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This paper presents the findings of a comparative qualitative study of Turks who migrated to Istanbul from elsewhere in the country, and Turks who immigrated to Berlin. The main objective of the study is to describe and explain the segregation process affecting Turks in both cities. As the paper focuses on the process of segregation, the article follows the three basic stages along which the history of Turkish (im)migration to Germany and Istanbul has proceeded: the labour migrant stage, the family reunification stage and the settlement stage. Voices of (im)migrants are presented throughout the paper by reflecting their perceptions, values, experiences and dilemmas. The paper argues that internal differences within immigrant groups deserve more attention in order to better understand why some of them, despite being able to afford it, do not move out of concentration areas for better housing opportunities. In this context, the paper focuses on the internal cultural differentiation of Turkish migrants in Istanbul and Turkish immigrants in Berlin, with particular reference to their highly divergent religious understandings. We argue that conservatism—especially when it takes its roots from Islamism—has played an important role in shaping the residential preferences and choices of individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the structure and strategies of Polish migrant entrepreneurship in Berlin in the 1990s, drawing on statistical data, in-depth interviews and a comparison to Turkish entrepreneurship in Berlin. Existing research on the entrepreneurial activity of migrants and ethnic minorities tends to focus on processes observed solely within specific places in the country of immigration. I argue that further insights into the dynamics of 'ethnic entrepreneurship' are enabled by introducing the concept of transnational social space to the 'mixed embeddedness' perspective on ethnic business. This approach may explain the early orientation towards an open and transnational market among Polish entrepreneurs in comparison to the more local orientation of the 'ethnic community' in the first period of Turkish entrepreneurship. Four main entrepreneurial strategies of migrants from Poland can be observed: first, utilising a high degree of personal mobility and the differences in purchasing power between Germany and Poland in cross-border trade; second, the recruitment of 'transnational workers'; third, referring to the 'Polish community' as a market; and fourth, opening branches in Poland of businesses initiated and based in Germany. These strategies point to the relevance of transnational social networks and mobility in the context of national and transnational market conditions and politico-institutional frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous discussion of the opportunities for young people with an ethnic minority background to integrate into society has focused on advantages or disadvantages caused by human capital or by ethnically motivated, individual, group or institutional discrimination within society. However, in recent years there has been a growing interest in subjectively or collectively perceived discrimination and its effects on ethnic identity and (re-)ethnicisation. This paper reports on the processes involved in the (re-)ethnicisation of young people with a Turkish ethnic background which results from perceived personal and group discrimination. A discrimination/(re-)ethnicisation path-model is proposed where perceived discrimination influences the perceived non-permeability of group boundaries and ethnic identity. This results in a direct and positive effect on (re-)ethnicisation. Analyses of empirical investigations partly support the model, in accordance with which perceived personal and group discrimination produce direct effects on the perceived non-permeability of group boundaries and indirect effects on ethnic identity and (re-)ethnicisation. Against the model proposed here, perceived personal and group discrimination have a direct impact on (re-)ethnicisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents statistical and qualitative data on the response of Turkish immigrants and their descendants living in Germany to the changes in the German citizenship 'reform' of 1999. My findings suggest that the effects of the new citizenship and naturalisation regulations on Turkish immigrants were mediated by their generational status and the time period in which they arrived or were raised in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the ways that Turkish immigrants create places of belonging in a German city. I suggest that transnational ties enable immigrants to forge local attachments through the production of place. Drawing on a neighbourhood case-study of Duisburg-Marxloh, I show how immigrants' transnational ties and practices visibly transform their current place of residence through transnational consumption, mass media, and the establishment of communal places such as mosques and teahouses that also contribute to conflicts between groups. Their placing of identities also forms an engagement with the receiving society, as immigrants are actively carving out belonging in the face of often hostile attitudes from German residents. Viewing immigrants' attachments from the perspective of places they create teases out the complexities of multiple and sometimes conflicting attachments of contemporary migrants, and allows for an understanding of transnational ties and engagement with the host society as complementary rather than contradictory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article combines the concept of responses to stigmatisation with the boundary making approach. It differentiates situational and discursive destigmatisation strategies of ethnic minority members. The analysis of in-depth interviews with Turkish residents of Germany yields four dominant response types at the level of action: (1) confronting, (2) deemphasising, and (3) ignoring/avoiding. While these responses vary situationally, the fourth category of (4) boundary work subsumes discursive strategies of boundary making and boundary blurring. This is the first systematic analysis of Turkish minority members' destigmatisation strategies. The analysis reveals personal and situational prerequisites of particular destigmatisation strategies. The article discusses commonalities and differences between Turks in Germany and ethnic minorities elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks into the scope and causes of both ethnic discrimination intentions and discriminatory behaviour in the sphere of close private interactions. In practice, German students' willingness to move into flats which would be shared with a Turkish student is analysed by conducting a direct survey, a factorial survey and a field experiment. Results show that, independent of the method used, ethnic discrimination against Turks does not, overall, play a substantial role among university students looking for a place to stay. However, data from the factorial survey and from the field experiment reveal that ethnic discrimination does occur in specific scenarios: while male applicants, in particular, prefer places inhabited by females, this is only the case if the females are German. In sum, our analyses demonstrate that the gender dimension needs to be taken into account when investigating discrimination intentions and ethnic discrimination in the field of close private interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study adds another piece to the puzzle of naturalisation among individuals with an immigrant background by further developing the application of social identity. I suggest that two important determinants of an intention to naturalise are identification with one's country of origin, and discrimination. The effects of these and other predictors associated with social identity theory are empirically tested with data from the 1995 to 2002 waves of the German Socio-Economic Panel. The models additionally account for institutionally generated opportunities for naturalisation and their advantages. Findings from conditional fixed-effects models show that intentions to naturalise correspond only partially to the assumptions of social identity theory. Discrimination decreases the odds of respondents intending to naturalise; increasing in-group identification does not. Social and cultural integration are also found to decrease rather than increase the odds, as do unemployment and a short duration of stay. Replicating previous results, political utilities increase the odds that respondents will demonstrate positive naturalisation intentions. The data do not confirm the claim that the higher rates of naturalisation among Turkish nationals are associated with their lower social status and their desire to improve it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]