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In recent years, there are increasing that the number of patients with psoriasis day by day, and it has become a common disease endangering public health. However, there is no specific cure for psoriasis or control of recurrence. Therefore, it's necessity to seek alternative and efficient therapy, such as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). As a TCM and effective medicine for the treatment of psoriasis, Indigo Naturalis (Baphicacanthus Cusia (Nees) Bremek.) has the effect of clearing heat, detoxifying blood, eliminating spots, reducing fire and calming panic, and it is used in many classical prescriptions for the treatment of psoriasis.To review the latest progress and strategies of Indigo Naturalis in the treatment of psoriasis. This manuscript mainly clarifies the traditional medicinal applications, the mechanism of action and application strategies of Indigo Naturalis, and its preparations in the treatment of psoriasis.Detailed information on Indigo Naturalis was collected from various online databases (PubMed, GeenMedical, Web of Science, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, and National Intellectual Property Administration).This manuscript reviews a great deal of information about how Indigo Naturalis can treat psoriasis through immune cells, signal pathways and disease-related mediators. The mechanism of cymbididae is expounded from the aspects of regulating keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, regulating inflammatory infiltration of cellular immune system and improving microvascular dilation and hyperplasia in skin lesions.The action mechanisms of Indigo Naturalis on psoriasis reflect the characteristics of multiple components, multiple targets, and multiple pathways of Traditional Chinese medicine. However, some pharmacological and clinical research methods are improper, so that the results are difficult to explain at present. Therefore, further in-depth research is needed to provide knowledge in a wider range of areas to confirm the great therapeutic potential of Indigo Naturalis.

Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. is used in subcontinent for liver disorders, in wounds, febrile eruption and as diuretic.The current study evaluates the protective effects of the methanol extract of Indigofera linifolia (ILM) on CClILM was analyzed for phytochemical classes, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) as well as multidimensional in vitro antioxidant assays. Male (Sprague Dawley) rats were dispersed into seven groups (6 rats/group) receiving 0.9% saline (1 ml/kg bw), CClILM extract was constituted of different phytochemical classes. Co-administration of ILM along with CClThe results suggest that active phyto-constituents of I. linifolia might be responsible for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and gene-regulating activities.

Indigofera suffruticosa has reports of its popular use for analgesy in several cultures. Besides that, all parts of this plant are used for some medicinal outcome. The leaves are used in teas, decoctions, juices and included in baths for treating fever and inflammatory processes.To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity mechanisms of I. suffruticosa leave aqueous extract (IsAE).Phytochemical screening of IsAE was performed by thin layer chromatography. Total flavonoid content was determined and expressed by milligram of quercetin equivalent per gram of extract (mgEQ/g). 50% of the lethal dose that kills animals (LDPhytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids and acid gallic in a quantity of 33.9 mg QE/g. Acute toxicity evaluation resulted in a LDIsAE proved to be anti-inflammatory, acting in different parts of the inflammation process, confirming its popular use.

Indigofera argentea Burm. f.; commonly known as neel, jantari, hathio; is traditionally used for the treatment of headache, fever, inflammation and body pain. Local communities also used this plant for the treatment of malaria, jaundice, vertigo and gastric disorders.This study is aimed to evaluate the toxicity and possible analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of the ethanolic crude extract of Indigofera argentea (IaCr) to support its use in folk medicine and to screen the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity.Aqueous ethanolic (30:70) extract of whole plant of Indigofera argentea (IaCr) was prepared and phytochemical study was performed by preliminary methods followed by HPLC and DPPH method. In vivo experiments were performed in Wistar albino rats including hot plate, tail immersion, formalin and capsaicin-induced pain tests in rats and acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by using in vitro human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test, while antipyretic activity was evaluated by Brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia test.The crude extract of Indigofera argentea confirmed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, saponins and tannins as soluble ethanolic constituents in preliminary study. The maximum quantity of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) phenolics, and quercetin equivalent (QE) flavonoid content found was 81 ± 2 mg GAE/g and 56 ± 1.4 mg QE/g of extract respectively. Quantification based on HPLC exposed the presence of phenols and flavonoids, quercetin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, benzoic acid, ferulic acid and coumaric acid. In vivo experiments revealed significant P0.05) dose-dependent inhibition in hot plate, tail immersion and capsaicin-induced pain test. IaCr showed significant inhibition of pain latency against both phases in formalin test and considerably decreased the number of writhes caused by acetic acid at the doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg. In the in vitro anti-inflammatory (HRBC) assay, IaCr showed good membrane stability with maximum percentage hemolysis inhibition of 49.29% while in carrageenan-induced paw edema test in rats the IaCr showed significant anti-inflammatory action in a dose-dependent fashion. Statistical significant reduction in rectal temperature was observed at the doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg in yeast-induced pyrexia test in rats.The results of the experimental studies proved the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Indigofera argentea and supported the traditional use of this plant.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Indigofera tinctoria Linn. ( I. tinctoria , Fabaceae) has been widely used for several years in the traditional Indian and Chinese system of Medicine for the treatment of epilepsy, nervous and brain disorders. Aim of the study The effect of SF-6, a compound isolated from I. tinctoria to exhibit neuroprotection in in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease (PD), was investigated. Materials and methods Using human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, the effect of SF-6 on α-synuclein- or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )-induced cytotoxicity in vitro was investigated. In in vivo studies SF-6 was challenged against 6-OHDA-induced neuronal damage and behavioral deficits in mice. Results SF-6 (1, 5 and 10 μg/mL) significantly inhibited α-synuclein- or 6-OHDA-, H 2 O 2 -induced cytotoxicity and decreased the reactive oxygen species production in SH-SY5Y cells. SF-6 also scavenged hydroxyl free radicals. In in vivo evaluation, SF-6 attenuated the contralateral rotational asymmetry observed by apomorphine challenge in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. Further, the behavioral deficits evaluated by rotarod test, Y-maze and passive avoidance tasks were reversed by SF-6 and was found more potent compared with standard compound deprenyl. Conclusion Data suggest that SF-6 showed neuroprotection in experimental models of PD due to its potent antioxidant action supporting the traditional claim for its use in nervous and brain disorders.

Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-27T14:54:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000295236700022.pdf: 1054917 bytes, checksum: ade3c93db496ae9bfef43fc129742e42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:37:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000295236700022.pdf: 1054917 bytes, checksum: ade3c93db496ae9bfef43fc129742e42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:49:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000295236700022.pdf: 1054917 bytes, checksum: ade3c93db496ae9bfef43fc129742e42 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:49:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000295236700022.pdf: 1054917 bytes, checksum: ade3c93db496ae9bfef43fc129742e42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Ethnopharmacological relevance: Indigofera suffruticosa is specie typical of the Cerrado or Brazilian savannah; it is a member of the Fabaceae family - in folkmedicine is used for gastric disorders, infection and inflammation.Aim of the study: Ethyl acetate fraction (AcF) and aqueous fraction (AqF) of the methanolic extract of I. suffruticosa leaves were evaluated against acute gastric ulcer. The AcF fraction was selected to assess its activity in ulcer healing and its gastroprotective effects via mucus and gastric secretion.Materials and methods: The gastroprotective action of AcF and AqF fractions were evaluated in a rodent experimental model. The action mechanisms, involvements of the antisecretory action, mucus and prostaglandin production, toxicological and healing activity of the AcF (100 mg/kg, p.o.) were evaluated. We also used histological analysis (HE and PAS) and immunohistochemical (PCNA and HSP-70) assays to evaluate the effects of I. suffruticosa.Results: AcF significantly inhibited the gastric mucosal damage caused by ethanol. This effect was statistically significant in 100 mg/kg group compared vehicle. AcF did not interfered with gastric secretion, significantly increased the PGE(2) and mucus production (validated in PAS technique). The gastroprotection was attenuated by pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide, but not L-NAME. In acid-acetic-induced ulcer model AcF accelerated ulcer healing. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed induction of proliferating cell (PCNA) and heat shock protein (HSP 70).Conclusions: These results showed that AcF acted as gastroprotective agent stimulating prostaglandin, mucus and HSP70. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Univ Estadual Campinas, Dept Anat Biol Celular Fisiol & Biofis, Inst Biol, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Campinas, Fac Ciencias Med, Dept Farmacol, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Quim, Dept Quim Organ, Araraquara, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Morfol, Inst Biociencias, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Fisiol, Botucaru, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Quim, Dept Quim Organ, Araraquara, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Morfol, Inst Biociencias, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Fisiol, Botucaru, SP, Brazil

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Although traditional antimalarial plant remedies in herbal markets are a very important component of the health care system in Ghana this has not been previously studied to allow for the formulation of effective strategy for malaria control in Ghana. Aim of study: The main objective of the present study was to collect and analyse data on the antimalarial plant remedies in herbal markets in southern Ghana. Materials and methods: Herborists were interviewed using a validated questionnaire and species of plants were identified using a combination of field photo guides, local names and voucher specimens. Results: A total of 71 herborists (95.8% female) were interviewed. There were potential correlations between different parameters and variables such as ethnic groups, type of vendor and age-groups. The study revealed 29 species of plants belonging to 22 families being sold for the treatment of malaria. The detailed use of these plants is documented. The most frequently mentioned species of plants were Morinda lucida Benth., Indigofera sp. and Nauclea latifolia Sm. The majority (82.8%) of the plant materials were sold in the dried state and 6.9% were sold in fresh state. About 76.2% of the herbal remedies were sold throughout the year while 23.8% were scarce in the dry season. The cost of treatment of malaria using the herbal remedies ranged from 1 to 2 United States Dollars (USD). Conclusion: Standardization of names and authentication of plant materials using organoleptic, phytochemical and DNA barcoding techniques as well as further research on efficacy, safety and dosage prescriptions for both fresh and dried plant materials being sold for the treatment of malaria in southern Ghana are needed.

Indigofera mysorens is a shrub used for its antidiabetic activity in rural India. Here, we elucidate the antidiabetic potential of Indigofera mysorensis extract. Ethanolic extract of the whole shrub of Indigofera (EEI) at 300 mg/kg for 10 days, produced a 63% reduction in plasma glucose, 41% reduction in plasma triglyceride and 77% reduction in plasma insulin levels in insulin resistant db/db mice, which is better than insulin sensitizer, troglitazone (400 mg/kg). EEI unlike sulphonylureas failed to show any acute hypoglycemic effect in normoglycemic Swiss albino mice (SAM). Even in a chronic study (10 days) in SAM, EEI (300 mg/kg) like insulin sensitizers showed no effect on plasma glucose, but an 81% reduction in plasma insulin levels. When challenged with 3 gm/kg sucrose, SAM treated with EEI (300 mg/kg, 7 days) failed to show any effect on the absorption of sugar, whereas standard drug, acarbose (10 mg/kg) showed 52% reduction in the area under the plasma glucose curve. EEI failed to show any significant transactivation of PPARgamma, a proposed target of synthetic insulin sensitizers. Taken together, our data indicate that the antidiabetic effect of the ethanolic extract of Indigofera is due to its insulin sensitizing property and is clearly different from that of sulfonylurea or acarbose.