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Plant essential oils have been used for hundreds of years as natural medicines to combat a multitude of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The paper reports the chemical compositions of essential oil hydrodistilled from the leaves and rhizomes of Amomum unifolium Gagnep. from Vietnam. The main classes of compounds present in the essential oils were monoterpene hydrocarbons (10.1% and 23.9%, respectively), oxygenated monoterpenes (14.5% and 4.9%, respectively), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (40.9% and 21.9%, respectively), and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (20.1% and 26.8%, respectively). Diterpenes (16.1%) were identified in sizeable proportion in the rhizome essential oil. The constituents occurring in higher amounts in the leaf essential oil were aromadendrene (6.9%), occidenol (6.8%), β-phellandrene (6.2%), β-elemene (5.7%), and δ-elemene (5.0%). However, the main compounds of the rhizome essential oil were β-phellandrene (18.5%), torulosol (16.1%), germacrene D (5.7%), α-cadinol (5.5%) and (6S, 7R)-bisabolene (5.1%). The leaf essential oil of A. unifolium displayed higher antibacterial activity than the rhizome oil. The leaf oil showed activity towards S. aureus ATCC 6538, and B. pumilus ATCC 14884, with MIC values of 75.0 μg/mL and 37.5 μg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, the rhizome essential oil displayed activity against the organisms at MIC value of 150.0 μg/mL. Both essential oils exhibited antibacterial activity to E. coli ATCC 8739, with MIC value of 150.0 μg/mL. The antimicrobial activity of A. unifolium essential oils are being reported for the first time as a confirmation of the ethnomedical uses of A. unifolium in the treatment of diseases especially antimicrobial infections. Furthermore, the paper discusses the chemotaxonomy of Amomum oil samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clove oil extraction has garnered increasing attention for its diverse applications, ranging from traditional medicine to the food and cosmetic industries. This paper presents a comprehensive bibliometric review aimed at mapping the evolving landscape of clove oil extraction research. By systematically analyzing a wealth of scholarly publications, the advances, challenges, and future directions in this field. Our bibliometric analysis encompasses key dimensions, including publication trends, prolific authors and institutions, prevalent research themes, and methodological approaches are highlighted. The review identifies notable advancements in clove oil extraction methodologies, shedding light on novel techniques and innovations that have shaped the research landscape. Concurrently, challenges such as standardization, sustainability, and economic feasibility are scrutinized, providing a nuanced understanding of the current limitations in the field. Furthermore, we delve into emerging research directions and propose avenues for future exploration. The synthesis of this bibliometric review not only consolidates existing knowledge but also serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers interested in the sustainable development of clove oil extraction. Through this mapping exercise, we aim to guide the trajectory of future research, fostering innovation and addressing the challenges associated with this vital aspect of essential oil production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical constituents of essential oils from Zingiber plants are known to exhibit chemical variability. The objective of this work was to analyze for the first time the contents and the chemical diversity of the essential oils from the leaves, stems and roots of Zingiber pellitum Gagnep, belonging to Zingiberaceae family collected in Binh Chau-Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Vietnam. The essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and their constituents were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS-FID). The essential oils from Z. pellitum were obtained in yield of 0.20% (leaves), 0.12% (stems) and 0.27% (roots). The essential oils from the leaves of Z. pellitum consist mainly of β-caryophyllene (51.7%), β-pinene (12.0%), α-pinene (10.0%), while β-caryophyllene (24.9%), β-pinene (19.8%) and α-humulene (18.8%) were the main constituents of the stems essential oil. On the other hand, 9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene (7.5%), humulene epoxide II (7.4%), α-humulene (6.4%), caryophyllene oxide (5.9%), β-caryophyllene (4.9%), camphene (4.3%), epi-α-cadinol (4.0%) and cyperotundone (4.0%) were the significant compounds of essential oil from the roots of Z. pellitum. Since the composition of the studied leaves, stems and roots of Z. pellitum essential oils differed considerably from each other and previous reports on the other parts of the plant, the paper discusses further the chemotaxonomic implications of the obtained data with respect to Zingiber pellitum and other Zingiber essential oils from Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports that the main constituent of essential oil from the leaves of Macclurodendron oligophlebia (Merr.) Hartl. growing in Vietnam was α-pinene (81.7%), while α-pinene (67.4%) and limonene (11.2%) were the major compounds in fruit essential oil. The composition of essential oils from the leaves and fruits of Melicope ptelefolia (Champ. ex Benth.) T.G. Hartley was characterized as germacrene D (34.0% and 31.1%, respectively), bicyclogermacrene (5.5% and 7.6%, respectively), d-elemene (9.9% and 9.0%, respectively) and α-pinene (6.5% and 9.8%, respectively). The fruit essential oil contains limonene (4.9%) and (E)-β-ocimene (8.1%). The fruit essential oils of M. oligophlebia and M. ptelefolia exhibited anti-candial activity towards Candida albicans ATCC 10231, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 8.0 μg/mL and 32.0 μg/mL, respectively. M. oligophlebia fruit oil also showed action against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, each with MIC value of 32.0 μg/mL. Also, M. oligophlebia leaf showed higher activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (MIC, 32.0 μg/mL). The other oil samples exhibited varying degrees of antimicrobial activity with MIC values of either 64.0 μg/mL or 128. 0 μg/mL. The leaf essential oil of M. oligophlebia displayed larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae with minimum lethal concentration (LC50) values of 16.71 μg/mL and 11.40 μg/mL, respectively at 24 h and 48 h. The fruit oil did not exhibit any larvicidal action. However, M. ptelefolia leaf and fruit showed activity at 24 h with LC50 values of 33.18 μg/mL and 35.06 μg/mL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports the chemical compositions and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC., Tridax procumbens (L.) L., and Ageratum houstonianum Mill., of Asteraceae family grown in Vietnam. The essential oils were isolated by hydrodisitllation and analysed by GC and GC/MS. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were measured by the microdilution broth susceptibility assay. The main compounds of B. lacera were germacrene D (25.5%), 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (20.6%), β-caryophyllene (17.9%), thymol methyl ether (6.3%). T. procumbens afforded essential oil whose major constituent was β-pinene (13.4%), while germacrene D (21.3%), α-pinene (19.0%), and β-caryophyllene (8.9%) constitute the bulk of A. houstenianum essential oil. The leaf essential oils of A. houstenianum collected in August (MIC, 8.0 μg/mL) and B. lacera (MIC, 16.0 μg/mL) were the most active against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, with corresponding IC50 values of 4.00 μg/mL and 5.67 μg/mL, respectively. The essential oil of T. procumbens exhibited the most potent activity towards Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, with MIC value of 32.0 μg/mL and IC50 values of 12.45 μg/mL and 7.89 μg/mL, respectively. Also, both A. houstenianum essential oils collected in August and April displayed antibacterial action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 with MIC values of of 64.0 μg/mL (IC50, 21.45 μg/mL) and 32.0 μg/mL and (IC50, 15.22 μg/mL). Both B. lacera and T. procumbens showed anti-candidal property with MIC value of 16.0 μg/mL, as well as IC50 values of 5.69 μg/mL and 8.66 μg/mL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the chemical constituents and the antimicrobial activity of essential oils hydrodisitlled from the leaves of Alpinia globosa Hour (syn. Amomum globosum Lour.) and Alpinia tonkinensis Gagnep. The essential oils were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were measured by the microdilution broth susceptibility assay. The absolute yields of the essential oils were 0.16 % (v/w, ± 0.01) and 0.21 % (v/w, ± 0.02), respectively for A. globosa and A. tonkinensis, calculated on a dry weight basis. The major constituents of A. biglobosa were β-pinene (12.1 %), α-gurjunene (10.5 %) and (Z)-13-docosenamide (9.0 %). The compounds occurring in higher amount in A. tonkinensis includes β-pinene (33.5 %), (E)-β-ocimene (9.6 %), γ-terpinene (9.2 %) and α-pinene (8.4 %). The essential oil of A. tonkinensis inhibited the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 16404) with MIC value of 25.0 μg/mL. In addition, both essential oils displayed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus (ATCC 11632) and Fusarium oxysporum (ATCC 48112) with MIC value of 50.0 μg/mL. The chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the studied essential oils were being reported for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melaleuca polandii, commonly known as "Gold-tipped Bottlebrush", is widely grown in Indian gardens and parks as an ornamental plant. In the present study, the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of M. polandii leaf essential oil (MPLEO) have been investigated. GC-MS analysis of MPLEO isolated from plants grown along the coastal plains of Eastern India revealed the presence of 50 constituents with α-pinene (46.17%), 3Z-hexenyl acetate (10.10 %), α-terpineol (5.43%), limonene (3.63%) and ρ-cymene (2.44 %) as the major constituents. MPLEO exhibited moderate antioxidant capacity in DPPH, ABTS and Reducing ability assays with IC50 values of 7.94 ± 0.34 μg/mL, 5.71 ± 0.21 μg/mL and EC50 7.09 ± 0.35 μg/mL, respectively. Of the 5 bacterial strains tested, the EO exhibited highest sensitivity against Bacillus subtilis with the ZOI of 12.66 ± 0.57 mm and strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus saprophyticus with MIC value of 6.25 μg/mL. MPLEO exhibited significant cytotoxic effects against Human alveolar lung adenocarcinoma (A549), Human hepato-cellular carcinoma (HepG2), Human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and normal Human Embryonic Kidney cell (HEK-293) as evaluated through MTT assay with IC50 values of 9.5 ± 0.38 μg/mL, 22.73 ± 0.95 μg/mL, 20.41 ± 0.82 μg/mL and 237.68 ± 9.26 μg/mL, respectively. The findings of the present study demonstrated that MPLEO could be considered as a potential bioresource having applications in pharmaceutical industries as an antibacterial and antiproliferative agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solidago virgaurea L. popularly called Goldenrod is a member of the Asteraceae family. S. virgaurea sample were obtained from Binsar, Almora (Indian state of Uttarakhand). The essential oil from the aerial part was distilled out using steam distillation, and GC and GC-MS were employed for analysis. A total of 27 constituents from aerial part were identified constituting 92.92% of total oil composition. The aerial parts of S. virgaurea were found to contain limonene (25.57%), α-humulene (12.19%), linalool oxide (8.65%), benzyl salicylate (6.40%), 1,4-cineole (6.22%) and humulene epoxide (II) (5.93%). The antibacterial activity of this essential oil was studied using disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods on five human pathogen bacteria and six plant pathogenic bacteria. There was moderate to good antibacterial activity in the oil sample extracted from the entire aerial portion of the plant. We did the antileishmanial activity of essential oils with Leishmania donovani (Dd8) promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. EO was safer on the J774.A1 macrophages and lethal to promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes at different concentrations (10, 50, and 100 μg/ mL). These findings support the traditional uses of S. virgaurea and suggest its potential as a natural remedy for bacterial infections and leishmaniasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants synthesize aromatic components during their secondary metabolism, these components are known as volatile oils or essential oils. Oils extracted from medicinal and aromatic plants have been investigated and applied due to their ethnomedicinal properties and the presence of abundant bioactive compounds. Many research studies examined the variations in the yield and composition of essential oil depending on the season and duration of the day-night period. The aim of the present study is twofold, we have performed a bibliometric analysis by using the Scopus database (data collection) and VOSviewer software (analysis) along with a comprehensive review of the literature published to date on the essential oils extracted from aromatic and medicinal plants, with an emphasis on their chemical profiles based on climatic and circadian periods. Extensive research on this relationship between abiotic factors (climatic and circadian) and chemical constituents, has identified significant variability among them. Phyto medicines and preparations with well-defined and verified bioactive volatile components, action mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of essential oils, have been utilized as pharmacological means. During this study, it was observed that this field is under-explored, and only limited data is available so far, therefore it has a lot of scope for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread use of pesticides, particularly bifenthrin, has raised concerns about their impact on the environment and human health. Bifenthrin has been shown to have adverse effects on male reproductive health, making it a pressing issue to address. In this study, we investigated the potential of Citrus sinensis 'Maltese Half-Blood' essential oil (CsEO) to mitigate bifenthrin-induced testicular toxicity. Our approach combined molecular docking, network pharmacology, histopathology, along with in vitro and in vivo assays. to evaluate the antioxidant properties of CsEO and its ability to counteract bifenthrin's harmful effects. Our results showed that CsEO possesses robust antioxidant attributes, primarily due to its rich phytochemical composition. Limonene, α-pinene, and γ-terpinene were identified as the most contributive compounds. In rat models, CsEO treatment significantly alleviated oxidative stress markers induced by bifenthrin. Network pharmacology analyses revealed the intricate interactions between CsEO's molecular constituents and their biological targets, with compounds like cedrene and geraniol playing key roles. Molecular docking data demonstrated that certain essential oil components have binding affinities to protein targets that rival or even exceed those of bifenthrin. CsEO effectively counteracted bifenthrin-induced testicular oxidative stress, highlighting its therapeutic potential. Our findings provide compelling evidence that CsEO can effectively counteract the harmful effects of bifenthrin on testicular health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the purposes of chemotaxonomic distinction of four pine species Pinus nigra, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus rigida and Pinus sylvestris growing in the suburban landscape of the central part of the Czech Republic, resin extracts from tree trunks, needles and female cones were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Monoterpenes were shown to be the main terpene fraction of the resins of all studied pine species. On average, they made up 80% of the total terpene content. A characteristic monoterpene for distinguishing pine species was β-pinene, with high levels in P. ponderosa, moderate levels in P. rigida and low levels in P. sylvestris and P. nigra. P. sylvestris contained only trace amount of Δ-3-carene (0.6%) in resins from needles and thus belongs to the α-pinene chemotypic variation. Slight seasonal variability in terpene production was found for resins from needles of P. nigra and P. sylvestris. When comparing European populations according to the monoterpene composition of resins from needles, it can be stated that the α-pinene content increased in the order P. ponderosa < P. rigida < P. nigra < P. sylvestris while the β-pinene content changed in the opposite direction. This statement confirms the terpene biosynthesis uniformity of European pines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an insect pest with great socio-economic importance in different agricultural regions worldwide. This species is highly adaptive and polyphagous, feeding on wild and cultivated host plants. Successive pesticide applications, which negatively affect the environment, are mainly used for managing H. armigera. Studies have investigated alternative methods with low environmental and socioeconomic impacts, including using essential oils. Essential oils are secondary plant-derived metabolites with insecticidal activity in different insect pest populations. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal activity of essential oils of Citrus aurantium (Linnaeus) (Rutaceae) and Citrus sinensis (Linnaeus) (Rutaceae) as well as their major component limonene on the biology and reproduction of H. armigera. The essential oils were characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Further, their toxicity and the effects of their lethal and sublethal concentrations in larvae and on biological and reproductive parameters in adults were evaluated. All treatments exhibited insecticidal activity and lethal and sub-lethal effects on the biology and reproduction of H. armigera. Therefore, these essential oils could be used to control H. armigera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild growing Origanum majorana L. var. tenuifolium Weston was collected from three different locations (Om1: Avtepe, Om2: Alevkayası, Om3: Kozanköy) in North Cyprus. The essential oils were hydrodistilled and chemical composition analyses were simultaneously performed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The average yields of essential oils were 5.46-8.14%. Major compounds of flowering Om1 oil were cis-sabinene hydrate (45.0%) and terpinen-4-ol (11.1%) while those of Om3 (Kozanköy) oil were cis-sabinene hydrate (33.3%), terpinen-4-ol (12.3%) and α-terpineol (11.5%). In the post-flowering stage, the major compounds for Om1 and Om3, respectively, were cis-sabinene hydrate (16.7% and 18.8%), terpinen-4-ol (18.1% and 14.5%) and α-terpineol (23.9% and 20.0%). However, the main compound of the essential oils of the flowering and post-flowering oil of Om2 was α-terpineol (76.9% and 51.6%). Statistical Principal Component (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analyses (HCA) tools demonstrated the composition variations of the essential oils at different times and locations. Om1 and Om3 (HCA similarity level: 98.98%) were similar while Om2 (HCA similarity level: 46.32%) was discordant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Lavandula mairei and Thymus leptobotrys essential oils against Extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae, responsible of nosocomial infections. PCR and sequencing methods detected three different resistance genes (blaSHV-42, blaSHV-12 et blaCTXM-15) in the studied strains. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis highlighted the predominance of carvacrol in both Lavandula mairei and Thymus leptobotrys essential oils. Their antibacterial activity was conducted by disk diffusion and microdilution methods. Great sensitivity of the multidrug resistant strains was noted for the two essential oils with inhibition zones' diameters ranging from 13.3±2.3 to 32.3±1.4 mm (Thymus leptobotrys) and from 22 to 34.66±0.57 mm (Lavandula mairei), and low minimal and bactericidal concentrations varying from 1.56 to 6.25 mg/mL (CMI) and from 1.56 to 12.5 mg/mL (CMB) for both essential oils. Four strains out of six, considered as the strongest biofilm producers by congo red agar and crystal violet methods, were chosen to evaluate biofilm inhibition and eradication effects of Lavandula mairei and Thymus leptobotrys essential oils. In most cases, these latter inhibited considerably the biofilm formation of the targeted strains with proportions greater than 80%. The eradication effect was lower, with rates not higher than 50%. Thus, these essential oils could be used as an effective alternative approach to prevent biofilm formation of multidrug resistant Enterobacteriaceae. To our knowledge, no previous works have reported the antibiofilm activity of Lavandula mairei and Thymus leptobotrys essential oils against these multidrug resistant bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immortelle (Helichrysum italicum) essential oil is one of the most valuable essential oils with its commercial importance and favorable characteristic properties in various cosmetic products and food products. Current research performed a comprehensive characterization of Immortelle essential oil using powerful and robust analytical techniques. The relative volatile composition of the Immortelle essential oil from Turkey was determined by GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) technique. Thirty-eight volatile compounds were identified. Average total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activities (IC50) were determined as 54.24 mg GAE/mL essential oil and 0.27 mg/ml, respectively. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy fingerprints were determined for chemical characterization. The thermal profile was obtained by DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) analysis. The Immortelle essential oil (12.5 μg/mL) inhibited the growth of Caco 2 adenocarcinoma cells at the ratio of 48% without any deterioration in healthy L929 fibroblast cells according to the cytotoxicity analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical compositions of Thymus munbyanus subsp. coloratus essential oils, an endemic plant in north Africa, were investigated using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activity of the studied essential oils was evaluated through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,20-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) free-radical scavenging assays. Disc diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination were applied to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Thymus munbyanus subsp. coloratus essential oil against ten bacterial and fungus strains. Fifty-one compounds were identified accounting for 90.3-95.9% of the total amount. Camphor (04.09-25.92%) was the major component in the essential oils obtained from five localities, followed by myrcene (00.66-17.11%) in four stations, then borneol (07.37-38.96%) in the essential oil obtained from three samples. The chemical variability of Thymus munbyanus subsp. coloratus essential oils was studied using statistical analysis, in which we found a direct relationship between geo climatic conditions and their chemical compositions. Thymus munbyanus subsp. coloratus essential oils exhibited a good radical-scavenging activity with IC50 values up to 0.250 ± 0.51 and 0.596 ± 0.15 (mg/mL) in reductive potential of ABTS and DPPH free radicals, respectively, and a significant antimicrobial activity against Gram positive bacteria and fungal species with MIC up to 0.66 ± 0.28 (mg/mL) against Aspergillus flavus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of hydrodistillation time on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of collected essential oils' (EOs') fractions from black pepper fructus for five hydrodistillation periods: I (0-15 min), II (15-30 min), III (30-60 min), IV(60-90 min) and V (90-120 min). In this way, an essential oil with the desired chemical composition and antioxidant activity can be selected. The essential oil was obtained by Clevenger-type hydrodistillation (CHD). The qualitative and quantitative composition of the collected EOs' fractions was determined by GC-MS and GC-FID analysis. The efficiency of EOs' fractions to scavenge DPPH radicals was evaluated spectrophotometrically. Essential oil yield was 3.0 ± 0.050 ml/100 g of plant material after 120 min of CHD. The content of monoterpene hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds decreased, while the content of oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes increased with the time of CHD. The most abundant compound of EOs' fractions was (E)-caryophyllene, whose content increased with the time of CHD (I-V: 24.9-36.6%). Results indicated that all collected EOs' fractions exhibited antioxidant activity (EC50 values were in the range I-V: 81.27±0.327–8.02±0.044 mg/ml), where fraction V showed the highest activity. This study proved that CHD time and fractionation affect the composition and antioxidant activity of black pepper essential oil. Future research may be extended to examine other biological activities of black pepper EOs' fractions, as well as synergistic effects of other identified active components of the essential oil, in addition to (E)-caryophyllene, that would affect biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the chemical compositions of essential oils obtained from three plants, namely Salvia officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia, and Mentha pulegium, along with their insecticidal activities and feeding deterrence against Plodia interpunctella, were investigated. The chemical composition of S. officinalis essential oil was majorly dominated by α-thujone (26.99%) and camphor (25.50%); on the other hand, limonene (66.12%), eucalyptol (66.12%), and camphor (14.31%) were the major compounds of L. angustifolia essential oil whereas for M. pulegium EO a dominance of pulegone (83.06%) was attained. M. pulegium essential oil showed important contact toxicity (100%) at 3 hours of exposure with the 0.25 μL/cm2 concentration, followed by S. officinalis and L. angustifolia with 90% of mortality reported with the highest concentration of 0.50% within 3 hours. A relative growth rate (RGR) of 0.08 mg/mg/day and -0.31 mg/mg/day was recorded with S. officinalis and M. pulegium oils, respectively, with the highest concentration of 32 μL/pellet. With L. angustifolia the lowest RGR of -0.08 mg/mg/day was attained with the 16 μl/pellet concentration. The food deterrence index experienced an increase to 89% with S. officinalis and L. angustifolia oils for the three concentrations; with M. pulegium, 68.18% was recorded with the 32 μL/pellet. In conclusion, this study suggests that these essential oils could potentially serve as an effective contact toxicant and a potent eco-friendly inhibitory of the feeding behavior of Plodia interpunctella larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fruit pericarp of Zanthoxylum armatum DC is used in spices and to manage different diseases like toothaches, inflamed gums, arthritis, swollen joints, insect bites, diarrhea, common flu, and respiratory difficulties by local people. In this study, the essential oil was extracted from the fruit pericarp of Z. armatum DC collected from different commercial sites in Nepal using the hydro-distillation method. The chiral gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to identify the chemical compounds present in the essential oil with their stereochemistry. Major constituents identified in all samples included linalool, limonene, and methyl trans-cinnamate. Linalool, a monoterpene alcohol, exhibited the highest percentages in all three samples, recording 58.31%, 58.45%, and 80.37% in Salyan, Surkhet, and Myagdi respectively. Notably, twenty-five enantiomeric components were identified using chiral GC/MS among its sixty constituents. The enantiomeric component distribution of linalool and limonene was in their (+) dextrorotatory form, while others were dominant in the levorotatory form. This research underscores that Z. armatum from the Myagdi district of Nepal, is a prominent source of the medicinally and industrially important compound linalool, along with exhibiting higher antimicrobial activity. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first report of a chiral GC/MS study conducted on this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), javanese ginger (Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb.), and pale turmeric (Curcuma heyneana Val. & v. Zijp) are medicinal plants that belongs to the family Zingiberaceae whose rhizomes contain essential oils and often consumed as traditional medicines based on empirical experiences and hereditary beliefs. This study aimed to determine the chemical components and antibacterial and antioxidative activities of the essential oils of turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric cultivated in Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia. α-Chamigrene (24.92%), zingiberene (29.53%), and 2-pinene-4-one (12.08%) were the largest components found in turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric, respectively. All the curcumas contain 1,8-cineol with concentrations of 3.32, 1.33, and 7.34% and α-pinene with concentrations of 0.48, 0.61, and 1.31% for turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric essential oils, respectively. The inhibition zones of turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric essential oils against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 were 10.16 (strong), 7.98 (moderate), and 11.59 mm (strong), respectively. Only the essential oil from pale turmeric showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 with an inhibition zone of 6.74 mm (moderate). The antioxidative activities (IC50) of turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric essential oils were 66.08 ppm (strong), 82.76 ppm (strong), and 50.23 ppm (strong), respectively. In the fields of medicines, cosmetics, and foods, turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric rhizomes essential oils can be used as natural antioxidants and antibacterials against S. aureus ATCC 25923. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine whether the terpene composition of the resins of Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron genera is useful for chemotaxonomic discrimination, extracts of resins from trunks, needles, and female cones were analysed by gas chromatography. High levels of a-pinene and trace amounts of sesqui- and diterpenes were typical for resins from trunks and needles of M. glyptostroboides. Resins from cones contained also a higher level of (E)-ß-caryophyllene. In resins of S. giganteum, the levels of monoterpenes and diterpenes were nearly balanced. The resins from cones were an exception: 14-isopropylpodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-13-ol predominates noticeably over a-pinene. Using cluster analysis of the terpenes from needle resins, a distinct proximity of Sequoiadendron from USA and Metasequoia from Japan and Sequoiadendron from France and Metasequoia from the Czech Republic was proven. This proximity was caused by the presence of the monoterpene a-pinene in a very high quantity. On the contrary, great differences among S. giganteum growing in Corsica, Croatia, and the Czech Republic were caused by the presence of high levels of different terpenes such as elemicin, safrole, and 14-isopropylpodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-13-ol, each of them being detected only in a single study. The results therefore indicated that there is a proximity between Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron genera but only in some populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils (EOs) of numerous Ocimum species are well-known. The EOs of O. forskaolii and O. americanum growing naturally in Saudi Arabia are compared chemically in the current study. The GC-MS and GC-FID analysis was used for identification and quantitation of EOs' chemical components, and the chemometric analysis was used to determine the differences between the two species. Additionally, against the weeds Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Chenopodium murale, the allelopathic potentiality of the two EOs was assessed. Fifty-one compounds were assigned as overall O. forskaolii EO' components, with abundance of mono- and sesquit-terpenes (40.49 and 55.15%, respectively). endo-Fenchol (18.15%), tau-cadinol (11.42%), β-atlantol (10.54%), α-eudesmol (7.29%), and α-terpineol (6.94%) were the major components. Sixty-one components were identified via the GC-MS analysis of O. americanum EO, with sesquiterpenes (81.24%) serving as the major class. α-Bulnesene (10.17%), germacrene B (7.72%), endo-borneol (5.51%), isoshyobunone (5.37%), and γ-eudesmol (5.31%) represented the main compounds. Chemometric study showed a distinct difference between the two species' chemical make-up of the EOs, which might be attributed to genetic changes. The extracted EOs of O. forskaolii and O. americanum demonstrated a significant allelopathic effect against the weeds D. aegyptium and C. murale. Compared to O. americanum, O. forskaolii EO demonstrated greater allelopathic activity. The main components of each species may be a candidate for the observed allelopathic activity, which may act singularly or in combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ardisia sadirioides C. M. Hu & L. K. Phan (A. sadirioides) belongs to the Myrsinaceae family, which was first discovered and recorded in Central Vietnam in 2012. There have been no reports on the chemical constituents as well as the biological activity of A. sadirioides. This research aims to identify the chemical compositions and anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil from the leaves of A. sadirioides. The chemical constituents of the essential oil from the leaves of this species were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty compounds were identified corresponding to 93.38% of the oil content; the main compounds found in the essential oil included methyl salicylate (20.62%), palmitic acid (16.01%), and propylcyclopropane (4.94%). Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil on Lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells was investigated by measuring the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine (nitric oxide, NO). The screening for anti-inflammatory activity showed that the essential oil had anti-inflammatory effect as measured by inhibition of NO production with an IC50 value of 19.13 ± 1.01 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Origanum compactum is one of the most important aromatic and medicinal species, widely used in Morocco for various therapeutic and culinary purposes. The present study was carried out to evaluate the agronomic behavior of the species over two years of cultivation (2015-2016) and to characterize the chemical compositions of cultivated accessions under Moroccan pedoclimatic conditions. The 88 investigated O. compactum accessions, are originating from different bioclimate and geographical zones, representing all areas where the species is growing in Morocco. Agronomic performances varied significantly according to genotypes and cropping year. The accessions showed satisfactory adaptation capacity to cropping. Higher essential oil (EO) yields were observed in the second crop year, and plants belonging to carvacrol and thymol chemotypes were the richest in oil. A chemical variation of cultivated plants was detected for samples dominated by p-cymene and/or γ-terpinene, where the percentages of these components decreased in the second year of cultivation against a significant increase in carvacrol and thymol content. However, most of the EOs compositions of plants rich in carvacrol, thymol and carvacryl methyl oxide conserved their composition after cultivation. The different associations found between chemical and agronomic characters would help breeders to develop improved O. compactum cultivars with desirable agronomic and chemical traits. O. compactum has great cultivation ability and therefore, it could be a promising alternative to ensure a sustainable utilization of this threatened medicinal and aromatic species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was aimed to investigate the effect of Myrtus communis L. (MC) essential oil on cancer spheroids derived from A549 cells by analyzing cell viability and expression levels of prominent cancer stem cell and apoptosis markers. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium-bromide assay was per-formed to analyze cytotoxicity of MC essential oil for 24-h and 72-h. A549 cells were cultured in plates with low adherence to obtain spheroids. The effect of MC essential oil was assessed on the clonogenicity of the spheroids. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction method was utilized to measure relative expressions of cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), prominin-1 (PROM1), POU class 5 homeobox 1 (POU5F1), ATP binding cassette subfamily G member-2 (ABCG2), and caspase-3 (CASP3). Relative protein levels of ABCG2 and CASP3 were also evaluated with Western blot analysis. MC essential oil reduced cell viability of A549 cells after 24-h and 72-h. A reduction was observed in number of cancer spheroids after MC essential oil treatment for 7 days. After 24h of MC essential oil treatment, PROM1, POU5F1, ABCG2, and CASP3 gene expressions decreased while returned to basal levels after 72h. CD44 levels did not change upon MC essential oil treatment. ABCG2 protein level reduced after 24-h MC essential oil treatment and returned to its basal level after 72-h. CASP3 protein levels did not change at either time points. MC essential oil exerted its anti-tumorigenic effects onto lung cancer spheroids derived from A549 cells by reducing cell viability of cancer cells, inhibiting spheroid formation efficiency, and downregulating several cancer stem cell markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammoides verticillata (Duby) Briq. (A. verticillata) is an aromatic plant belonging to the family Apiaceae. The present study optimized a rapid procedure of essential oils (EOs) extraction from the species. Two extraction methods were compared: hydro-distillation (HD) and Pressure Cooker Pre-treatment Hydrodistilation (PCPHD). The results showed that the maximum essential oil yield was obtained from 50 g of the uncrushed plant material after 15 min of maceration under a heating temperature of 250°C for HD. The results revealed that the PCPHD produced quickly higher A. verticillata essential oils yield (4.22%) for 90 min compared with the HD (2.88%) for 180 min. The PCPHD provided a high amount of oxygenated compounds compared to the conventional HD method. The extraction cost, time, and energy were significantly lower in the PCPHD method compared with the HD method. Moreover, the energy necessary to extract A. verticillata EOs was 2.1 kWh for 180 min of HD and 1.05 kWh for 90 min of PCPHD. The amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere during HD extraction (1.68 kg CO2/g EOs) was higher than that released during PCPHD extraction (0.84 kg CO2/g EOs). In addition, the wastewater from the PCPHD (0.177 L/g EOs) was far less than that from the HD (0.26 L/g EOs). The PCPHD was an efficient green alternative and economical method to extract a high yield of the A. verticillata essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional uses of piper plants to cure diseases are associated with their constituents. In this research, we extracted the essential oils from Piper betle, Piper ramipilum, and Piper aduncum by steam distillation yielding extracts of 1.44%, 1.11%, and 1.93% (v/w), respectively. GC-MS analysis showed low-oxygenated terpenes in these Piper species. The identified components of P. betle, P. ramipilum, and P. aduncum consisted of 46, 42, and 43 compounds, respectively. P. betle had β-phellandrene (8.67%), 4-terpineol (7.05%), trans-β-caryophyllene (5.44%), α-humulene (6.30%), and caryophyllene oxide (5.53%) as its main constituents. The compounds of β-phellandrene, trans-β-caryophyllene, and caryophyllene oxide were also identified as predominant constituents in P. ramipilum along with α-pinene, linalool, and β-selinene compounds with percentages of 7.79, 14.76, 5.36, 6.02, 9.41, and 6.68%, respectively. In addition, P. aduncum was dominated by apiole (33.49%) and trans-β-caryophyllene (6.67%). Antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens was evaluated by a disk diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The diluted essential oils of P. betle showed the highest sensitivity to E. coli with the inhibition zone and activity percentage of 15.38±0.22 mm and 47.11±1.03%, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus was obtained from P. ramipilum with an inhibition zone of 11.25 ± 0.22 mm and an activity percentage of 31.48±0.93%. Generally, these Piper species had higher activity against E. coli than S. aureus. Our results demonstrate that P. betle and P. ramipilum have good potential to be developed as complementary or alternative treatments for foodborne diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential Oils (EOs) from aromatic plants were reported to have an insecticidal activity against several insects and could be an alternative to synthetic insecticides. The aim of this study is to determine the chemical composition of two plants (Schinus molle and Cupressus sempervirens) grown in Algeria and to investigate their insecticidal activity against the sawtoothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis, a secondary pest that may alter seriously the proprieties of some food products. EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The analysis determined that the major components of S. molle EO are β-Eudesmol (15.19 %), Elemol (13.97 %), D-Limonene (9.89 %), Spathulenol (9.33 %) and β-Phellandrene (7.72 %) while those of C. sempervirens EO are Cedrol (44.81 %), α-Pinene (15.71 %) and neoiso-Dihydrocarveol acetate (9.7 %). The biological activity of EOs was evaluated by fumigation and repellency at different concentrations and exposure times. Fumigation toxicity bioassays showed maximum efficacy was reached at a concentration of 100 μL/L of air for the two kinds of EOs (90-100 %). Repellency tests revealed that S. molle EO was moderately repellent (55.62 %), while C. sempervirens EO was highly repellent (66.25 %). In fact, the EO of the experimental plants can be incorporated into insecticidal formulations and might be efficient as alternative to synthetic insecticides for O.surinamensis control. However, other tests need to be performed on other life stages of the insect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, belonging to the Amaranthaceae family, is a plant species commonly found in Asian and Mediterranean regions. Furthermore, the herb has significant medical value (antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and so on). In the present study, chemical compounds of essential oil of D. botrys collected from Central Anatolia (Kayseri province) of Türkiye were investigated and thirty components were identified in the oil by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). β-elemene (27.56%), elemol (18.00%), selina-3,7(11)-diene (6.74%), β-eudesmol (5.87%), α-eudesmol (4.48%), (-)-isolongifolol acetate (3.56%), and β-selinene (3.12%) were determined as the main components. The Kirby-Baurer disc diffusion technique was used to evaluate the oil's antibacterial effects against six distinct bacterial strains. The results showed that the most inhibitory effect was observed on S. aureus (13 mm) and this was followed by B. cereus (10 mm)> E. faecalis = P. aeruginosa (8 mm) > A. baumannii = Y. enterocolitica (7 mm). It was established that the oil significantly inhibited the growth of the tested bacterial strains. In vitro allelopathic effects of the oil at different doses (1.0-8.0 μl/ml) were researched on Lepidium sativum and Triticum aestivum. In both tested plants, the oil at 4.0 and 8.0 μl/ml doses significantly inhibited the germination, root, and shoot elongation and decreased total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. This is also the first study on the phytotoxic activity of D. botrys' essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils from the leaves of Vernonia patula (Dryand.) Merr. and Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. collected from Pu Hoat Nature Reserve, Nghe An Province were studied for their chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity. The main constituents of V. patula were the sesquiterpenes namely β-caryophyllene (28.5 %), caryophyllene oxide (16.6 %), α-copaene (9.0 %), and α-humulene (7.1 %). On the other hand, a mixture of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons represented by myrecene (27.7 %), α-humulene (19.7 %), and germacrene D (15.8 %) were the main compounds of essential oils from the leaves of G. maderaspatana. Both essential oils displayed antimicrobial activity against the tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) less than 50.0 μg/mL (8.67-24.56 μg/mL). The leaf essential oil of V. patula was the most potent towards Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 299212) with MIC value of 8.67 μg/mL. The essential oils also showed anti-candidal properties with MIC values of 15.99 μg/mL (V. patula) and 65.67 μg/mL (G. maderaspatana). The chemical components and antimicrobial activity of the V. patula leaf essential oil was reported for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents, chemical composition, and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil isolated from the leaves of C. forskohlii plants and performed theoretical in silico calculations for selected chemical components identified in the obtained essential oil. The collected C. forskohlii leaves were air-dried and treated with ethanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and petroleum ether. The extracted essential oil was subjected to GC/MS analysis to determine its chemical composition and was screened in vitro for antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and Candida albicans fungus strains. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, and sugars. Twenty-five compounds were identified with thymol (52.02 %), γ-terpinene (18.70 %) and o-cymene (12.73 %), as the major components. 2-Undecanone (2.57 %), 6-methyl-2-heptanol, acetate (1.50 %), (+) -4-carene (1.47 %) and caryophyllene oxide (1.36 %) were detected in small quantities. The essential oil showed a significant effect against the bacterial and fungal strains with inhibition zones in the range of 19-20.33 mm (p<0.001). The results indicated that the essential oil extracted from C. forskohlii leaves is rich in phytochemical constituents of pharmaceutical importance as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent. Moreover, the in silico pharmacokinetic study indicated that some of the selected molecules had high GI absorption and all molecules examined in the screening processes showed good bioavailability with a score of 0.55. Additionally, the results suggest a more favorable drug-likeness of the examined selected molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present study, the antibacterial activity and the chemical composition of essential oils from the leaves of ten aromatic plants growing in the Philippines were determined. Essential oils were isolated by steam distillation and their antibacterial activities against the gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, S. epidermidis and E. faecalis) and gram-negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) were investigated using disc diffusion and broth micro-dilution methods. Chemical components of essential oils with most potent antibacterial activities were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Less than 1% (w/w) essential oil was extracted from all plants. Curcuma longa produced the highest yield (0.77 %) among the studied plants. Among the ten essential oils, Lippia micromera, Plectranthus amboinicus, Cymbophogon citratus, and Ocimum tenuiflorum were the most effective in producing zones of inhibition greater than 15 mm. However, no significant differences were observed in their minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations. The most abundant compounds in L. micromera, P. amboinicus, C. citratus, and O. tenuiflorum essential oils were γ-terpinene (25.6 %), carvacrol (51.3 %), citral (47.7 %), and m-eugenol (69.1 %) respectively. This study shows that the essential oils from L. micromera, P. amboinicus, C. citratus, and O. tenuiflorum cultivated in the Philippines exhibit potent antibacterial activity, which might be attributed to their high terpenoids or phenolic content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The steam volatile constituents from the aerial parts and roots of Selinum vaginatum C. B. Clarke (Apiaceae) growing wild in the central Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India were isolated by steam distillation and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of thirty-one and forty-six constituents, representing 97.7 % and 96.7 % of the total oil composition were identified from the aerial parts and roots of S. vaginatum, respectively. The aerial parts oil consisted mainly of monoterpene hydrocarbons (48.7 %), with 2E,6E-farnesol (36.0 %), γ-terpinene (24.3 %) and β-pinene (16.3 %) as a major constituents while the roots oil mainly contains oxygenated sesquiterpenes (72.8 %), with maximum content of 2E,6Z-farnesol (60.0 %) and elemol (5.0 %). The oil samples showed significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae. Minimum inhibitory concentration value (31.25 μL/mL) of the essential oil from the aerial parts was observed against Bacillus subtilis, Xanthomonas phaseoli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida whereas from roots it was observed against Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Erwinia chrysanthemi, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella enterica enterica. Both the oil samples showed bactericidal effect against B. subtilis, S. enterica enterica and E. faecalis at 62.5, 125 and 250 μl/mL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the air-dried leaves of four varieties of Codiaeum variegatum were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The main constituents of C. variegatum (L.) Blume f. lobatum cv. Disraeli were caryophyllene oxide (58.2 %) and (Z)-β-farnesene (19.6 %). All the four compounds present in C. variegatum var. pictum 'Congo' namely linalool (39.3 %), 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (21.0 %), β-pinene (21.6 %) and α-pinene (17.9 %) were present in significant amounts. Phytol (17.8 %), β-bisabolene (9.6 %) and linalool (8.9 %) were the major components of C. variegatum (L.) Blume f. taeniosum cv. Gold Sun, while, C. variegatum (L.) 'Dreadlocks' was dominated by β-ionone epoxide (29.7 %), γ-muurolene (20.5 %), naphthalene (16.3 %) and (E)- α-ionone (14.8 %). The chemical constituents of the studied essential oils were being reported for the first time. The essential oil displayed mortality (fumigant toxicity) against Sitophilus zeamais adults at tested concentration with lethal concentrations (LC50) of 72.07, 73.50, 47.43 and 44.04 μg/mL air respectively. The chemical constituents and insecticidal activity of essential oils of C. variegatum were being reported for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present communication, the volatile compositions of the leaves and rhizomes of Alpinia oblongifolia Hayata were reported. The essential oils were obtained by separate hydrodistillation of the air-dried leaves and rhizomes of A. oblongifolia which were collected from Xuan Lien Natural Reserve, Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam, in May 2014. The yields of the essential oils were 0.18% (v/w) and 0.12 (v/w) respectively, calculated on a dry weight basis. The chemical compositions of the oils were characterized by using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The result indicated that β-pinene (17.9% and 26.2%), α-phellandrene (3.5% and 11.7%), limonene (11.1% and 14.5%) and methyl cinnamate (16.7% and 4.1%) were the significant compounds of the essential oils. This is the first report on the volatile constituents of A. oblongifolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical constituents of essential oils obtained fromFicus asperifoliaandFicus capensisby hydrodistillation were determined by using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by means of disc diffusion method against seven clinically important bacterial and two fungi strains. The main constituents ofF. asperifoliawere myristicin (16.4%), limonene (15.7%), phytol (11.1%), methyl salicylate (10.8%) and cyclododecane (9.9%). However, tricosane (52.2%), hexacosane (24.2%) and cyclcotetradecane (15.4%) were the principal constituents ofF. capensis. The results also showed that both oils exhibited wide range of antimicrobial activity against the tested organisms. The zones of inhibition (IZ) ranged between 8.7 ± 3.1 and 28.3 ± 0.6 mm inF. capensis; and 9.3 ± 0.2 and 26.3 ± 5.5 mm inF. asperifolia, while, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values varied between 0.08 and 10.0 mg/mL (F. capensis) and 0.16 and 10 mg/mL (F. asperifolia). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]