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The spin character of the splitting of the Shockley surface state on Au(111) is directly verified by measurements of the in-plane and out-of-plane spin polarizations in angle-resolved photoemission spectra. The two parabolic sub-bands that are momentum-shifted with respect to each other, reveal a distinct, opposite spin polarization that within the errors lies in the surface plane. The measured in-plane orientation of the spin vectors is consistent with the simple spin structure expected from a nearly-free-electron model, where the polarization axis is tangential to the Fermi surface of the surface state. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Photoelectron diffraction (PED) effects in magnetic solids are described within a one-electron non-relativistic model. The theory presented permits a straightforward calculation of spin-resolved PED patterns, whereby different spin arrangements in a magnetic solid may be considered. Both spin–orbit interaction and exchange interaction with the spin-polarized valence band have been taken into account in the description of the initial core state. The multiple scattering of the excited photoelectron wave is treated within a multiple-scattering cluster model. The theory may be applied to explain PED effects in magnetic solids in comparison to the nonmagnetic case. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• We propose the Right-angle-deflection Imaging Analyzer (RADIAN). • RADIAN can be suitably used for measuring wide 2D angular distribution. • RADIAN basic properties are evaluated in comparison to CHA properties. • RADIAN has three times the acceptance cone angle of CHA. • RADIAN is the only analyzer that enables perpendicular spin texture imaging. A 90°-deflection imaging electron analyzer for measuring wide 2D angular distribution and perpendicular spin texture is proposed. This analyzer, which we call "right-angle-deflection imaging analyzer (RADIAN)", provides electrostatic 90°-deflection and 2D focusing of an electron beam. Here a large acceptance angle comparable to that of cylindrical mirror analyzer (CMA) is achieved without using a grid, while CMA uses grids at the entrance and the exit of an electrostatic field. The 90° deflection allows measuring spin polarization not only in the in-plane direction, but also in the surface-normal direction. Basic properties of RADIAN, calculated by ray tracing, are shown in comparison with those of the most widely used electron energy analyzer, i.e., concentric hemispherical analyzer (CHA). RADIAN has a much higher 2D focusing capability than CHA and allows a much larger acceptance angle for 2D imaging. Moreover, the high focusing capability of RADIAN allows us to obtain high energy resolution comparable to that obtained in CHA. A simple and effective way to achieve higher energy resolution is to combine two or more RADIANs in tandem. Double-pass and triple-pass analyzers in this combination are taken into account. For a practical application, we consider a combination of RADIAN with the recently proposed ±90° omnidirectional photoelectron acceptance lens. RADIAN can be suitably used to develop a wide-angle 2D imaging analyzer, and can also be used to develop a spin-resolved 2D imaging analyzer that can perform perpendicular-spin-texture imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]