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The review describes peculiarities of Ca2+-signalization in electro-excitable cells of higher eukaryotes. The light has been shed on problems of Ca2+-dependent mechanisms of regulation of muscle contractility and of neuronal synaptic plasticity in the higher vertebrate animals. A particular attention has been paid to analysis of contribution of such poorly studied components of Ca2+-signalization as non-selective TRPC-channels, Orai channels, sensory STIM1 proteins, Ca2+-controlled K+-channels of large and small conductance, and neuronal Ca2+-sensors (NCS).

Morphometrical parameters, osmoregulatory possibilities, and the value of membrane reserve of nucleated hemocytes (leukocytes and erythrocytes) of the main vertebrate animal classes were studied with use of the method of hypoosmotic loadings. It has been established that in erythrocytes, in the fish—mammal row, the absolute reserve of plasmalemma increases, while the relative area of the cell surface decreases. Evolution of leukocytes is accompanied by an increase of the membrane reserve and the surface area at the expense of a decrease of the volume and a rise of folding of the plasmalemma.

Between bacteria and the higher vertebrate animals there are close chemocommunicational connections that are realized via signal molecules secreted by bacteria, on the hand, and vertebrate hormones and hormone-like substances, on the other hand. The review presents data on regulatory effects of biogenic amines (catecholamines and serotonin), peptide hormones, and immunoregulator of the higher vertebrates on the vitally important functions of bacterial cells, their virulence and survivability. It has been shown that some bacterial signal molecules, such as N-acylated derivatives of homoserine lactones, also are able to regulate fundamental cellular processes in the higher vertebrates. Deciphering of molecular mechanisms of information exchange between bacteria and the higher vertebrates is both of theoretical significance for studies on pathways of evolution of chemosignal systems in proand eukaryote organism and of practical significance for development of new approaches for treatment of bacterial infections.