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Due to its unique two-dimensional lamella structure, graphene exhibits excellent electrical and mechanical properties, which has made it become a new hotspot in material research, bringing people a rich imagination. In this paper, based on the principle and technical characteristics as well as microstructure, various preparation techniques of graphene were compared. The microstructure characterization techniques and main properties of graphene were summarized. In view of the current bottleneck problem in graphene application, the modification methods of non-covalent and covalent bonds of graphene were described. The applications of graphene in batteries, energy storage, coating, medicine, sensors and additives, etc. were also reviewed. Finally, the future development direction of graphene was boldly predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]