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Histamine fish poisoning, also known as scombroid poisoning, is a histamine toxicity syndrome that results from eating specific types of spoiled fish. Although typically a benign syndrome, characterized by self-limited flushing, headache, and gastrointestinal symptoms, we describe a case unique in its severity and as a precipitant of an asthma exacerbation. A 25-year-old woman presented to the emergency department (ED) with one hour of tongue and face swelling, an erythematous pruritic rash, and dyspnea with wheezing after consuming a tuna sandwich. She developed abdominal pain, diarrhea and hypotension in the ED requiring admission to the hospital. A diagnosis of histamine fish poisoning was made and the patient was treated supportively and discharged within 24 hours, but was readmitted within 3 hours due to an asthma exacerbation. Her course was complicated by recurrent admissions for asthma exacerbations.

Background: Noninvasive imaging of atherosclerosis is being increasingly used in clinical practice, with some experts recommending to screen all healthy adults for atherosclerosis and some jurisdictions mandating insurance coverage for atherosclerosis screening. Data on the impact of such screening have not been systematically synthesized., Objectives: We aimed to assess whether atherosclerosis screening improves cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and clinical outcomes., Design: This study is a systematic review., Data Sources: We searched MEDLINE and the Cochrane Clinical Trial Register without language restrictions., Study Eligibility Criteria: We included studies examining the impact of atherosclerosis screening with noninvasive imaging (e.g., carotid ultrasound, coronary calcification) on CVRF, cardiovascular events, or mortality in adults without cardiovascular disease., Results: We identified four randomized controlled trials (RCT, n=709) and eight non-randomized studies comparing participants with evidence of atherosclerosis on screening to those without (n=2,994). In RCTs, atherosclerosis screening did not improve CVRF, but smoking cessation rates increased (18% vs. 6%, p=0.03) in one RCT. Non-randomized studies found improvements in several intermediate outcomes, such as increased motivation to change lifestyle and increased perception of cardiovascular risk. However, such data were conflicting and limited by the lack of a randomized control group. No studies examined the impact of screening on cardiovascular events or mortality. Heterogeneity in screening methods and studied outcomes did not permit pooling of results., Conclusion: Available evidence about atherosclerosis screening is limited, with mixed results on CVRF control, increased smoking cessation in one RCT, and no data on cardiovascular events. Such screening should be validated by large clinical trials before widespread use.

Background: Normal and low ejection fraction (EF) heart failure patients appear to have similar outcomes., Objective: The object of this study was to determine whether sex modifies the effects of left ventricular EF on prevalent heart failure mortality., Design: Prospective cohort study., Patients: Patients (n = 6, 095) with a diagnosis of heart failure and a measure of EF undergoing cardiac catheterization in Alberta, Canada between April 1999 and December 2004; follow-up continued through October 2005., Measurements: All-cause mortality was assessed in analyses stratified by patient sex and EF (50%)., Main Results: Overall, female heart failure patients were older, had more hypertension, valvular disease, less systolic impairment and coronary artery disease. Baseline medication use was similar in the four sex-EF groups. Low EF heart failure mortality over 6.5 years was slightly higher but was not significantly modified by patient sex. This relationship remained unchanged after adjustment for differences in baseline characteristics and process of care (women normal EF, reference group; men normal EF adjusted HR 1.1, 95% CI 0.9-1.3; women low EF adjusted HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.0; men low EF adjusted HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.1)., Conclusions: Patient sex did not appear to modify the negative effects of low EF on long-term survival in this prospective study of prevalent heart failure. The small absolute difference in survival between low and normal EF heart failure highlights the need for further research into optimal therapy for the latter, a less well-understood condition.

Background: Psychosocial factors, including social support, affect outcomes of cardiovascular disease, but can be difficult to measure. Whether these factors have different effects on mortality post-acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in men and women is not clear., Objective: To examine the association between living alone, a proxy for social support, and mortality postdischarge AMI and to explore whether this association is modified by patient sex., Design: Historical cohort study., Participants/setting: All patients discharged with a primary diagnosis of AMI in a major urban center during the 1998-1999 fiscal year., Measurements: Patients' sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were obtained by standardized chart review and linked to vital statistics data through December 2001., Results: Of 880 patients, 164 (18.6%) were living alone at admission and they were significantly more likely to be older and female than those living with others. Living alone was independently associated with mortality [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-2.5], but interacted with patient sex. Men living alone had the highest mortality risk (adjusted HR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.7), followed by women living alone (adjusted HR 1.2, 95% CI 0.7-2.2), men living with others (reference, HR 1.0), and women living with others (adjusted HR 0.9, 95% CI 0.5-1.5)., Conclusions: Living alone, an easily measured psychosocial factor, is associated with significantly increased longer-term mortality for men following AMI. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm the usefulness of living alone as a prognostic factor and to identify the potentially modifiable mechanisms underlying this increased risk.

General internal medicine (GIM) has flourished in the United States (U.S.). Unlike other subspecialties of internal medicine, however, GIM's evolution has not been global in scope, but rather appears to have occurred in isolation within countries. Here, we describe international models of GIM from Canada, Switzerland, Australia/New Zealand, Argentina, and Japan, and compare these with the U.S. model. There are notable differences in the typical clinical roles assumed by General Internists across these 7 countries, but also important overlap in clinical and academic domains. Despite this overlap, there has been a relative lack of contact among General Internists from these and other countries at a truly international GIM meeting; the time is now for increased international exchange and the "globalization" of GIM.

Background: Postoperative complications are a significant source of morbidity and mortality. There are limited studies, however, assessing the impact of common postoperative complications on health care resource utilization., Objective: To assess the association of clinically important postoperative complications with total hospital costs and length of stay (LOS) in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery., Methods: We determined total hospital costs and LOS in all patients admitted to a single tertiary care center between July 1, 1996 and March 31, 1998 using a detailed administrative hospital discharge database. Total hospital costs and LOS were adjusted for preoperative and surgical characteristics., Results: Of 7,457 patients who underwent noncardiac surgery, 6.9% developed at least 1 of the postoperative complications. These complications increased hospital costs by 78% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 68% to 90%) and LOS by 114% (95% CI: 100% to 130%) after adjustment for patient preoperative and surgical characteristics. Postoperative pneumonia was the most common complication (3%) and was associated with a 55% increase in hospital costs (95% CI: 42% to 69%) and an 89% increase in LOS (95% CI: 70% to 109%)., Conclusions: Postoperative complications consume considerable health care resources. Initiatives targeting prevention of these events could significantly reduce overall costs of care and improve patient quality of care.

Objective: Physicians may use several validated risk indices to estimate perioperative cardiac risk, but there is little evidence for interventions to reduce this risk. We were interested in evaluating how general internists assess, define, communicate, and attempt to modify perioperative cardiac risk., Design: Cross-sectional survey of all 312 general internists in the Canadian Society of Internal Medicine with Canadian mailing addresses; 117 (38%) responded., Results: Respondents' mean age was 46 years, 79% were male, and on average they did 17 preoperative consults per month. Of the 104 respondents who routinely performed preoperative assessments, 96% (100/104) informed patients of their perioperative cardiac risk, but 77% did so only subjectively (i.e., stating risk as low, moderate, or high). Respondents provided 8, 27, and 12 different definitions for low, moderate, and high risk, respectively, with marked variability in the range of definitions they provided: from <1% to < 20% for "low risk," from 1% to 2% to 20% to 50% for "moderate risk," and from >2% to >50% for "high risk." The 67% of respondents who reported using a perioperative cardiac risk index used a variety of indices and exhibited just as much variability in their risk estimates and definitions as those who didn't use risk indices. While virtually all advised perioperative beta blockade in patients with known coronary artery disease, they varied substantially in the recommended agent or dose; further, these internists were evenly split on whether antiplatelet agents should be held or continued perioperatively., Conclusions: These physicians differed widely in their assessment of perioperative cardiac risk and their definitions of low, moderate, or high risk. This raises concerns about whether patients (and surgeons) are provided with adequate information to make fully informed decisions about the potential risks of elective surgical operations.

Objectives: To determine the frequency with which commonly coded clinical variables are complications, as opposed to baseline comorbidities, and to compare the results of 2 risk-adjusted outcome analyses for coronary artery bypass graft surgery for which we either (a) ignored, or (b) used the available "diagnosis-type indicator.", Design: Analysis of existing administrative data., Setting: Twenty-three Canadian hospitals., Patients: A total of 50,357 coronary artery bypass graft surgery cases., Measurements and Main Results: Among 21 clinical variables whose definitions involve the diagnosis-type indicator, 14 were predominantly (> or =97%) baseline risk factors when present. Seven variables were often complication diagnoses: renal disease (when present, 13% coded as complications), recent myocardial infarction (15%), peptic ulcer disease (15%), congestive heart failure (17%), cerebrovascular disease (26%), hemiplegia (34%), and severe liver disease (35%). The results of risk adjustment analyses predicting in-hospital mortality differed when the diagnosis-type indicator was either used or ignored, and as a result, adjusted hospital mortality rates and rankings changed, often dramatically, with rankings increasing for 10 hospitals, decreasing for 9 hospitals, and remaining the same for only 4 hospitals., Conclusions: The results of analyses performed using the diagnosis-type indicator in Canadian administrative data differ considerably from analyses that ignore the indicator. The widespread introduction of such an indicator should be considered in other countries, because risk-adjustment analyses performed without a diagnosis-type indicator may yield misleading results.

Objective: To assess the effect of hospital discharge against medical advice (AMA) on the interpretation of charges and length of stay attributable to alcoholism., Design: Retrospective cohort. Three analytic strategies assessed the effect of having an alcohol-related diagnosis (ARD) on risk-adjusted utilization in multivariate regressions. Strategy 1 did not adjust for leaving AMA, strategy 2 adjusted for leaving AMA, and strategy 3 restricted the sample by excluding AMA discharges., Setting: Acute care hospitals., Patients: We studied 23,198 pneumonia hospitalizations in a statewide administrative database., Measurements and Main Results: Among these admissions, 3.6% had an ARD, and 1.2% left AMA. In strategy 1 an ARD accounted for a $1,293 increase in risk-adjusted charges for a hospitalization compared with cases without an ARD ( p =.012). ARD-attributable increases of $1,659 ( p =.002) and $1,664 ( p =. 002) in strategies 2 and 3 respectively, represent significant 28% and 29% increases compared with strategy 1. Similarly, using strategy 1 an ARD accounted for a 0.6-day increase in risk-adjusted length of stay over cases without an ARD ( p =.188). An increase of 1 day was seen using both strategies 2 and 3 ( p =.044 and p =.027, respectively), representing significant 67% increases attributable to ARDs compared with strategy 1., Conclusions: Discharge AMA affects the interpretation of the relation between alcoholism and utilization. The ARD-attributable utilization was greater when analyses adjusted for or excluded AMA cases. Not accounting for leaving AMA resulted in an underestimation of the impact of alcoholism on resource utilization.