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The objective of the study was to conduct a review of the pharmacological regulation and pharmacokinetic parameters of firocoxib when administered orally or intravenously in horses. A search for literature was done in SCOPUS and PubMed for studies that had to evaluate the pharmacological regulation as well as the pharmacokinetic parameters of firocoxib when administered in horses. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretics, and antiendotoxic effects. The newly developed is selective to COX2 characterized by less adverse effects in veterinary patients when administered at the recommended doses and do not exceed the established prescribed time. Firocoxib is authorized by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of pain in horses, whereas for humans, there is still no approval. Controversy has arisen because the administration of the same pharmaceutical presentation in horses and dogs has pharmacokinetic differences between animal species. However, special attention must be paid to pharmacokinetic differences between species like in horses and dogs. In the case of the horse, the dosage is 0.1 mg/kg in single dose or up to 14 days in oral paste formulation and can keep maintained on the same concentration for a period of 7–14 days in oral tablet formulation. Thorough knowledge of pharmacological regulations and pharmacokinetic parameters, it allows the posology and effective application of firocoxib in pathologies associated with chronic pain, avoiding the indiscriminate use by owners and in some cases veterinarians, thus reducing the negative impacts on horse's health. • Drugs play an important role in control and use in horses. • New generation of selective COX-2 NSAIDs has brought benefits. • Firocoxib accepted in veterinary practice because of the pharmacokinetic properties. • NSAIDs have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretics, and antiendotoxic effects. • Firocoxib associated with chronic pain, avoiding the indiscriminate in horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The laparotomy surgical procedure allows for the identification and correction of intestinal lesions associated with acute abdomen in horses. The clinician relies on various laparotomy techniques to diagnose and treat this syndrome, and to date, the postsurgical effects of these techniques have not been clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of jejunal manipulation during three laparotomy techniques through physical and clinical parameters and echography. Fifteen healthy horses were randomly assigned to three groups: animals in G 1 (n = 5) were subjected to an exploratory laparotomy, animals in G 2 (n = 5) to a laparotomy with an enterotomy, and animals in G 3 (n = 5) to a laparotomy with an enterectomy. Degree of pain, jejunal wall thickness, and clinical parameters were evaluated before and after surgery. Horses in G 3 had higher heart rates, respiratory frequency, degree of pain, and jejunal wall thickness compared with G 1 . Clinical variables during the postsurgical period were compared among the laparotomy techniques, and higher values of erythrocytes, leucocytes, neutrophils, and proteins were found in horses belonging to G 3 compared to those in G 1 . Intestinal manipulation during the surgical procedure altered the physical and clinical parameters, as well as the results of the echography evaluation, with more significant effects from laparotomy with enterectomy. In the postsurgical period, the heart rate of horses in G 3 was higher ( P = .02) than the values obtained in G 1 and G 2 . Upon the evaluation of degree of pain, statistically significant differences ( P = .04) were identified between horses in G 1 versus G 3. G 3 animals presented a higher degree of pain. Regarding the erythrocytes (L/L), higher values were measured in G 3 ( P = .001) in comparison with G 1 and G 2 . These results suggest that meticulous tissue handling is essential to minimize intestinal trauma and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to review the safety of the detomidine (DET) in horses and the effects of yohimbine (YOH) over pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and behavioral parameters in horses sedated with DET. A literature search was made on PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information, United States National Library, Bethesda, MD) and SCOPUS (Elsevier Research Intelligence) for studies that had evaluated the effects of DET or YOH on clinics pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics parameters in horses plus experimental studies with the effect of YOH on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and behavioral parameters in horses sedated with DET. Additionally, information was obtained from studies where DET or YOH was administered alone or in their combination in treatment of horses. Three investigations described the pharmacokinetics or physiologic effects of YOH when administered after DET to reverse the behavioral and physiologic effects of DET. The studies with DET showed that it was more absorbed when administered intramuscular than when administered sublingual. In those studies, they noted important implications, both from therapeutics and regulatory prospective. They demonstrated intravenously administered DET is effective in sedation with effects on cardiovascular effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarticular equine disease is a common cause of malady; in general, its therapy is supported on steroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories. Nevertheless, many side effects may develop when these drugs are administered. Nowadays, the use of new alternatives for this pathology attention is demanded; in that sense, cannabinoid CB2 agonists may represent a novel alternative. Cannabinoid belongs to a group of molecules known by their psychoactive properties; they are synthetized by the Cannabis sativa plant, better known as marijuana. The aim of this study was to contribute to understand the pharmacology of cannabinoid CB2 receptors and its potential utilization on equine veterinary patients with a chronic degenerative painful condition. In animals, two main receptors for cannabinoids are recognized, the cannabinoid receptor type 1 and the cannabinoid receptor type 2. Once they are activated, both receptors exert a wide range of physiological responses, as nociception modulation. Recently, it has been proposed the use of synthetic cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonists; those receptors looks to confer antinociceptive properties but without the undesired psychoactive side effects; for that reason, veterinary patients, whit chronical degenerative diseases as osteoarthritis may alleviate one of the most common symptom, the pain, which in some cases for several reasons, as patient individualities, or side effects produced for more conventional treatments cannot be attended in the best way. • Cannabinoids CB2 agonist for equine pain relief. • CB2 receptors agonist and osteoarthritis attention. • Long-term osteoarticular disease treatment. • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs alternative drugs for osteoarticular diseases in horses. • Endocannabinoid system-based therapies for equine veterinary patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]