones and André Spicer's critical theory and approach and is inspired by Aram Ziai's skeptical post-development in order to unmask the mainstream entrepreneurship discourse and practice in Iran. The paper claims that although rural entrepreneurship is not a deceitful mirage or malignant myth, its current situation in Iran is definitely a sharp deviance from the classic development goals, and therefore the deconstruction of its mainstream discourse and practices is an urgent need. As the main propose of the paper, this deconstruction should be based on a skeptical and critical unmasking theoretical framework. Through answering some important questions, one of the main arguments of the paper is that now it is time to return to the classical goals of development, but after exercising some radical discursive and practical entrepreneurial policy changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tremendous speed of technological progress has accelerated the diffusion of digital technological innovation among students. The advances in technology have motivated students' orientation towards digital entrepreneurship and their intention to become potential entrepreneurs. This study aims at examining digital entrepreneurship characteristics, their impact on the perceived business opportunity, and whether students' personality traits moderate the relationship between entrepreneurial characteristics and perceived business opportunity. This paper also examines the situation in greater depth to check the influence of gender on digital entrepreneurial characteristics, personality traits, and perceived business opportunities. To quantify the effects of the structural model, this paper incorporates a quantitative research methodology that uses a PLS-SEM approach. This study revealed that digital entrepreneurship characteristics such as optimism and realism strongly influence business opportunities, whereas pessimism harms entrepreneurial business opportunities. Optimism, pessimism, realism, and students' personality traits significantly differ across the gender categories, whereas perceived business opportunities do not differ significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minority entrepreneurs significantly contribute to Canada's economic development. This contribution to the Canadian economy comes in various forms, including setting up businesses such as convenience stores, ethnic restaurants, and financial services. This paper aims to explore the motivation for entrepreneurship among Black population in Alberta, Canada. Using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, the study shows that many Black entrepreneurs are "pulled" rather than "pushed" into entrepreneurship. Although some participants were pushed into entrepreneurship because of labor market exclusion, the majority were opportunity seekers who pursued entrepreneurship as a strategic response to opportunity structures in their environment rather than a reactive response to escape ethnic penalties. This study emphasizes the complex relationships between minorities' characteristics and resources and the opportunity structures that affect the ability to start a business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese entrepreneurs in Malaysia and Indonesia experienced the Asian Financial Crisis and emerged from it stronger than ever in their own economies. In contrast, many indigenous entrepreneurs were bankrupted by the financial crisis. This paper seeks to explore the reasons that contributed to the resilience of the Chinese diaspora entrepreneurs in the respective economies. The study will not only contribute to a better understanding of diaspora entrepreneurs but also determine factors that enhance the resilience of entrepreneurs. In order to synthesise the research on resilience and Chinese diaspora entrepreneurs in Malaysia and Indonesia, the study employs a historical institutionalism method. The study shows that resilience capacities identified in the literature include financial, physical, informational, and social resources; cognitive, behavioural, and emotional capabilities; and personality traits are acquired or developed within a turbulent environment and deployed in future such environments, i.e. experience is key to the development of the capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is economically acknowledged that entrepreneurship is a major solution vital to solve several economic, social, and environmental consternation. It has been and will keep on to be one of the most important drivers of universal economic and social development and sustainability. Entrepreneurship is well-defined as the capacity and willingness to formulate, organize, and manage a business venture along with anyone its risks to make a profit. Tunisian women associated with entrepreneurial development process have been increasingly recognized as important untapped sources of economic and social growths. Women are very important in any country's development and play a significant role for the alleviation of socio economic problems. In fact, women entrepreneurs prove to participate remarkably in creating new jobs not only for themselves, but also for others and to be different. They provide the society with different solutions to deal with managerial, organizational, and business issues. In this context, the present paper seeks to kindle awareness about women's enterprises and their contribution to enhancing as well as creating a business women's specific entrepreneurial ecosystem. This paper looks into the effect of female entrepreneurship on economic and social development in Tunisia. The results indicate that female entrepreneurship is an economic channel, which has a significant and beneficial effect. Most importantly, the special value of the paper lies in the fact that start-up businesses have proven to be a real driver of economic development. They are perceived as an effective means to boost employment opportunities, income distribution, wealth creation and poverty reduction. It is important to note that entrepreneurship is increasingly seen as a development-promoting tool and it is recognized that the more countries facilitate entrepreneurship, the higher economic development they tend to have. The main finding of this paper is that despite the level of development of any country that it is located in, countries would gain from encouraging entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims to assess the existing shortfalls in the model used for the computation of the Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI) especially for economies that have not participated in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) annual surveys. Due to the lack of participation of some countries in these annual surveys, the authors of the GEI try to estimate the individual factors of the GEM non-members by employing data from member countries called "nearby and similar countries." Using some examples and several statistical robust methods, this paper demonstrated that the estimated individual factors of non-member countries, especially in underdeveloped countries, will lead to an unavoidable error. Likewise, it was showed that, due to the unpredictable nature of individual factors, the use of the previous data is not justifiable. Additionally, this study showed that the use of the arithmetic mean (AM) will overestimate the individual factors for non-member countries, while the geometric mean (GM) has the capability of accurate estimation. Finally, using statistical procedures such as cluster analysis, non-parametric methods, and model selection methods, it was shown that the GEI values are divided into two different clusters. It seems that the main reason for this distinction was a dissimilarity between the GEI amount in the GEM members and non-members, which may be due to employing incorrect estimators and the underlying methods of the GEI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Integrating the resource-based view and institutional approach, this study aims to examine how resource-based factors and formal and informal institutional context interact in influencing the international engagement. Design/methodology/approach: Based on the data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor surveys, this paper performs a multilevel estimation approach in which cross-level (random effects) moderation analysis is applied. Findings: This paper offers new insights into the internationalisation by ascertaining the primary role of resource-based factors in influencing internationalisation. In addition, it reveals the differential contingent values of formal and informal institutions in regard to the relationship between resource-based characteristics and internationalisation. Practical implications: The research findings reveal the importance of the country-specific institutional system to drive early stage entrepreneurs' intention to go international. In addition, the significant impacts of formal and informal institutions call upon policy-makers to improve institutional environments (e.g. government policies, governmental programmes, entrepreneurial finance, market openness, commercial and professional infrastructure, intellectual property rights, etc.). Research originality: This research indicates that the degree of internationalization increases when entrepreneurs possess the necessary resources and under suitable formal and informal institutional environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to assess the implication of attitude of graduate students in Oman towards entrepreneurship. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and a multivariate regression model were used to assess the attitude and identify its influencing factors. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire, with a sample of 165 students, selected from four colleges in Muscat. Results show that although graduates in Oman have a positive attitude towards entrepreneurship, preference to start their own business after graduation is low. Increasing graduates' business knowledge and understanding of business risk, in addition to promoting entrepreneurship education can positively influence their attitude towards entrepreneurship. The government, higher education institutions and business incubators have an important role to play in changing the attitude of graduates towards entrepreneurship, and setting effective entrepreneurship strategies. Recommendations for future research have been made at the end of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of entrepreneurship to a nation development is unneglectable. Malaysian government has carried out various supporting activities to promote entrepreneurial activities in the country. However, the results were less embracing, especially among the young adults. As such, understanding of what influence young adults' intention towards entrepreneurship is important in the effort of entrepreneurship development. This study was carried out to address the university students' level of entrepreneurial intention and the influence of individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) on entrepreneurial intention. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 176 undergraduate students from a public university with 'entrepreneurial university' status. The results indicated that university students demonstrated intention towards entrepreneurship and were quite positive towards becoming entrepreneurs. In addition, university students' entrepreneurial intention was found to be positively affected by their quality of proactiveness and innovativeness. However, risk-taking ability was not an influential factor on entrepreneurial intention. Theoretically, this paper confirmed the importance of studying EO at the individual level. Practically, it suggested that higher learning institutions should pay careful attention in designing their entrepreneurship education curriculum. Specifically, the entrepreneurship training should focus on enhancing students IEO ability and increasing their entrepreneurial intention. Recommendations for future researchers have also been put forth at the end of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to understand an entrepreneur's decision to either the services or manufacturing sectors of the Ghanaian economy. This objective is significant because it provides an extension of current stream of literature, specifically, the Evans and Jovanovic (EJ) Model which focuses largely on an entrepreneur's decision to start a business. The study seeks to understand the industry choice of an entrepreneur by adopting the entrepreneurial orientation concept as its theoretical base. Data for the study is collected from entrepreneurs in Accra, Ghana and analysed by means of structural equation modelling precededwhich is by a confirmatory factor analysis of the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) scale. The estimation results indicate that, entrepreneurs with high risk-taking thresholds are more likely to enter into the manufacturing sector while innovative individuals are more likely to enter into the services sector. Proactiveness is not seen to be significant. The results show that an entrepreneur's personal characteristics influence the choice of industry he or she will participate in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women entrepreneurs have significant contributions to the economies of sub-Saharan Africa. However, women in this region are facing a shocking array of challenges in their business environment. This paper examines the challenges facing women entrepreneurs in the food processing industry in Iringa, Tanzania. The study employs interviews and focus group discussions in collecting data and utilizes content analysis for interpreting findings. The findings indicate that these women entrepreneurs face problems of lack of access to markets, unequal social responsibility and lack of enough capital. Our findings also show that women entrepreneurs in the food processing business of the region employ an array of transversal strategies in order tackle and mitigate the socio-cultural challenges, including the creation of economic groups and entrepreneurship clubs. Our work sheds light on the issues that women entrepreneurs in the food processing industry struggle with in Iringa. Furthermore, we present the general and transversal strategies that they use in order to mitigate the problem and finally put forward the use of mobile technology as a transversal tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High rates of youth unemployment across the world have captured the attention of many world organizations and other policy makers. One policy solution that has been proposed to curb these high rates is encouraging youth entrepreneurship. In this paper, we examine the formation of attitudes that are favorable to entrepreneurship using data from 185 business students in South India. We adopt an approach that tests the relative efficacy of two principal factors in the formation of entrepreneurial attitude, i.e., stocks of youth human/social capital and a series of personality traits. Results from a probit model suggest that the youth's prior labor market experience, the social capital that youth have accumulated through volunteering, and the social connections that parents have made are all highly predictive of pro-entrepreneurial attitudes; personality traits exert less importance. Implications for these findings are discussed for the creation of strategies that can stimulate entrepreneurship among youth as one way to combat high rates of youth unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the authors have investigated the factors that affect the decision to start a new business among Indians, using a sample of 2700 interviews of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2012 Adult Population Survey Data. Demographic and perceptual factors have been used as independent variables and Intentional Entrepreneur has been used as the dependent variable. Logistic Regression Model has been employed to measure the influence of independent variables on the dependent variables. Findings show that gender, perceived opportunities, self-efficacy (confidence in one's own ability, knowledge and skills), and risk perception are the major determining factors of new business start up in India. Policy implications of the findings have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to determine whether countries where large firms are very dominant have less entrepreneurial activities. There is anecdotal evidence that the continued decline in the business dynamism or the number of start-ups in the United States is said to be partly attributed to large firms. One key explanation is that the regulatory environment tends to favor existing large firms - an environment that allows near monopolies and a protection of tiny entrepreneurial elite. Using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data together with the World Bank - International Finance Corporation's MSME country indicators, I empirically test whether large firm dominance influences entrepreneurial activities as well as intentions. Using fixed effects regression analysis on unbalanced panel of 40 countries over the period 2002-2007, I found that the entrepreneurship potential of a country is potentially at risk if the growth of large firms' stake in the economy is left unchallenged. In particular, a one percentage point increase in the share of large firms to total employment is associated with 0.35 percentage point lower total early-stage entrepreneurial activity rate, holding other factors constant. Also, worth noting is the sensitivity of entrepreneurial intentions to large firm dominance. A one percentage point increase in the share of large firms to total employment dampens (i.e., by 0.56 percentage point) intentions of latent entrepreneurs to start a business within the next 3 years, other factors remaining constant. This second-order effect of large firm dominance depends heavily on the country's institutions. Thus, it is critical for governments to foster a dynamic system that guarantees free competition and rewards creativity. Likewise, it is necessary to review and amend policies that seem to favor large firms that compromise the establishment as well as growth of smaller enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We intend to see how interventions during a business plan competition workshop impact the relationship between the personality, intellectual capital, entrepreneurial skills of the participants and their entrepreneur identity aspiration. INVENT is a nation-wide business plan competition in which university students from all over Pakistan (around 3000) participate. This is a 5 month process which involves a lot of training and mentoring during the various rounds. The interventions to promote entrepreneurship take place in the form of lectures, workshops, case studies, and mentoring sessions. The survey was conducted in two phases; the baseline survey was conducted during the initial workshops and the second survey was conducted towards the end of the competition and finals. In this paper, we evaluate the results of the baseline survey conducted during the initial workshops. To test the model, the constructs of entrepreneurial personality, intellectual capital, entrepreneurial skills and business program inputs were validated followed by factor analysis and structural equation modeling. We found out that the entrepreneurial interventions carried out in the workshops led to positive relationships between the variables and had a positive impact on the Entrepreneur Identity Aspiration of the participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper explores the role played by farmer entrepreneurs in making farming a profitable livelihood avenue in Lower Brahmaputra Valley in Assam. Agricultural entrepreneurship is often construed as a means for empowering the rural unemployed youth. In this context of Assam, the present paper attempts to understand the reasons for agriculture remaining unprofitable and the strategies used by the emerging agricultural entrepreneurs in promoting it as a profitable like a business venture. It is based on key informant interviews with 30 agricultural entrepreneurs in the Lower Brahmaputra Valley, Assam. A multi-stage sampling procedure was adopted to select districts, block, villages, and agripreneurs. The qualitative data was coded with the help of ATLAS ti software and analyzed with the help of SPSS. Results have shown that farmers in the Lower Brahmaputra Valley have more potential in the farming sector but self-motivation is highly required. Most of them were less educated and from the family background of farming. To promote the agripreneurship concept in Assam government, officials have to be free from corruption and partiality based on their political links. Middle man, low awareness, less knowledge about the crops, market facilities and most importantly demand and supply comes as a constraint in developing entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector. Results have also indicated that in lower Brahmaputra Valley, Assam farmers are facing lots of problems including human-wildlife conflict, irrigation, and improved variety of seeds. A common platform and unity amongst farmers regarding the prices of the product are very much important without which farmers fail to get the benefits. Societal recognition is more important in pursuing an occupation like agricultural entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets out to ascertain and to revisit the concept of Entrepreneurial Intention (EI) among international students in Turkey. By utilizing Ajzen's theory of planned behavior (TPB) as the explaining model, this paper shows that EI obviously exists among the international students in Turkey. In particular, the respondents were determined by using simple random sampling method. Hereby, self-administered online questionnaires were delivered to several social media platform groups, such as WhatsApp, e-mail, Messenger, and Facebook groups of international students who recently study in 12 big cities and 25 universities across Turkey. By employing correlation, descriptive statistics, and structural analysis, the results notify that Personal Attitude (PA) and Subjective Norm (SN) of international students in Turkey generally show high mean scores. Otherwise, the Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) performs neither high nor low mean score. Furthermore, the structural test output by utilizing SmartPLS3 indicates that PA and PBC statistically perform significant and positive direct effect on EI. Whilst, on the other hand, SN does not appear to statistically contribute to the variation of EI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of personal cultural orientation and behavioral aspect of cultural intelligence on subjective success in self-employment in a multi-ethnic context. Based on Sharma (J Acad Mark Sci 38: 787-806, 2010) taxonomy of personal cultural orientations, the paper examines the impact of interdependence and social inequality orientations on subjective success in self-employment (measured in terms of job satisfaction). Self-employed individuals working in multiethnic communities in East Africa (Uganda and Kenya) were compared with their counterparts in Germany operating in a less culturally or ethnically diverse context. Moderated mediation analysis using PROCESS macro model 8 is applied to measure the direct and indirect effects. Interdependence and social inequality cultural orientations were positively related to subjective success in self-employment for the East African sample, but not for the Germany sample. The results revealed that the impact of these cultural orientations on subjective success is mediated by behavioral cultural intelligence. However, these indirect effects vary between Germany and East Africa. Similar to cross-cultural settings, multiethnic business settings involve doing business with people from various ethnic and linguistic backgrounds. This requires the entrepreneur to behave in a manner that demonstrates appreciation and respect of other people's cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40497-021-00297-8 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship is widely argued to be critical for economic development and alleviating extreme poverty. However, entrepreneurship research in sub-Saharan Africa has not received much attention over the last few decades possibly due to a lack of sufficient resources. It is becoming increasingly important as Africa, especially sub-Saharan Africa, is developing rapidly and moving from a resource-based economy to one of innovation and progress. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), this paper discusses the opinions of national expert informants in Angola, Madagascar, Mozambique and South Africa and looks at the factors which are possibly hindering and inhibiting entrepreneurial development. The results indicate that there are four main inhibitors ranging from lack of access to finance, government policies, regulations and practices for entrepreneurs and the poor levels of entrepreneurship education. Some recommendations are made as to what can be done to assist in promoting economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to extend theory of planned behaviour (TPB) model by focussing on intention-action gap, which is considered by academic researchers as under-researched area. It further examines the moderating role of entrepreneurial motivation between intention and behaviour (action) to enhance predictability of TPB on senior level engineering students in Pakistan. Survey conducted with 448 engineering students from four major engineering institutions for data collection. Structural equation modelling (SEM) and partial least square (PLS) method has been employed for analysing PLS path modelling, hypotheses testing, mediation and moderation analysis. Results reveal that attitude and perceived behaviour control are positively related to entrepreneurial intentions (EIs) and predictors of EIs have an overall variance of 48% in EIs. Entrepreneurial motivation significantly effects intention-behaviour link in TPB which is novel finding in extension of TPB. This is the first study of its kind which explains intention-action gap and include entrepreneurial motivation in TPB as researchers considered longitudinal studies appropriate to investigate intention-action gap. Results reinforced the idea of incorporation of supporting constructs in TPB. Conceptual model contributes theoretically to the existing framework of TPB by enhancing predictive power for better understanding of entrepreneurial behavioural development. Study provide base for future studies on intention-behaviour link in TPB to explain entrepreneurial behaviour for application in various perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the in-depth development of informatization, the role of new ventures and small and micro enterprises in economic growth has become increasingly prominent. However, rare literature systematically studies the impact of informatization on entrepreneurship. Based on the data from the 2011 China Household Finance Survey and the Report of China Informationization Development Assessment (2013), this paper uses the probit model, the multiple-choice probit model, and the Heckman two-stage model to examine the influence of informationization on entrepreneurial choices and entrepreneurial performance. The research finds the following conclusions. Firstly, informationization not only significantly improves the probability of entrepreneurship, but also facilitates the realization of income and employment effects from entrepreneurship. Secondly, information infrastructure, government informationization, and resident informationization, as informationization dimensions, can significantly increase the probability of entrepreneurship, although enterprise informationization plays an opposite role. Finally, the influence of informationization on promoting entrepreneurship varies with entrepreneurial type and entrepreneurial industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This longitudinal qualitative study aimed at investigating and analyzing rural entrepreneurship in the era of globalization. The main goal of this paper is to form and present a theoretical alternative for mainstream economic rural entrepreneurship. For this purpose, 40 entrepreneurs, experts, and practitioners in the agricultural and rural sector were specifically selected and textual data analysis was done by content analysis method using a strategy of theoretical coding (open and axial). The interviews have been done in two time periods from 2015 to 2018 in four Iran provinces. The results show that it is possible to separate four distinct types of rural entrepreneurship in Iran: (1) the orthodox globalized economic rural entrepreneurship, which is based on the productivist approach and economic development in agriculture; (2) the globalized technological rural entrepreneurship with the aim of the commercialization of agriculture through heavy using of technology; (3) the globalized applied scientific rural entrepreneurship with the emphasis on the applied literature in the history of development; and finally (4) the (rural) entrepreneurship as a supplementary of (rural) development, which tries to go beyond the dichotomies like rural-urban, and the mainstream entrepreneurialism. The main suggestion of the research is the so-called "Anti-globalized Cultural Rural Entrepreneurship" that is a constructed rural entrepreneurship, and actually a process aiming to shift and transform the rural entrepreneurship discourse to the multifunctional agriculture and social movement domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The street food sector in Sub-Saharan Africa is a source of affordable and nutritious meals for the urban poor, while also being an important source of income for the women who dominate this sector. Despite the importance of this sector, many micro- and informal enterprises are labelled as "survivalist", beyond the reach of common development policies, which give priority to so-called growth-oriented enterprises. When given the chance to speak for themselves, do enterprises express any aspirations to grow? Contrary to the literature, our findings show that necessity-driven enterprises do aspire to grow and that this is true for both those owned by men and women. Using contextual interaction theory, this paper explains why it is possible for previous authors to come to such a different conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to compare and analyze agricultural transition periods in order to provide a new framework for agricultural development in Iran. Considering the foreseeable future, an innovative or knowledge-based economy will substitute the obsolete economy. In that respect, agriculture sector must adapt to these alternations in order to cope with the posed challenges. Multifunctional agriculture seems to be an enhanced alternative in which entrepreneurship is at the center of it. The results indicate that the focus of the Nation's policies is on agricultural productivism, as well as the assertion of developmental programs that are toward the more involvement of post-productivism in decision-making. Though, the need for entertaining and establishing a more comprehensive conception on Iranian rural and agricultural thought and practice is sensible. It seems that Iran can also benefit from multifunctional agriculture toward sustainability and the production of healthy food. To move toward multifunctional agriculture, which is the same as entrepreneurial agriculture, at first, the economic theory, which is upheld, ought to be altered and taken toward an innovative economy. As a consequence, the agricultural system should also be changed and multifunctional agriculture should be considered while environmental considerations need to be enabled to achieve more entrepreneurial agriculture. To achieve this feat, agricultural education as an enabler of developing non-traditional attitude, entrepreneurial intentions, competencies, identities, and entrepreneurial experiences among young future farmers should not be ignored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the development of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia. It has three research issues, namely the role of MSMEs, their constraints, and the importance of MSMEs for the creation of business opportunities for women. More specifically, the study aims to answer the following research questions. First, how important are MSMEs in Indonesia? Second, what are their main constraints? Third, how important are they, especially micro and small enterprises (MSEs), for the creation of business opportunities for women? Fourth, is the growth of MSEs a sign of increased entrepreneurial spirit or a reflection of poverty? This study adopted descriptive analysis using secondary data. It shows that MSMEs in Indonesia are dominated by MSEs, and accounted for almost 100% of all existing firms but only contributed between 58 to 61% of gross domestic product (GDP). About 42.84% of MSEs are owned by women, although the ratio of female to male entrepreneurs in MSEs varies by province. Poverty seems to be the main force behind the growth of MSEs. This study ends with some policy recommendations that the government should: (i) conduct trainings that focus on online marketing, entrepreneurship, management, and improving the quality of product and business efficiency; (ii) provide alternative funding facilities with low interest rates and non-burdensome requirements; and (iii) provide assistance directly in the production site for new entrepreneurs in their first years of running businesses. In addition, all gender discrimination treatments that have been burdensome for women to run own businesses must be eliminated. This study has, however, several limitations, especially with respect to the third and fourth research questions. Secondary data used does not have information about the main/initial motivation of MSME owners to run their own business and their socio-economic profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to investigate social attributes and factors that influence entrepreneurial behaviors among rural women in Kakamega County, Kenya. A questionnaire survey was administered to 153 rural women entrepreneurs in the County. We found that husband's moral support was very important for the success of women's entrepreneurial ventures. At the market place about 77% of the respondents participated in various social activities. These activities fostered business growth through sharing ideas, group customer sourcing and branding of their products. About 97% of the respondents attributed their business success to the help and inspiration from these social networking groups. The respondents were inspired and motivated to entrepreneurship because of these social activities at the market. About 98% of them agreed that they started business to support their families financially. Through this they achieve financial independence and earn respect in their families and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to investigate effects of national systems of entrepreneurship on the country level efficiency, on addition we find what macro factors affect efficiency as well. From a comprehensive database of 59 countries using GEM, WDI, WCI for 2018 using data envelopment analysis (DEA) we find the results support the theoretical grounding of Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI) hypothesis. The GEI methodology has been designed to capture the core features of the National Systems of Entrepreneurship theory. It approaches country-level entrepreneurship as a systemic phenomenon, which is driven by the interaction between individual-level actions and country-level framework conditions. While discussing country level framework, we have depicted key macroeconomic indicators in the analysis along with GEI index. The DEA analysis followed this framework to assess the performance of the study countries. Though inefficiency widely varies across countries, while the group of factor-driven countries is the most inefficient while innovation-driven economies are the most efficient ones. Subsequently, we apply the Tobit model to explain efficiency. Based on the Tobit regression model, the DEA VRS technical efficient score could be improved through GDP per capita and social capital. From policy perspective, to promote economic growth policy makers should consider national systems of entrepreneurship as their priority so that entrepreneurs can allocate resources in the economy effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces entrepreneurship phases in studying the impact of some government policies on entrepreneurial activities. Entrepreneurship and small business development are the heart of many countries economy, and countries that give entrepreneurship special attention stand better chances of improved economy and industrialization. World over, it is well known that government policies often affect entrepreneurial activities directly and indirectly. But the question is do these policies have equal impact in every entrepreneurship phase. Hence, this study seeks to examine some policy factors that enhance entrepreneurial activities in two of African's emerging economies. And precisely, to identify the most favorable government policy in each entrepreneurship phase. This study was conducted in the economic hub of two African emerging economies (Nigeria and South Africa), where most entrepreneurial activities take place. A total of 1200 questionnaires (650 in Lagos, Nigeria and 550 in Johannesburg, South Africa) were administered. The analysis was in two stages; stage one involved descriptive statistics while stage two involved inferential statistics. Also, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify the most favorable government policy in each entrepreneurship phase. The results show that some variations exist in the policy implementation approaches of both economies. The efficacies and shortcomings associated with the policies impacted entrepreneurial activities. The findings show that the impact of government policies on entrepreneurship phases differ in both countries. The study concluded that some policies are more favorable than others in some phases. Hence, makes a clarion call for more studies on government policies across entrepreneurship phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International entrepreneurship (IE) is fundamentally captured in the identification and exploitation of opportunities for international exchange. Yet little is known about the methods used by entrepreneurs for opportunity recognition. Previous work on IE emphasizes the importance of social networks for identifying opportunities in foreign markets. While business network and institutional network are less studied in previous studies, this paper aims to examine the effect of social, business, and institutional network on international opportunity recognition with the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation. By applying network based theory to the analysis of 150 Iranians SMEs, the result indicates that; social network, business network, and institutional network positively affect international opportunities recognition. Furthermore the results show that entrepreneurial orientation moderated the effect of business, and institutional network on international opportunity recognition. While the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation in the effect of social network on international opportunity recognition, is not supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internationalization is a complex process, in which firms face various challenges that may lead to opportunities or threads. One of these challenges is export compliance. The objective of this paper is to disentangle the nature of export compliance and its function in international entrepreneurship. This study outlines a perspective on the export control system, discusses the most relative legislation, reveals the consequences of non-compliance and provides a case study and finally explains the function of export compliance in the international activities of firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]