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The aim of this study is to study the demulsification of oil-bearing water in Alpiniae officinarum rhizoma by the combination of chemical demulsification and membrane separation. Oil-bearing water of A. officinarum rhizoma was demulsification by two methods of inorganic salt-membrane separation and span-membrane separation, and the influence of process parameters was systematically studied by single factor analysis. Then the chemical demulsification process was optimized by orthogonal design (three factors and three levels). The membrane flux and enrichment rate before and after demulsification were measured. The results showed that the membrane flux and enrichment rate of the inorganic salt-membrane separation and demulsification were 2.03 times and 1.18 times higher than those of the undemulsification, and the span-membrane separation was 1.34 times and 1.18 times of that of undemulsification, respectively. The turbidity, viscosity, pH, and particle size of oil-bearing water before and after demulsification were measured, and the correlation between demulsification process, physicochemical properties, membrane flux, and enrichment rate was analyzed. The results indicate that inorganic salt and span change the membrane flux and enrichment rate by decreasing turbidity and increasing particle size. The chemical composition and relative content of volatile oil were similar before and after demulsitioning by GC-MS. The highest relative content was 1,8-eucalyptine (20.05∼51.42%), followed by α-terpineol (11.13∼12.66%), camphene (2.74∼6.75%), camphor (2.29∼4.74%), etc. The results showed that the composition of volatile oil of A. officinarum rhizoma collected by the two demulsification methods remains unchanged, and the inorganic salt-membrane separation was more suitable for the demulsification application of oil-bearing water of A. officinarum rhizoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to ascertain the chemical composition and biological activities of thyme leaves essential oil (TEO), with an emphasis on its in silico molecular docking studies targeting the antibacterial properties of its constituents. TEO was extracted from dried leaves using a standardized procedure, with a yield of 0.75%. The chemical constituents of TEO were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The primary compounds detected included carvacrol, o-acetyl thymol, α-pinene, and spathulenol. Subsequently, the antioxidant activity of the isolated oil was measured, and the results showed that the total phenolic contents (TPC) was 4.69 ± 0.17 GAE mg/100 g, the total flavonoid contents (TFC) was 1.45 ± 0.04 CE mg/100 g, the ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) ranged from 0.07-0.81, and the DPPH radical scavenging activity was 42.88-86.94%. TEO exhibited notable antibacterial activity against certain strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The molecular docking studies were then conducted to further investigate the interaction of TEO's potent metabolites with key bacterial enzymes, identifying spathulenol and caryophyllene as the best-interacting ligands. Hemolytic activity tests of TEO indicated negligible cytotoxic effects. These findings support that TEO holds great potential for the development of functional food and nutra-pharmaceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cymbopogon flexuosus, commonly known as Lemongrass (Poaceae) is an industrially significant plant due to its fragrant compounds and ability to produce a large amount of essential oil. However, variations in chemical components, agronomical characters and essential oil output can be observed due to grown in different climatic conditions. Pertaining to the economic importance of the crop, the present study was designed to evaluate the stability indices of the developed and registered variety of lemongrass 'Jor Lab L-8'. In this experiment, cv. Jor Lab L-8 was assessed along with two check varieties at eight different locations of NE India for two years (2021-2022, 2022-2023). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) by regression method revealed that Jor Lab L-8 had a significantly higher herbage yield, essential oil yield, citral content and total essential oil yield than the other two check varieties. Furthermore, AMMI ANOVA was used to confirm the consistent performance of the recorded agro-morphological and quality characters and Jor Lab L-8 was shown to be stable in plant height, herbage yield, essential oil yield, citral content and total essential oil yield. The GC-MS study of the essential oil identified 18 constituents, with citral emerging as the predominant constituent. Additionally, majority of the locations were pinpointed as ideal environments for cultivating Jor Lab L-8, underscoring its resilience across multiple locations and highlighting its long-term industrial promise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human colorectal cancer cell line (HCT116) cells are adherent epithelial cells derived from the human colorectal carcinoma cell line commonly used to study inflammatory responses in colonic epithelial cells. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Inula viscosa essential oil (IVEO), an effective antioxidant compound with a radical scavenging activity in vitro using HCT-116 cells. The chemical composition of hydrodistilled IVEO was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS systems. The major compounds of essential oil were borneol acetate (51.54%) and borneol (21.17%). The cytotoxicity was determined using the colorimetric MTT assay for 24 h, and 48 h. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level, some enzymes activities including catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in the HCT 116 cells both with and without IVEO treatment. In this study, there was a significant decrease in activities of cellular SOD and CAT, increased in the MDA levels in the cells treated with IVEO. These result indicate that IVEO can serve as an agent with strong potential to be utilized for the development of colorectal cancer chemoprevention. However, further molecular investi-gation is required to understand the molecular bearings of IVEO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Zingiber genus has been widely applied in food and pharmaceuticals due to its varied chemical composition and significant benefits. Zingiber plicatum Škorničk. & Q.B. Nguyễn was described in Vietnam in 2015, yet there has been no report on its phytochemicals and bioactivity. In this study, we first analyzed the chemical composition of essential oil and its antioxidant activities. Isolation of the rhizome essential oil was performed through hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus for 3.5 h, then volatile compositions were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Additionally, the antioxidant activities were assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric reducing power assays. The GC-MS analysis showed a total of 54 volatile components, mainly belonging to monoterpene hydrocarbons (57.69%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (28.98%). The main compounds were β-pinene (26.85%), α-pinene (11.73%), limonene (10.03%), and germacrene D (5.26%). The essential oil also showed antioxidant activities, with an IC50 of 84.53 mg/mL for DPPH scavenging activity and an EC50 of 17.3 mg/mL for ferric reducing power. These findings first provided data on the chemical components and antioxidant properties of Z. plicatum essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Litsea mekongensis Lecomte is a native species that originated in Vietnam and Laos. To date, the volatile components and antibacterial activity of the essential oils derived from L. mekongensis leaves have not yet been reported. This study aims to investigate the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of L. mekongensis leaf essential oil. The chemical constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), and the antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method. The GC-MS analysis showed that fifty-four volatile components were detected, of which sesquiterpene hydrocarbons accounted for almost 65% of the total, while the proportion of monoterpene hydrocarbons was 19.84%. Germacrene D (16.17%), γ-elemene (7.82%), β-phellandrene (6.76%), α-pinene (6.62%), and δ-cadinene (5.68%) were identified as major components. The essential oil exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. S. aureus was the most sensitive species, but no inhibitory activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was recorded. These findings revealed information on the chemical constituents of the essential oil prepared from L. mekongensis and its potential antibacterial activity against several pathogenic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the purposes of chemotaxonomic distinction of four pine species Pinus nigra, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus rigida and Pinus sylvestris growing in the suburban landscape of the central part of the Czech Republic, resin extracts from tree trunks, needles and female cones were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Monoterpenes were shown to be the main terpene fraction of the resins of all studied pine species. On average, they made up 80% of the total terpene content. A characteristic monoterpene for distinguishing pine species was β-pinene, with high levels in P. ponderosa, moderate levels in P. rigida and low levels in P. sylvestris and P. nigra. P. sylvestris contained only trace amount of Δ-3-carene (0.6%) in resins from needles and thus belongs to the α-pinene chemotypic variation. Slight seasonal variability in terpene production was found for resins from needles of P. nigra and P. sylvestris. When comparing European populations according to the monoterpene composition of resins from needles, it can be stated that the α-pinene content increased in the order P. ponderosa < P. rigida < P. nigra < P. sylvestris while the β-pinene content changed in the opposite direction. This statement confirms the terpene biosynthesis uniformity of European pines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melaleuca polandii, commonly known as "Gold-tipped Bottlebrush", is widely grown in Indian gardens and parks as an ornamental plant. In the present study, the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of M. polandii leaf essential oil (MPLEO) have been investigated. GC-MS analysis of MPLEO isolated from plants grown along the coastal plains of Eastern India revealed the presence of 50 constituents with α-pinene (46.17%), 3Z-hexenyl acetate (10.10 %), α-terpineol (5.43%), limonene (3.63%) and ρ-cymene (2.44 %) as the major constituents. MPLEO exhibited moderate antioxidant capacity in DPPH, ABTS and Reducing ability assays with IC50 values of 7.94 ± 0.34 μg/mL, 5.71 ± 0.21 μg/mL and EC50 7.09 ± 0.35 μg/mL, respectively. Of the 5 bacterial strains tested, the EO exhibited highest sensitivity against Bacillus subtilis with the ZOI of 12.66 ± 0.57 mm and strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus saprophyticus with MIC value of 6.25 μg/mL. MPLEO exhibited significant cytotoxic effects against Human alveolar lung adenocarcinoma (A549), Human hepato-cellular carcinoma (HepG2), Human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and normal Human Embryonic Kidney cell (HEK-293) as evaluated through MTT assay with IC50 values of 9.5 ± 0.38 μg/mL, 22.73 ± 0.95 μg/mL, 20.41 ± 0.82 μg/mL and 237.68 ± 9.26 μg/mL, respectively. The findings of the present study demonstrated that MPLEO could be considered as a potential bioresource having applications in pharmaceutical industries as an antibacterial and antiproliferative agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, chemical composition, enzyme inhibitory activities, and molecular docking studies of essential oil (EO) of Knema globularia leaves collected from Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam, were investigated. The EO from the leaves of K. globularia was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The leaf EO yield was 0.14 ± 0.01% (w/w), comprising 39 identified components, constituting 96.77% of the EO content. Notable constituents included β-caryophyllene (54.11%), α-humulene (12.67%), and (E)-β-ocimene (8.82%). Enzyme inhibitions were assessed via the α-amylase inhibitory assay (IC50 = 282.71 ± 10.06 μg/mL) and tyrosinase inhibitory assay (IC50 = 993.92 ± 37.40 μg/mL). The molecular docking method has been employed to observe valuable binding interactions and binding energy with the main compounds on the target enzymes α-amylase and tyrosinase. Caryophyllene oxide exhibits the strongest affinity with α-amylase among the other major compounds. Meanwhile, viridiflorene shows the best binding energy with the tyrosinase enzyme. This is the first study providing valuable scientific data on the in vitro inhibitory activities of α-amylase and tyrosinase enzymes of the leaf EO of K. globularia and evaluating its main compounds through a molecular docking approach on these enzyme targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immortelle (Helichrysum italicum) essential oil is one of the most valuable essential oils with its commercial importance and favorable characteristic properties in various cosmetic products and food products. Current research performed a comprehensive characterization of Immortelle essential oil using powerful and robust analytical techniques. The relative volatile composition of the Immortelle essential oil from Turkey was determined by GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) technique. Thirty-eight volatile compounds were identified. Average total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activities (IC50) were determined as 54.24 mg GAE/mL essential oil and 0.27 mg/ml, respectively. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy fingerprints were determined for chemical characterization. The thermal profile was obtained by DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) analysis. The Immortelle essential oil (12.5 μg/mL) inhibited the growth of Caco 2 adenocarcinoma cells at the ratio of 48% without any deterioration in healthy L929 fibroblast cells according to the cytotoxicity analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the volatiles and odor-active compounds (OACs) in essential oils (EOs) from leaves, fresh fruits and seed shells of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, three EOs were extracted and analyzed by hydrodistillation combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O) and GC. The yields of three EOs were 0.22%, 0.48% and 1.94%, respectively; a total of 77 compounds were identified by comparing their mass spectra and retention index with those of the authentic standards or the related data reported in the references, and 29 odorants were determined as OACs. Among them, 58 volatile components were identified in the leaf EO, accounting for 98.19% of the total volatiles, of which 18 compounds were screened as OACs; 47 volatile components were determined in the fruit EO, representing 98.98% of the entire volatile oil, of which 12 compounds were sniffed as OACs; 49 volatiles were found in seed shell EO, covering 97.26% of the whole volatiles, of which 19 compounds were detected as OACs. OACs in three EOs were significantly different, and the odorants with higher concentrations included α-pinene, sabinene, δ-3-carene, myrcene, β-caryophyllene, α-terpinyl acetate, cedrol, etc., which could be used as indexes for optimizing extraction process parameters of POF EOs and evaluating EO quality. The in vitro antioxidant activity of three EOs was tested by DPPH assay, ABTS assay and FRAP assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcuma zedoaroides Chaveer. & Tanee (Vietnamese name: Nghệ đắng) belongs to the Zingiberaceae family which is the new Curcuma species discovered in Thailand and Vietnam in recent years. This study aimed to determine the chemical compositions and the cytotoxic activities of C. zedoaroides rhizome essential oil for the first time. The essential oil was obtained from the rhizomes through hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Results showed that the majority of the rhizome essential oil of C. zedoaroides was dominated by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (61.54%) mainly curdione (27.45%), followed by widdrol (8.03%) and trans-β-elemenone (5.47%). Notably, the essential oil of C. zedoaroides rhizomes exhibited cytotoxic activities using the MTT assay with the IC50 (half-maximal effective concentration) values of 75.16 ± 2.79, 77.08 ± 1.98, 81.35 ± 1.55, 83.67 ± 2.26, 32.74 ± 1.95, 23.14 ± 1.43, 73.35 ± 2.20 μg/mL against A549, MCF-7, HepG2, HT29, HL-60, K562 and MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively. In addition, three major compounds targeting specific proteins related to essential oil's anti-cancer activity were assessed using molecular docking simulation. From the results observed, widdrol was suggested to have the highest binding affinity for both EGFR and HER2, with ΔG values of -6.246 kcal/mol and -6.916 kcal/ mol, respectively. These results suggest the potential of the rhizome essential oil of C. zedoaroides to provide leads for the development of anti-cancer agents as well as considered a valuable source of bioactive components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study involves the chemical characterization and antifungal potential of fenugreek Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) seeds/leaves essential oils and their major constituents along with computational molecular docking calculations. The fenugreek seeds and leaves essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation and characterized by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. Benzyl acetate (51.70%) and γ-tocopherol (42.09%), the major compounds in fenugreek seeds and leaves essential oils respectively were isolated by column chromatography. The essential oils and their major compounds were investigated for their antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Drechslera oryzae by the Poison food technique. Among all the treatments, fenugreek leaves essential oil was the most effective with ED50 values of 850 and 1120 ppm against R. solani and D. oryzae respectively. All the treatments were found more effective against R. solani than D. oryzae. Molecular docking studies of the major compounds present in the essential oils against R. solani agglutinin (PDB ID 4G9N and 4G9M) suggested that 9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol present in abundance in fenugreek leaves essential oil than the seeds essential oil bound effectively with the targeted protein with the docking score of -6.14 kcal mol−1. Overall, our combined experimental and computational study provides scientific justification for the use of fenugreek leaves essential oil as a natural antifungal agent against R. solani. Moreover, fenugreek leaves essential oil being most effective against D. oryzae may also be used as a natural antifungal agent against it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are numerous species in genus Stachys which are known for valuable and bioactive essential oils. For this study, essential oils of Stachys buttleri (SBE) and S. pinardii (SPE) were obtained by hydrodistillation method and the chemical composition of essential oils were determined by GC-MS analysis. Anticancer, antidiabetic, and antioxidant activities of essential oils were tested by MTT assay, α-glucosidase inhibitory, and ABTS radical scavenging methods, respectively. Forty-one compounds were determined in SBE (83.5%) which kolavelool (34.9%) was the main compound and diterpenoids (61.2%) were the dominant group of SBE. Thirty-three constituents were identified in SPE (90.6%) and trans-nerolidol (35.7%) and geranyl-α-terpinene (17.2%) were the most abundant compounds. SPE was characterized by its high proportion of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (39.1%), diterpenoids (21.4%), aromatics (14.8%), and sesquiterpenes (10.8%). Both essential oils showed strong anticancer activity against A549, U87MG, Ishikawa, and MCF-7 cell lines. These results indicated that SBE and SPE had potent anticancer activity. The IC50 values of essential oils were between 21.33-98.3 μg/mL. Both essential oils showed moderate antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. This study is the first report on the chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oils of S. buttleri and S. pinardii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was performed to analyse the phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activities of the essential oil separated from Curcuma caesia Roxb. (black turmeric) rhizomes. The essential oil of Curcuma caesia (C. caesia) rhizomes was separated by hydrodistillation technique. Further, essential oil was subjected to GC-MS and FTIR analysis for chemical analysis. Additionally, rhizome powder was investigated for nutritional content using standard reported methods. Subsequently, antioxidant potential of essential oil was analysed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay followed by α-amylase inhibitory assay. Results of the study suggested the presence of various important compound viz. curzerenone (29.78%), α-Bulnesene (14.43%), eucalyptol (13.32%), curzerene (4.88%), and camphor (4.71%), respectively. Similarly, potent antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activities were observed in oil. It was concluded from the present work that essential oil of C. caesia rhizomes contains many therapeutic useful aromatic bioactive and nutritional components. Additionally, essential oil of C. caesia rhizomes exhibits profound antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cupressus torulosa, a large aromatic evergreen conifer tree widely distributed in the northwestern Himalayan region of India, holds various traditional uses of its aerial parts. The objective of this study was to compare the essential oil content and chemical composition of C. torulosa needles obtained using two distinct distillation methods: hydro-distillation (HD) and steam-water distillation (SWD). Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques were employed to determine the compositions of the oils. The results indicated that the hydro-distilled essential oil (HDEO) exhibited significantly higher content (0.73±0.09%) compared to the steam-water distilled essential oil (SWDEO, 0.19±0.02%). Additionally, the HDEO and SWDEO exhibited notable differences in their chemical composition. The HDEO was primarily rich in oxygenated monoterpenes (58.45%), with terpinen-4-ol (29.09%) and umbellulone (21.29%) identified as the major constituents. On the other hand, the SWDEO was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (73.75%), with α-pinene (22.19%), δ-3-carene (19.98%), and limonene (14.7%) as the main components. The findings from this study can assist in selecting the appropriate distillation technique to obtain essential oils with desired chemical compositions for various end-use applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties of essential oils obtained from the peels of Citrus aurantium and extracted with MAHD and HD. The various compounds detected include limonene and linalol. In this context, we used the methods of bovine serum albumin anti-denaturation to evaluate the anti-inflammatory property and glucose uptake by yeast cells to evaluate the antidiabeticone. The results of evaluating the antidiabetic and the anti-inflammatory activities indicate that the essential oil extracted by MAHD has greater efficiency compared to the essential oil extracted by HD. Besides, the antioxidant potential of the essential oil was evaluated using the DPPH free radical scavenging, reducing power, and β-carotene/linoleic acid tests. Results show that the essential oil extracted by HD presents a high antioxidant activity. Moreover, essential oil is a potential source of important bioactive compounds and of possible synergistic effects among its components. To support the phytochemical analysis, an attempt was made to identify some potential compounds from Citrus aurantium essential oils that can inhibit important drug targets like bovine serum albumin (BSA), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and tubulin using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rose essential oil is one of the most valuable and pivotal raw materials in the perfume industry. However, the limited yield of essential oil in rose flowers increased the interest of both breeders and scientists to create and discover species that have potential for multifaceted applications aiming to increase the economic viability of rose cultivation. Consequently, garden roses (Rosa hybrida) through ongoing development emerge as possibly profitable for cultivation and processing. This opens possibilities for numerous applications in both food and pharmaceutical industries. The main objective of this study was to identify the essential oil composition of R. hybrida cv. Mileva and compare it against essential oil chemical compositions of 32 accessions of other non-commercial (wild and hybrid) roses available literature. The dominant compound detected in R. hybrida cv. Mileva essential oil was geranyl acetate (47.9%), followed by nonadecane and heneicosane. It was shown that the essential oil possesses moderate antimicrobial activity, good antioxidant potential and strong anti-inflammatory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ardisia sadirioides C. M. Hu & L. K. Phan (A. sadirioides) belongs to the Myrsinaceae family, which was first discovered and recorded in Central Vietnam in 2012. There have been no reports on the chemical constituents as well as the biological activity of A. sadirioides. This research aims to identify the chemical compositions and anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil from the leaves of A. sadirioides. The chemical constituents of the essential oil from the leaves of this species were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty compounds were identified corresponding to 93.38% of the oil content; the main compounds found in the essential oil included methyl salicylate (20.62%), palmitic acid (16.01%), and propylcyclopropane (4.94%). Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil on Lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells was investigated by measuring the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine (nitric oxide, NO). The screening for anti-inflammatory activity showed that the essential oil had anti-inflammatory effect as measured by inhibition of NO production with an IC50 value of 19.13 ± 1.01 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Siliquamomum oreodoxa N.S. Lý & Škorničk is a species of the family Zingiberaceae and is currently only found in Vietnam. Information on the chemical components and antimicrobial activity of S. oreodoxa essential oil has not been reported in the literature. In this work, the potentiality of the essential oil of S. oreodoxa rhizomes against bacteria and fungi were investigated using antimicrobial bioassays. The chemical components of the plant essential oil were also determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. A total of forty bioactive compounds represented 89.5% of the oil, the major components of which were β-pinene (31.25%), α-pinene (26.01%), 1,8-cineol (21.35%), α-limonene (4.66%), and γ-terpinene (4.39%). In the antibacterial test, the essential oil showed inhibitory activity against Enterococcus faecalis (MIC = 16 μg/mL, IC50 = 5.34 μg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC = 64 μg/mL, IC50 = 20.23 μg/mL), and Salmonella enterica (IC50 = 9.24 μg/mL), Candida albicans (IC50 = 9.27 μg/mL), Bacillus cereus (IC50 = 9.45 μg/mL), E. coli (IC50 = 9.76 μg/mL), Staphylococcus aureus (IC50 = 12.45 μg/mL) at similar MIC value ≈ 32 μg/mL. These results encourage further experiments on biological effects and validation for the extract composition of other parts of S. oreodoxa, especially the essential oil compound, for functional food and drug development efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to valorise a medicinal plant from the Algerian flora. The main aim is to investigate for the first time the influence of some pedo-climatic parameters on the chemical composition diversity of Cinnamomum camphora L.'s essential oil harvested in two different regions, Algeria. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation method, physicochemical analysis was conducted on the essential oils in order to determine their physicochemical quality, as well as their composition, was analysed by GC-MS. The powder of the leaves and the rhizospheric soil of the two plants was analysed by infrared spectrometry and by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry in order to determine the difference of chemical and mineralogical composition of the powders and the soils from both regions. The GC-MS analysis of the two essentials oils showed a huge difference of their chemical composition and that the essential oil of the plant harvested from Chrea national park (116 compounds are richer than the one harvested in El hamma garden (76 compounds), however, the two essential oils presented some similar chemical compounds mainly: α-Pinene, sabinene, β-Pinene, 1,8- Cineole, camphor, Eugenol and (E)-Nerolidol. The results obtained in this study highlighted the fact that Cinnamomum camphora is a rich source of chemical compounds that can be used in food and pharmaceutical industry however, this chemical diversity is related and influenced by pedoclimatic parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpinia hongiaoensis is one of the newly discovered species that belong to the Zingiberaceae family. This study's purpose is to identify the chemical constituents of the essential oils extracted from the leaves and rhizomes of A. hongiaoensis using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. A total of sixty-nine compounds were identified in both oils. There are forty-nine components were determined in the leaf oil. Among them, β-pinene (21.2%), aristolochene (11.32%), methyl trans-cinnamate (10.83%), β-selinene (9.44%), and valencene (5.48%) were the main compounds. Meanwhile, fifty compounds were identified in the rhizome oil. The major constituents of the rhizome oil of A. hongiaoensis were β-pinene (28.4%), followed by limonene (10.85%), α-pinene (9.76%), camphene (6.59%), and methyl trans-cinnamate (5.78%). To the best of our knowledge, there is no information on the study of the phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of A. hongiaoensis in the literature. Therefore, this study provided the first glance at the chemical compositions of essential oils prepared from A. hongiaoensis leaves and rhizomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, thin-layer drying has been applied to improve drying efficiency and perfume production from E. rutaecarpa. Thus, the effects of the drying kinetics and temperature on the quality of E. rutaecarpa for essential oil production were studied. Seven kinds of mathematical models, such as Midilli et al., Overhults et al. and Lewis et al., were applied to model and verify the relationship between moisture ratio and time in the drying process. The Midilli et al. model could simulate the drying process very well. The essential oils obtained before and after different drying process were extracted via steam distillation, and the extracted essential oil components were identified with GC-MS. The moisture diffusion of E. rutaecarpa under hot air drying and vacuum drying at 35°C, 45°C and 55°C are 8.39×10-9, 1.07×10-8, 1.37×10−8, and 1.02×10−8, 1.16×10−8, 1.19×10−8, respectively, and the activation energy is 20.51 kJ/mol and 6.63 kJ/mol. Based on the quality of the essential oil of the E. rutaecarpa leaves obtained at different temperatures, the proposed approximate drying temperature of E. rutaecarpa for application was 45-55°C. During the drying process, the moisture of E. rutaecarpa in this temperature range may drop below the safe moisture within 7-5.5 h for storage with 12.1-9.7 % essential oil loss. This study showed the oil quality and quantity of the essential oil of E. rutaecarpa as well as the fresh sample in different drying methods and drying temperatures were compared, while the drying quality of E. rutaecarpa was further compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aromatic Anantmool roots i.e. Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. (Indian Sarsaparilla) and its substitute Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn. show hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, nephroprotective, anti-oxidant, anti-venom, anti-pyretic, anti-diabetic, anti-ulcerogenic anti-ophidian, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. These fragrant roots are used in the traditional system of medicines as a blood purifier. The essential oil rich roots are used for treating Alzheimer's disease, cancer, leprosy, skin diseases, leucoderma, asthama, leucorrhoea, bronchitis, piles, paralysis, neurodegenerative disorders and etc. Essential oils (EO) of these drug restudied with respect to wild and cultivated sources for identification of their chemical constitution. From the GC-MS analysis of studied root EOs 16 compounds were identified in wild H. indicus roots including 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde, which is important for pharmaceutical as well as food and flavour industry. However, in the EO from the cultivated H. indicus roots 17 compounds were found with 47.23 % of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde. In substitute D. hamiltonii wild and cultivated roots EO, total 24 compounds were identified with major constituent being 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde 48.81 % and 29.25 % in wild and cultivated respectively. Wild roots showed maximum amount of pharmaceutically active compound 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde compared to that from the cultivated plants. The major active compound is found almost similar in both the plants therefore, instead of H. indicus, D. hamiltonii can be used for preparation of the drugs. Both the plants are rich in diverse aromatic compounds and are under dwindling stage in wild which need to be conserved and cultivated to treat dreaded disease like cancer and meet the demands of industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the variation of the contents, chemical profiling and biological activities among fresh and dried leaves essential oils of Olea europaea L. Chemlali cultivar. The essential oils (EO) of the fresh and shade dried leaves of O. europaea were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial activities were assessed by the evaluation of MICs and MCCs standards. Both oils showed significant quantitative and qualitative differences in their chemical composition. Indeed, 25 and 47 components were identified in the fresh and shade dried leaves essential oils, respectively. The fresh leaves essential oils were dominated by α-farnesene (17.85 %) and β-maaliene (17.16 %) while n-hexadecanoic acid (7.44%) was the major component of shade dried leaves essential oils. Moderate antioxidant activity was shown for both essential oils. The essential oils of dried leaves exhibited higher antimicrobial activity with MICs values ranging between 1 and 2 mL L-1 and MFCs ranging between 1 and 4 mL L-1, whereas the MBCs of oils of fresh leaves ranged between 3.25 and 26 mL L-1, and MFCs ranged between 3.25 and 6.5 mL L-1. The detected reduction in the viability of standard bacteria, higher than 5 log units within a contact time of 5 min, was obtained by 0.75 % (v/v) dried and 1.25 % (v/v) fresh leaves essential oils. Concentrations of 3 % (v/v) dried and 6 % (v/v) fresh leaves essential oils resulted in a reduction in viability higher than 4 log units for the standard fungi, within a contact time of 5 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcuma aromatica Salisb. is an aromatic medicinal plant belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. It has various pharmacological activities and is also known for its ethnobotanical uses in India such as tonic, carminative, antidote to snakebites, cosmetic uses, etc. Hence in this study, 18 samples were collected from different localities of the Eastern and Southern parts of India. The essential oil yield was calculated on a fresh weight basis and varied from 0.3 to 1.45 %. The GC-MS analysis of the essential oil led to the identification of forty-four constituents which represented 81.07 to 94.07 % of the total oil. The major components in most of the accessions were xanthorrhizol (8.8 to 24.41 %), camphor (4.06 to 18.14 %), germacrone (3.53 to 21.85 %), neo-curdione (5.82 to 14.62 %),1,8-cineole (3.73 to 11.89 %), borneol (2.36 to 7.16 %), camphene (1.65 to 6.83 %), linalool (0.15 to 3.8 %), curdione (0.16 to 4.10 %), ar-curcumene (0.47 to 4.82 %) and germacrene D (0.12 to 3.24%). It is observed that the major constituents are not the same in all the accessions of four different states. The quantity and quality of essential oils as well as their bioactivity are affected by variation in different environmental conditions. Therefore the finding of the present work dealing with essential oil analysis of germplasms collected from different regions would have enough significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oil and aqueous extract from Thymus algeriensis Boiss. & Reut growing in Tunisia. GC/MS analysis of essential oil from the aerial part of the plant led to identifying 54 constituents representing 96.87 % of the total oil composition. Monoterpenes represented the major components of the essential oil. On the other hand, the aqueous extract and the essential oil were screened for their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The latter was assessed against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains using the broth dilution micro method for the determination of antibacterial activity. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH scavenging activity and Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. The essential oil was found to be more active in antibacterial screening (MIC = 0.54 μg/mL). Whereas the aqueous extract exhibited the most potent antioxidant activity with (IC50 = 0.04 μg/mL). UHPLC ESI(-)-HRMS/MS analysis of the aqueous extract allowed tentative identification of its constituents and showed that it is rich in phenolic compounds. Luteolin-glucuronide was found to be the most abundant compound followed by Vicenin-2 and Apigenin-diglucuronide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lavandula angustifolia is a major source of high-quality fragrance and extensively used in aromatherapy. Lavender is widely found in the Jammu and Kashmir region of India. The aim of the present study to determine chemical constituents present in the essential oil of L. angustifolia flowers by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and to evaluate its antihyperglycemic activity via inhibition of the α-glucosidase enzyme. The chemical constituents of the essential of L. angustifolia flowers were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and its antihyperglycemic activity was evaluated by inhibition of the α-glucosidase enzyme. The Lavender flowers yielded 41 chemical constituents which constitute about 99.28 % of total essential oil and the major chemical constituents include linalyl acetate (39.28 %), linalool (26.76 %), trans-β-caryophyllene (4.77 %), lavandulyl acetate (3.04 %) and 1,8-cineole (2.15 %). The essential oil from flowers of L. angustifolia showed concentration dependant α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition that varies from 24.27±2.18 to 64.04±1.29 % for concentration 31.25 to 1000 μg/mL, respectively. The L. angustifolia essential oil with IC50 value 609.44±13.01 was found comparable with acarbose (IC50 value 526.5±12.19 μg/mL) against the α-glucosidase enzyme. The study finding provides the basis for the possible use of L. angustifolia essential oil in the management of postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to examine some of the biological activities and physicochemical properties of the Cupressus sempervirens L. essential oil (EO). C. sempervirens L. EO was isolated by hydrodistillation. GC-MS was used to identify the compounds of the EO. The results revealed that the major compounds identified in the EO showed a predominance of α-pinene (42 %), followed by δ-3-carene (21.26 %) and limonene (5.96 %). The antioxidant activities of the EO were measured with DPPH tests and β-carotene bleaching. Four bacterial strains, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis, were used to assess the antibacterial properties. The C. sempervirens L. EO had remarkable antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. faecalis and E. coli. It had a contact toxic effect on and manifested a repellent activity against adults of Sitophilus granarius. The latter were optimized at a dose of 0.16 μl/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the volatile oil composition of the fresh leaves of dill, celery, coriander, and fennel, grown in Jordan, and to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils individually and in binary (50:50) and quaternary (25:25:25:25) mixtures. The volatile oils, obtained by hydrodistillation, were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In vitro antimicrobial activities of the essential oils were evaluated against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. Using the microtiter plate dilution method minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the essential oils were determined and the checkerboard method was then used to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of the essential oil combinations by means of the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). Dill and celery samples were rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons, while the oils of fennel and coriander were dominated by non-terpenoid compounds. In antimicrobial experiments, the essential oil of dill yielded the best activity against all tested microorganisms. In binary combination of the essential oils, best results were detected in a combination of dill with coriander against B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa, and fennel with coriander against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The present study is the first evaluation of the volatile oil composition and determination of the antimicrobial activities of the fresh leaves of dill, celery, coriander, and fennel in binary and quaternary combinations. Additive or synergistic effects were detected in certain binary oil combinations while indifferent and antagonist effects were noticed in other mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to investigate the essential oil yield and chemical composition of essential oils from the fruits of Ferulago cassia Boiss. The fruits of F. cassia, a native plant of Turkish flora, were collected at the seed maturing stage from different localities and the essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation. Chemical components of the oils were identified by GC and GC-MS. The oil yields on a dry weight basis ranged between 5.0 % to 7.8 %. The number of essential oil components was between 44 to 64 for different locations and a total of 78 compounds were identified. Major qualitative and quantitative variations of some compounds were determined for localities. The major components were chrysanthenyl acetate (13.54 % - 24.49 %), 2,3,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde (5.94 % - 25.52 %), L-limonene (4.69 % - 27.44 %), α-pinene (7.64 % - 12.43 %), β-myrcene (3.44 % - 10.38 %) and L-phellandrene (2.90 % - 9.75 %). Results showed that plants collected from different localities had different chemical compositions. Collection, selection and cultivation of different genotypes based on reported results could allow breeders to develop chemotypes for oil extraction and use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytochemical analysis of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the leaves and calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa (family Malvaceae) is reported. The components of the essential oil were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The yields of the essential oil of the leaves and calyces samples were 0.12 % and 0.11 % (v/w), respectively. The essential oil of leaf samples contained eighty-two compounds and a total of eighty-nine compounds were found in the calyx samples. Twentyfive common compounds were in the samples. The major compounds of the leaf were n-heneicosane (9.7 %), β-caryophyllene (5.5 %), n-pentacosane (5.4 %), anethole (4.9 %) and dihydro aromadendrene (3.2 %). The calyx's main components were represented by hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (11.2 %), n-nonanal (5.8 %), eugenol (4.2 %), hexanal (3.8 %), 2-pentyl furan (3.7 %) and n-decanal (3.1 %). This is the first report on the volatile compounds of roselle from this region of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eclipta prostrata (Linn.) (Family: Asteraceae) is an important Indian medicinal herb having myriad therapeutic potential. In the present study, the essential oil was extracted from the aerial parts of E. prostrata collected from 10 different regions of Odisha by hydro-distillation and analyzed by using one- dimensional gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Fifty nine volatile compounds comprising 68.84-96.58% of the total oil were identified. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the predominant group of compounds which varied from 26.84-62.67% followed by monoterpene hydrocarbons (28.93-38.66%). The E. prostrata oils were rich in α-pinene (11.2 - 18.23%) followed by caryophyllene (8.56 - 15.38%), α- humulene (1.8-11.1%), α-pinene (2.6 - 8.72%), camphene (2.6 - 8.5%), allo-aromadendrene (2.5 - 6.99%), α-amorphene (0.3 - 7.8%), cis-muurole-4(14),5-diene (1.2 - 5.7%), eugenol (2.13 - 4.1%) followed by other minor compounds. The major constituents of all the studied germplasms displayed the same major compounds in their essential oil with varying area percentage. Hence, with having these well known bioactive phytoconstituents, the essential oil of E. prostrata would have enough significance in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several species of Eucalyptus are used in folk medicine as an antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and against respiratory infections, such as colds, sinus congestion and influenza. These species have shown potential antioxidant properties in addition to antimicrobial activities. In the present paper, we were interested in Eucalyptus blakelyi Maiden, a species belonging to the Myrtaceae family. Our study can be considered as the first detailed report on the chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of different extracts. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the biological activities of essential oils, methanolic and aqueous extracts of this plant. The present work was realized on leaves collected from National Institute for Forest Research (INRF) of Baïnem (Algiers, Algeria), and the results showed that essential oil's yield obtained by hydrodistillation was 2.13 %. Actually, 15 compounds were identified by GC-MS profile, and the major compound was 1.8-cineole with 62.74 %. Indeed, the antiradical activity using the DPPH method has shown that methanolic and aqueous extracts had an interesting antioxidant ability with an IC50 of 0.33 and 0.39 mg/ ml respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil, methanolic and aqueous extracts on eleven microbial strains was evaluated using the aromatogram method. Thus, the methanolic extract proved to be the most active compared to the aqueous extract and the essential oil by inducing a maximum inhibition zones of 19.66 mm for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213 and 25.66 mm for Candida albicans. The results suggest potential applications of essential oil in food and extracts in pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to determine chemical composition and antioxidant activity of commercial peppermint (Aetheroleum menthae piperitae) and basil (Aetheroleum basilici) essential oils as well as their effects on skin biophysical parameters. The qualitative and quantitative composition of essential oils was determined by GC-MS and GC-FID spectrometry, respectively; their antioxidant activity by using DPPH assay and the change of skin biophysical parameters after topical application of oils by non-invasive in vivo bioengineering. The most abundant component in peppermint oil was menthol (45.4 %) while basil oil contained linalool (39.9 %) in the highest percentage. According to the EC50 values, basil oil showed better antioxidant activity than peppermint essential oil (0.002 mg/mL vs. 58.41 mg/mL). In vivo measurements revealed the absence of skin irritation after applying the samples of essential oil under occlusion, which is important for their future topical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to find suitable spatial geometry of Melia dubia (an industrially important fast growing tree) for Cymbopogon martinii by assessing its growth, physiology, herbage, and essential oil yield and major essential oil constituents. Sole cropping (C. martinii) and silvi-medicinal systems viz., M. dubia (2x2 m)+C. martinii, M. dubia (3x3 m)+C. martinii, M. dubia (3x2 m)+C. martinii, M. dubia (4x4 m)+C. martinii and M. dubia (4x2 m)+C. martinii resulted significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on growth, herbage yield, essential oil content and yield and major essential oil constituents of C. martinii. Height growth, number tillers, plant spread and physiological parameters were better under M. dubia (2X2 m)-C. martinii silvi-medicinal system. Total fresh, dry herbage and essential yield was higher under M. dubia (2X2 m)-C. martinii system compared to wider spatial geometries and sole cropping. Oil yield was higher under silvi-medicinal systems compared to sole cropping system. The essential oil recovery was also higher under M. dubia compared to sole cropping of C. mrtinii. Growth and yield attributes were higher at 2nd harvest compared to 1st and 3rd harvest. Geranyl acetate percentage was higher under closer spacing of M. dubia and it was less in sole crop. However, geraniol content was higher in sole crop and wider spatial geometries of M. dubia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to determine the chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Algerian Mentha pulegium L. and Lavandula stoechas L. essential oils (EOs). The essential oils of M. pulegium and L. stoechas were obtained by hydrodistillation and their yields was 3.96 ± 0.12 and 1.46 ± 0.06 % (v/w), respectively. GC-MS analyses allowed the identification of 27 components representing 98.06 % of the total oil for M. pulegium, and 68 components representing 93.51 % of the total for L. steochas. The main components of M. pulegium EO were pulegone (81.04 %), piperitenone (13.60 %) and trans-p-mentha-8-en-3-one (1.35 %). Fenchone (50.29 %), camphor (14.02 %) and bornyl acetate (5.60 %) were the main components of L. stoechas EO. The antioxidant activity of EOs was estimated by total antioxidant capacity, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, ferric-reducing power test and β-carotene bleaching assay. Both EOs exhibited a moderate antioxidant activity compared to BHT, vitamin C and trolox. Antibacterial studies showed good activity against four Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, as well as good inhibitory properties (MIC), suggesting that Algerian M. pulegium and L. steochas EOs can be used in food and pharmaceutical industries as antimicrobial and preservative agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compounds extracted from essential oil of the species Zanthoxylum caribaeum were analysed by GC-MS and tested to measure the antimicrobial potential of this oil by microdilution method in broth against standard microorganisms, determine the oil antioxidant activity by the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) capture method and evaluate Dermanyssus gallinae (Panzer) (Acari: Dermanyssidae) mite repellency, tested in a Y-tube olfactometer. The GC-MS analysis identified 20 constituents, all terpenes representing 75.46 % of the essential oil total composition. The main compounds identified were α-panasinsene (12.75 %), viridiflorene (11.23 %), β-elemene (10.61 %) and β-selinene (8.72 %); all others were sesquiterpenes and a diterpene. Regarding antimicrobial activity, the essential oil was effective against all Gram-positive bacteria tested and Gram-negative strains of Salmonella enterica. The antioxidant activity values showed that there was no considerable difference between butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and essential oil, revealing its high antioxidant capacity of 90.22 %. In addition, the oil presented a repellent action of 79 % to the D. gallinae mite in the olfactometer tests. Finally, the study contributed to the chemical and biological characterization of the essential oil of Z. caribaeum, reporting for the first time repellent activity against D. gallinae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work was carried out to assess the variations in the chemical composition, yield, antibacterial and haemolytic activities of hydro-distilled peel essential oils from unripe and ripened limon [Citrus limon(L.) Osbeck] fruit. The extracted essential oil yield from unripe fruit peel (1.79 %) is slightly lower as compared to the ripened fruit peel oil (1.81 %). By GC/MS analysis, 14 compounds were identified in unripe while 11 components in ripened lemon peel essential oil (LPEO). The major components identified in unripe lemon peel essential oil were caryophyllene oxide (16.791 %) followed by 3-cyclohexene-1-methanol (11.463 %), 2-isoprpenyl-5-metyhlhex-4-enal (10.174 %), limonene (9.649 %) and β-citral (8.323 %) whereas ripened LPEO contained α-Terpineol as major compound (38.497 %) followed by 2,6-octadienal-3,7-dimethyl (9.981 %) and limonene (9.195 %). Both the isolated lemon peel essential oils (LPEOs) exhibited considerable antibacterial activity against E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus with no cytotoxic effects. Overall, a significant variation in the yield, volatiles composition and biological activities of LPEOs were observed that can be linked to lemon fruit ripening stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined essential oils (EO) extracted from Artemisia afra and Bidenspilosa leaves for bioactive phytochemicals and their antioxidant activities on pH and lipid oxidation of ground porkduring cold storage. Artemisia afra and B. pilosa EO were extracted by solvent-free microwave extraction. Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and free radical scavenging (DPPH) respectively. Fresh pork was purchased, minced and treated with either A. afra EO (0.2 ml/ 100 g), B. pilosa EO (0.2 ml/100 g), A. afra + B.pilosa (0.2 ml/100 g) or synthetic antioxidant (BHT, 0.02 % w/w) and stored for 7 days (4±1°C). The pH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of the meat samples were analyzed on day 1 and 7. The A. afra EO had a higher amount of phytochemicals (86 compounds) than B. pilosa (25 compounds).The major bioactive components in theEO which have been reported for antioxidant and antimicrobial activities include eucalyptol (16.62 %), caryophyllene oxide (0.38 %), bicyclogermacrene (0.72 %), caryophyllene (1.70 %), bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene, 1,7,7-trimethyl (0.35 %), bornyl acetate (0.68 %), camphor (15.2 %), endo-borneol (2.23 %), terpinen-4-ol (1.93 %), 3,5-dimethylcyclopentene (0.67 %), α-terpineol (0.55 %) and artemiseole (0.23 %).The DPPH values of A. afra were higher than B. pilosa but comparable with reference standard. The TBARS in meat samples treated with A. afra and B. pilosa leaf EO tended to be lower (p> 0.05) compared to control and BHT treatments during the storage period. In conclusion, A. afra EO exhibited higher antioxidant compounds and activity to inhibit lipid oxidation in ground pork during cold storage (4°C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient regeneration protocol through axillary and inter nodal explants was developed from Wedelia biflora. Explants were placed on MS medium supplemented with different treatments of cytokinins, 6-benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin (KIN) for adventitious shoot production. The highest multiple shoots (95%; 26.4 shoots/explant) and elongation (2.75 cm shoot length), was obtained in 1.0 BA mg L-1 in axillary node explants. The shoot was transferred to half-strength MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L-1 IBA showed the best root formation (85%; 22.2 roots/shoot; 2.65 cm root length; propagate leaf d.w 1.42 g L-1 and root d.w 1.10 g L-1) and plantlets were successfully acclimatized in the green house. The compositions of essential oils were studied in in vitro and in vivo leaf explants and to determine their absolute and relative concentrations using GC-MS and GC-FID, respectively. In vitro and in vivo variations in composition among the essential oils were detected. Sesquiterpene and monoterpene are major components in the oil of in vitro and in vivo leaves of W. biflora. Essential oil quantification showed α-pinene (44.03%); verbenone (15.37%); δ-cadinene (5.48%) of in vivo leaves; whereas α-pinene (5.02%); verbenone (1.40%) and δ-cadinene (3.13%) of in vitro leave respectively. The in vitro and in vivo essential oils were analyzed by bacterial and fungal organism through disc diffusion and minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) methods. The results were compared with reference drugs ciprofloxacin and nystatin respectively. In vitro developed plants exhibited higher sesquiterpene contents and antimicrobial activity than field grown plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of essential oil from Artemisia annua L. by ultrasonic-assisted steam distillation extraction (UASDE) was evaluated using the response surface methodology. The optimized conditions were steam distillation extraction time of 3.5 h, ultrasonic time of 0.5 h, and ratio of solid-liquid ratio of 1:10 (g/mL). Ultimately, we obtained an actual extraction rate of 0.71% by UASD, which is higher than that by steam distillation (0.64%). This method could be used to explore the optimum conditions of essential oil extraction and increase the extraction rate. The compounds of fresh A. annua essential oil (FE) and dry A. annua essential oil (DE) were identified by GC-MS. Results showed that the extraction ratio of FE and DE were 0.77% and 0.73%, respectively, and 25 compounds were identified. The relative content of each component varied, and different compounds were found in these two essential oils. Thujone was found only in DE at 0.8%, and 0.3% of isoeugenol was found only in FE. In-vitro antibacterial tests showed that the essential oils had different inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. Three antibacterial activity of DE was more effective than that of FE at low essential oil concentrations. The antioxidant activity of the FE and DE was evaluated using the DPPH, reducing power, and hydroxyl radical scavenging tests. Results demonstrated that DE had a higher antioxidant activity than FE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition of the essential oils of dried aerial parts of four Scandix species; Scandix aucheri Boiss., Scandix pecten-veneris L. (aerial parts and fruit), Scandix macrorhyncha C.A. Mey. and Scandix balansae Reuter ex Boiss. was analyzed by using GC and GC-MS. The essential oil yield of S. aucheri showed 37 components, which comprised of 98% of the total essential oil and identified 16 constituents in fruit and 18 constituents in aerial part of S. pecten veneris. 10 compounds were identified which comprised 89.6% of the total essential oil from S. macrorhyncha, and 33 constituents were identified in S. balansae and comprised 83.5% in total essential oil. The main compounds were determined as germacrene D (22.3%), spathulenol (11.5%), in S. aucheri; n-hexadecanoic acids (Palmitic) (28.2%), spathulenol (19.6%) in (aerial parts)- n-hexadecanoic acids (27.7%), octadecanoic acids (6.7%) in fruit from S. pecten veneris; n-hexadecanoic acids (31.5%), 1-heptadecanol (25.2%), in S. macrorhyncha, 9,12-octadecanoic acids (Linoleic) (26.6%), 9-octadecanoic acids (oleic) (15.3%), n-hexadecanoic acids (10.7%) in S. balansae. Fatty acid, sesquiterpene and saturated hydrocarbons were determined as significant compounds for the characterization of Scandix species essential oil. The results were discussed in view of natural products and chemotaxonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A modified hydrodistillation was designed to isolate essential oil (EO) from the leaves of Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. cultivated in Luodian County, China. Meanwhile, hydrodistillation-solvent extraction (HDSE) and simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) were used to collect volatile oils of Luodian B. balsamifera. Chemical compositions, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of volatile oil and EO of Luodian B. balsamifera were investigated. GC-MS and GC-FID analysis showed that caryophyllene, xanthoxylin, γ-eudesmol, α-cubenene were the main compounds of EO. In the tests of antioxidant and antimicrobial capabilities, the antioxidant activity of EO was better than the other two volatile oils, and EO had high antioxidant activity in DPPH free radical scavenging test (IC50: 28.22 g/L), β-carotene bleaching inhibition test (IC50: 3.27 g/L), and thiobarbituric acid reactive species assay. EO exhibited favourable antifungal activity (MIC: 62.5-250 μg/mL), and showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 2000 μg/mL). Essential oil of B. balsamifera leaves has potential as antiseptic and antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radix Gentianae macrophyllae is a traditional Chinese medicine (Qinjiao in Chinese). In this paper, the volatile components extracted from rough Qinjiao (raw, unprocessed Qinjiao)and manufactured Qinjiao (Yinpian,commercial Qinjiao) roots were investigated and comprehensively analyzed and compared by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and related chemometrics methods for the first time. The main components were identified belonging to aldehydes, aromatics, fatty acid derivatives, alcohols, esters, ketones, alkanes, terpenoids and others. The discrimination of the samples from manufactured Qinjiao (Yinpian) and rough Qinjiao was achieved by principal component analysis (PCA). The results confirmed that rough samples were characterized by the presence of trans-2-nonenal, linalool and nonanol while manufactured samples were characterized by the presence of pentadecanoic acid and stearyl acetate. The results proved that GC-MS fingerprint combined with PCA approach is a simple, rapid and novelty method which is suitable for the quality control of the raw materials of Qinjiao. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger is a medicinal plant that has been used traditionally in Ayurvedic, Chinese and Tibb- Unani herbal drugs since ancient times. Now-a-days ginger oil is commercially produced from dry or fresh ginger rhizome. Systematic study of the oil from different cultivars resulted in various chemical constituents present in different proportions which are of immense therapeutic uses and are of high commercial interest. The different studies can be performed using GC, GC-MS and supercritical fluid extraction process. Zingiberene, ar- curcumene, citral, β-bisabolene, geranial, camphene are the major active compounds present in ginger essential oil. The GC-MS oil analysis showed abundancy in oxygenated compounds. This quality may be attributed to the antimicrobial activity of the ginger oil. The ginger oil also has high therapeutic values such as anti- inflammatory, analgesic, anticancer, antioxidant, antinociceptive, antitussive properties etc. Moreover many advanced techniques developed so far led to the discovery of different cultivars of ginger with different and improved oil yielding capacity. Many researches are still going on the chemical analysis and therapeutic uses of the ginger essential oil so in this review an attempt is being made to provide up-to-date information on the therapeutic studies and essential oil composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaves and twigs of Juniperus pingii var. wilsonii (Cupressaceae) smell aromatic and are traditionally used as the Tibetan medicine Xuba. Their essential oil obtained by ultrasonic-assisted hydrodistillation and volatiles collected by GC headspace technique were analyzed and compared by GC-MS. The analyses revealed the presence of thirty-nine components in the essential oil, representing 95.8% in content of the total oil, mainly including sabinene (22.6%), elemol (15.5%) and (-)-terpinen-4-ol (9.6%). Thirty-eight components accounting for 99.4% of the headspace volatiles were identified, mainly including sabinene (32.5%), β-pinene (21.9%) and α-thujene (10.3%). The compositions of the oil and headspace volatiles were quite similar, and twenty-five compounds identified were in common, which was 91.3% of the oil and 96.0% of the headspace volatiles in content. The essential oil could obviously inhibit Nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells with no significant effect on cell viability, indicating its good anti-inflammatory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ajwain has many important medicinal properties. In the present study, chemical composition of essential oil of two types of ajwain seeds (small and bold) has been determined with GC-MS analysis. Thymol (72.03, 71.80 %) is found to be the major constituent followed by γ-terpinene (13.53 %) and ρ- cymene (14.16 %) in small and bold seeds respectively. Nutritional composition study estimated % age of nutrients viz. protein (15.01, 12.81), ash (12.28, 6.26), moisture (30.9, 6.67), fats (6.1, 13.05), fibre (21.5, 25.3) and carbohydrate (31.21, 35.91) for small and bold seeds respectively. Specific mineral composition analysis showed highest per cent of nitrogen (4.53, 4.5) as compared to phosphorus (0.13, 0.126) and potassium (1.03, 1.09) whereas Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn were detected in ppm concentrations. Various phytochemicals viz alkaloids, saponins, steroids, tannins, coumarins, flavonoids, phytosterols, phenols, chalcones and glycosides were identified in different solvent extracts in both types of ajwain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils compositions from different parts of Pituranthos tortuosus (Coss.) Maire collected at the flowering and the fruiting stages were investigated. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS techniques. A total of 53 compounds representing 95.7 to 99.6 % of the total oil were identified, showing large qualitative and quantitative differences. The analyzed oils were characterized by a very high percentage of monoterpenes, in which the monoterpene hydrocarbons constituted the predominant class especially in the stems (79.1 %) at the fruiting stage. The major compounds in the flowers and the seeds were dillapiole (33.9; 37.2 %), limonene (14.9; 10 %), sabinene (8.8; 10.9 %) and 3- n-butylphtalide (14.2; 6.7 %), respectively. The antioxidant activity of the essential oils was evaluated by the metal (Fe2+) chelating and Fe3+ reducing power assays. The stems and seeds essential oils showed an important reducing power (EC50: 0.06-0.08 mg/ml). Our findings demonstrated that P. tortuosus growing wild in the South- East of Tunisia could be considered as an interesting source of natural antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of the volatile compounds of the aerial parts (leaves and stems) and flowers (inflorescences) of Plectranthus neochilus Schltr. and Salvia farinacea Benth. growing in Egypt was analyzed by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The analysis revealed that both the aerial parts and flowers of Plectranthus neochilus Schltr. were dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (79.9 % and 63.79 %), respectively. Concerning the aerial parts of Plectranthus neochilus Schltr., the major volatile components were allo-aromadendrene (19.35 %) and aromadendrene (18.3 %) followed by selin-3,7(11)-diene (10.2 %), while γ-cadinene (18.56 %) and aromadendrene (17.94 %) followed by β-myrcene (10.5 %) and E-β-ocimene (9.11 %) were the major components in the oil of the flowers. On the other hand, the analysis revealed that 1-octen-3-ol (46.51 %), 2-hexenal (18.02 %), benzaldehyde (8.8 %) and aromadendrene (7.24 %) were the main components of the aerial parts of Salvia farinacea Benth. Ethyl benzene (24.29 %) was identified as the major volatile component in the flowers followed by m-xylene (21.95 %), o-xylene (7.9 %), α-thujene (7.64 %) and α-pinene (6.11 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]