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Co-composting is the controlled aerobic degradation of organics, using more than one feedstock. By combining the spent mushroom substrate of Pholiota nameko (SMS) and pig manure (PM), the benefits of each could be used to optimize the composting process and the final product. This study introduced a comprehensive evaluation strategy aimed at identifying the optimal co-composting ratio for these two substrates. A 120-day composting trial was conducted, blending SMS and PM in various ratios to evaluate the benefits of co-composting SMS-PM. The results indicated that dissolved organic matter (DOM) in SMS-derived compost primarily originated from plants, whereas PM-derived compost predominantly consisted of microbial metabolic products, and co-composting combined both sources. An increase in aromaticity and humification degree of DOM occurred during the composting process itself rather than being derived from autochthonous origin. Carbohydrates like phenols and alcohols broke down during composting, and microbes utilized polysaccharides as an energy source for humus formation. As co-composting progressed, the treatments with varying mass ratios of SMS to PM, including 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, and 3:7 were observed to result in a decline in aliphatic hydroxylated chains alongside an enhancement in aromaticity within the compost. Additionally, there was a conversion from organic carbon (C) to carboxyl C within humic acid (HA) due to oxidation and dehydrogenation processes that facilitated the formation of stable nitrogen-containing compounds characterized by condensed aromatic structures. Following thorough evaluation, it was determined that optimal composting efficacy occurred at a mass ratio of SMS to PM equal to 6:4. Post-compost analysis revealed increases in nutrient content; specifically, germination index (GI) value reached 132.7%, while organic matter content attained 45.3%. Conversely, electrical conductivity (EC), C contents of water-soluble substances and humin (Cwss and C Hu) decreased by approximately 11.8%, 73.4%, and 29.8% respectively; meanwhile, C contents of humic-extracted acid and HA (C HE and C HA), along with degree of polymerization (DP), increased by 17.3%, 20.3% and 9.9% respectively. The proposed co-compost formula not only facilitated simultaneous recycling of both SMS and PM waste but also transformed them into high-quality organic fertilizers suitable for soil enrichment—effectively addressing challenges faced by both edible fungi cultivation and livestock industries while augmenting organic fertilizer sources for Black land protection. [Display omitted] • Co-composting of SMS and PM effectively overcame the respective shortcomings of independent composting. • After a comprehensive evaluation, the optimal mass ratio of SMS to PM was determined to be 6:4 (T5). • Aromaticity and humification degree of DOM were enhanced during the T5 composting process. • Oxidation, dehydrogenation, and the formation of stable N-containing compounds occurred in the HA from T5 treatment. • This approach presented a more efficient waste management solution for both the edible mushroom and livestock industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the microbial mechanisms for the improvement of composting efficiency after Bacillus subtilis inoculation with soluble phosphorus function in the spent mushroom substrate (SMS) aerobic composting. The methods in this study, including redundant analysis (RDA), co-occurrence network analyze and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt 2) were carried out studying the dynamic changes of phosphorus (P) components, microbial interactions and metabolic characteristics in the SMS aerobic composting inoculated with phosphorus-solubilizing B. subtilis (PSB). An increase in germination index (GI) (up to 88.4%), total nitrogen (TN) (16.6 g kg−1), available P content (0.34 g kg−1) and total P (TP) content (3.20 g kg−1) and a decrease in total organic carbon (TOC), C/N and electrical conductivity (EC) in final composting stage indicated B. subtilis inoculation could further improve maturity quality of the composting product compared with CK. Other results also demonstrated that PSB inoculation increased the stability of compost, humification degree and bacterial diversity, contributing to P fractions transformation in the composting process. Co-occurrence analysis suggested that PSB strengthened microbial interactions. Metabolic function of bacterial community analysis showed pathways such as carbohydrate metabolism, and amino acid metabolism in the composting were increased by effects of PSB inoculation. In summary, this study reveals a useful basis for better regulating the P nutrient level of the SMS composting and reducing environmental risks by inoculating B. subtilis with P solubilizing function. [Display omitted] • Phosphate-solubilizing Bacillus subtilis strengthened microbial interactions. • Bacillus subtilis improved the maturity quality of the composting product. • PSB changed P fractions and indigenous bacterial community composition. • PSB improved carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism of the SMS compost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerobic composting is increasingly regarded as a promising technology for the recycling of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), and an applicable nitrogen source is necessary to improve the process. This study is the first to investigate the effects of protein-like N source (chicken manure, CM) and high-N source (urea, UR) on humification process and P dynamics during SMS composting. The effect of different N sources on microbial succession was also studied. Results showed that CM addition achieved a longer thermophilic phase (16 d vs 9 d), greater germination indices (131.6% vs 106.3%), and higher total phosphorus content (13.1 g/kg vs 6.56 g/kg) in the end products, as compared to UR. The addition of CM showed beneficial effects on humification and stabilization, including decreased weight loss and fluctuations in the level of functional groups. The P produced in the compost was interconverted and leached in the P pool. In this case, the P detected in the compost was in the form of orthophosphate and MgNH 4 PO 4 ⋅6H 2 O crystal as inorganic P and orthophosphate monoester as organic P. The most abundant microorganisms at the phylum level mainly include Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria, accounting for more than 88% of the total microorganisms. The addition of CM to SMS compost resulted in higher organic matter degradation rates. This work clarified the role of various N sources in SMS composting and presented an appropriate waste management method beneficial to bioresource technology and sustainable development of the edible fungi business. [Display omitted] • N source supply affects humifaction process and the variation of P fraction. • Maturity and stability at 30 d of composting is higher in CM than that in UR. • Transformation and dynamic flows of P fractions is higher in CM than that in UR. • Specificity of functional bacteria was driven by different N sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the addition of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) to the soil as an amendment on the distribution and/or fate of copper from a copper-based fungicide applied to a vineyard soil in La Rioja (N. Spain) was studied. The study was carried out on experimental plots amended or not with SMS at rates of 40 and 100 t ha−1. The variation in total Cu content in the topsoil (0–10 cm) and in the soil profile (0–50 cm), and the distribution of Cu in different fractions of the topsoil were studied as a function of the dose of Cu added (5 and 10 kg ha−1) and of the time elapsed since application (0–12 months). In addition, the changes in the chemical properties (solid organic carbon (OC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and pH) of the soils were studied. A greater capacity for Cu retention by the amended soils than by the unamended one was observed only when the fungicide was applied at the high dose. No effect of the amendment rate was noted on this retention capacity. The metal content in the topsoil decreased over time in step with the disappearance of the OC in the amended soil due to its oxidation, mineralization and/or leaching. This decrease in total Cu content was possibly due to the formation of soluble Cu complexes with the DOC, which facilitated its transport through the soil. A re-distribution of Cu in the different soil fractions was also observed over time, mainly from the organic to the residual fraction. The results obtained indicate that the increase in OC due to the application of SMS at the rates used does not lead to any significant increase in the persistence of Cu in the soil over time. Of greater interest would be the assessment of the risk for groundwater quality, owing to possible leaching of the fungicide enhanced by the SMS when SMS and Cu-based fungicides are jointly applied to vineyard soils. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The present investigation was performed to valorize paddy straw (PS) based silica (Si) rich Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) of Pleurotus ostreatus for Plant Nutrient and Disease Management in wilt (caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici) susceptible tomato plant F1 Hybrid King 180. Raw PS and SMS generated by P. ostreatus cultivated on PS only, and PS amended with 5% soybean cake (SC) were bio-fortified with Trichoderma asperellum (TA). SMS (PS+ 5% SC) was found supporting the growth of T. asperellum to an extent of 12.37 × 1013 conidia/g substrate. GC-MS analysis of SMS detected several bioactive metabolites like Palmitic acid, Oleic acid, Methyl linoleate, Stigmasterol, etc., known for plant health management. Bioformulations were developed employing Press Mud (PM) and Talcum Powder (TP) as carrier materials. Among the different bioformulations tested in pots study; SMS (PS+ 5% SC) SiTAPM, collectively named as TF-I, provided improved levels of morpho-biochemical and nutritional parameters, i.e., Plant Biomass (2.27 folds), Root Volume (1.75 folds), Chlorophyll (2.66 folds), Carotenoids (2.42 folds), Number of Fruits (1.76 folds), Fruit Biomass (2.02 folds), Total Soluble Sugars (2.32 folds), Total Soluble Proteins (1.70 folds), and nutraceutical parameters as Lycopene (1.42 folds), β-carotene (2.65 folds) and Ascorbic Acid (1.54 folds), along with significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the Disease Severity Index (84.34%–21.23%), over the pathogen affected plant taken as control. The fruits and leaves garnered under TF-I displayed Total Polyphenol Content (TPC) of 74.5 and 126.9 mg g−1 gallic acid, respectively, with 83.73% DPPH and 72.25% FRAP activity, indicating the elicitation of antioxidant properties in tomato fruits. EDS analyses showed 21.53% Si in SMS, and plant mapping investigation indicated a substantial accumulation of Si, which is well conceded to promote growth, disease resistance, and antioxidant parameters. The study also endorsed the use of PM over TP, as TF-I recorded an acceptable conidial count (2.22 × 108 cfu/g) towards the end of six months storage period over other bioformulations. Overall, the study envisages the development and application of innovative methodology (TF-I), offering an eco-friendly alternative for producing quality crops and a sustainable solution to waste management, thus delivering a holistic contribution towards the circular economy. [Display omitted] • Developed novel formulation using Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) for tomato crop. • SMS significantly promoted the growth of biocontrol agent Trichoderma asperellum. • Potential use of formulation in plant nutrient and wilt management in tomato. • Significant qualitative improvements (nutritional and antioxidant) in tomato. • Zero waste generation approach for paddy straw management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World mushroom production in 2018 was approximately 8.99 million tonnes. The most commonly cultivated species in the Czech Republic are Agaricus spp., which are sold fresh or canned. In 2017, 2018 mushroom production in the Czech Republic was approximately 540 tonnes. Vermicomposting is an easy and less ecologically harmful way to process the spent mushroom substrate. Earthworms, which are referred to as the engine of the process of vermicomposting, and microorganisms, help convert organic waste into fertilizer. This study is concerned with laboratory vermicomposting in a system of continuous feeding of earthworms Eisenia andrei. It compares the differences between variants with and without earthworms. The dry matter percentage was approximately 20% or more in both variants. The variant with earthworms showed a significant decrease in electrical conductivity. The C/N ratio was very low in both variants. The highest total P was recorded in the variant with earthworms, but the highest values of K and Mg were found in the control. Both variants recorded higher content of bacteria than fungi. All values of microorganism contents were higher in the vermicomposter without earthworms, but the bacterial/fungal ratio was higher in the variant with earthworms. The highest content in both variants shows the bacteria especially G-bacteria, on the other side, the lowest content shows the actinobacteria. The highest activity of β-D-glucosidase and acid phosphatase was measured in the vermicomposter with earthworms, but the activity of other enzymes was higher in the control. In both vermicomposters laccase activity was below the detection limit. The method of classical vermicomposting can be used for processing the spent mushroom substrate. However, in terms of higher content of total and available nutrients, there seems to be a better method of processing the substrate without earthworms. • Spent mushroom substrate after cultivation A. subrufescens was vermicomposted. • Vermicomposting in the system of continuous feeding was applied. • Ten hydrolitic and lignolitic enzymatic activities were measured. • Maturity, macronutrient and PLFA parameters were measured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used a laboratory-scale system to investigate the effects of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (CaMgP), biochar, and spent mushroom substrate (SMS) on compost maturity and gasous emissions during pig manure composting. The results showed that the addition of CaMgP, Biochar or SMS had no negative effect on the quality and maturity of compost, and all three additives could reduce the emissions of ammonia (NH 3), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), dimethyl sulfide (Me 2 S) and dimethyl disulfide (Me 2 SS). Among them, the effect of adding CaMgP on NH 3 emission reduction was the most obvious, reduced 42.90%. The emission reduction of CaMgP to H 2 S was similar to that of SMS, which decreased by 34.91% and 32.88% respectively. The emission reduction effects of the three additives on Me 2 S and Me 2 SS were obvious, all of which were over 50%. However, only adding SMS reduced the N 2 O emission by 37.08%. • Calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer decreased polluting gases emission. • Calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer increased the final total nutrient contents. • Biochar improved the final maturity and reduced sulfur-containing gaseous emission. • Spent mushroom substrate reduced nitrous oxide emission by 37%. • Spent mushroom substrate reduced 65% dimethyl sulfide and 72% dimethyl disulfide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garden wastes (GW) having high lignin contents could hinder the growth of earthworms and microorganisms in vermicomposting. This study investigated the Eisenia fetida -based vermicomposting of GW mixed with cattle manure (CM) and/or spent mushroom substrate (SMS) at different ratios of GW alone (control), 3:1 GW:SMS, 1:1 GW:SMS, 3:1 GW:CM, 1:1 GW:CM and 2:1:1 GW:SMS:CM to promote earthworm growth and improve the final vermicompost quality. In general, treatments with the addition of SMS and/or CM increased the survival rate, biomass, cocoon and juvenile numbers of E. fetida compared to the control. The addition of SMS and/or CM also significantly increased the activities of dehydrogenase, cellulase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase compared to the control. Furthermore, the addition of SMS and/or CM facilitated the decomposition of organic matter, cellulose and lignin, increased nutrient (N, P and K) concentrations, and accelerated nitrification compared to the control. The addition of SMS and CM led to greater chemical changes of the substrate compared to control. Heavy metal concentrations were increased in the final vermicomposts comparatively to the initial materials, but none of them exceeded the permissible limits. The highest germination index of Chinese cabbage and tomato seeds were both observed in the treatment of 2:1:1 GW:SMS:CM which reached 146.9 and 148.1. Overall, the 2:1:1 GW:SMS:CM treatment had the highest growth and reproduction rates of E. fetida , higher percentage degradation of organic matter, cellulose and lignin, as well as the best quality of the final vermicompost. Image 1 • SMS and CM are suitable additives for vermicomposting of garden waste. • SMS and CM improved earthworm growth and multiplication. • SMS and/or CM addition increased enzyme activities and organic matter decomposition. • Combination of GW, SMS, and CM at ratio 2:1:1 is recommended for vermicomposting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]