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Background: Natural disasters always have significant effects on social infrastructures, living conditions, and health care systems. This study aims to explain the needs of victims in the west of Iran for primary health care services., Materials and Methods: This thematic content analysis and qualitative study was done from September 2020 to June 2021 in the west of Iran. Participants were selected using purposive sampling method. The data were extracted through semi-structured interviews with 17 earthquake victims and then examined through thematic content analysis., Results: By analyzing and coding the data, the primary needs of victims post an earthquake in the west of Iran were classified into four main categories) health services, mental health, social health, and health management (and 14 subcategories., Conclusion: Regarding the primary needs (health services, mental health, social health, and health management), establishing a headquarters to meet the immediate and special health care needs seems to be required. It was recommended to create institutions for monitoring and supporting the health care needs at the level of the community and even policymaking, as well as guiding earthquake-stricken areas such as the eco-village., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.)

Context: Understanding how middle-aged people perceive healthy aging and what they need to do to stay healthy as they age can help public policy planning to enhance the lifestyles of middle-aged and elderly people., Aims: The purpose of this study was to clarify the concept of healthy aging and strategies to achieve it from the perspective of middle-aged people in Tehran, Iran., Setting and Design: This qualitative study was performed on 21 middle-aged people aged 45-59 years of Tehran in 2019., Subjects and Methods: The data collection was carried out through semi-structured and in-depth interviews; the interviews were audiotaped, transcribed. Sampling was carried out gradually until data saturation through purposive sampling was achieved., Statistical Analysis Used: Data collection and analysis were performed simultaneously. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. To establish the reliability and validity of findings, Graneheim and Landman criteria were considered., Results: The middle-aged perspective on healthy aging was included in four main themes: having good physical and mental health, having financial well-being, having social support. Strategies for achieving healthy aging were included in five themes: future financial planning, promoting physical health, promoting psychological health, maintaining and improving communication., Conclusion: From the middle-aged perspective, healthy aging and strategies to achieve it are multidimensional. Planning for promotional interventions to have a healthy old age should be including all dimensions and done from the years before old age., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.)

Background: Smokeless tobacco use is a public health problem. This study explored students' beliefs about smokeless tobacco use in Chabahar, Iran., Materials and Methods: The qualitative study was conducted using three Focused Group Discussions among 24 students aged 12-14 years in Chabahar City. Focus Group Guide Morgan was used. Qualitative Content Analysis was used to explore and extract codes and themes. The data analysis process was carried out in accordance with the stages of proposed by Graneheim and Lundman. Guba and Lincoln criteria were used for evaluating research transferability., Results: Two main themes emerged from the analysis including; beliefs of being useful and harmful. Each of these themes is divided into subthemes with useful or harmful physical and psychological beliefs. Four subthemes included: beliefs of being useful physically, beliefs of being useful psychologically, harmful beliefs physically, and harmful beliefs psychologically., Conclusions: One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that many students mentioned the benefits of using smokeless tobacco to reduce toothache, relieve headaches, and bad breath. This information can be used to develop targeted interventions aimed at reducing smokeless tobacco consumption. However, more research on this topic needs to be undertaken before the association between kinds of beliefs and smokeless tobacco consumption is more clearly understood., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2021 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.)

Background: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women. Mammography is the most sensitive and important method for screening and early diagnosis of breast cancer. Considering the importance of using mammography in breast cancer screening, this study was performed to evaluate mammographic determinants., Materials and Methods: In the cross-sectional study, we surveyed 985 women over 40 years in Tehran concerning demographic characteristics: age, socioeconomic status, a problem in the breast, alcohol use, drug use, and health belief model. Logistic regression was used to identify determinant factors associated with mammography performance., Results: The results of this study showed that 42.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 38, 45) participant performed mammography at least once during their lifetime. Age (odds ratio [OR] = 4.252; 95% CI = 2.041-8.857); housing situation (OR = 1.706; 95% CI = 1.178-2.469); having breast problems (OR = 5.224; 95% CI = 3.501-7.795); socioeconomic status (OR = 1.855; 95% CI = 1.035-3.325); family income level (OR = 1.998; 95% CI = 1.028-3.884); alcohol consumption (OR = 2.676; 95% CI = 1.344-5.328); smoking (OR = 2.824; 95% CI = 1.418-5.623); self-efficacy (OR = 1.935; 95% CI = 1.242-3.015); perceived barriers (OR = 2.017; 95% CI = 1.348-3.019); self-care (OR = 4.901; 95% CI = 3.152-7.620); perceived susceptibility (OR = 1.971; 95% CI = 1.271-3.057) and perceived severity (OR = 1.830; 95% CI = 1.170-2.860) were mammography behaviors determinants., Conclusion: The findings indicated that the rate of mammography screening among Tehranian women is low and highlights the need for developing a comprehensive national breast cancer control program, which should be considered as the priority for health-care providers. Furthermore, the identification of these factors can help to design an appropriate educational intervention that focuses on the benefits of mammography screening., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2021 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.)

Introduction: One of the most thought-provoking problems in the world is child marriage that is affected by various factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the social determinants of child marriage in Kurdish regions of Iran., Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using conventional content analysis approach. The participants of the study were 30 Iranian-Kurdish women married under the age of 18 who were selected through purposeful and snowballing sampling. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews and face-to-face interviews and continued until the saturation of concepts was achieved. Graneheim and Lundman method was used to analyze the data, and Guba and Lincoln criteria were used to strengthen the research., Results: In general, findings include 5 categories and 17 subcategories: 1 - economic factors (financial problems and economic benefits); 2 - sociocultural factors (social customs, cultural beliefs, community encouragement, social learning, gaining prestige, and social support); 3 - individual factors (physical characteristics, personality traits, lack of awareness of the damaging consequences of early marriage, and fear of the future); 4 - family factors (dysfunctional family, weak awareness of parents, and harm prevention); and 5 - structural factors (high demand, limited access to educational services, and the lack of supportive social and legal structures)., Conclusion: By raising the level of awareness and attitude of girls and their families about the consequences of early marriage, creating the culture of correcting cultural beliefs and social misconceptions, passing appropriate laws, and the use of local and national media to prevent child marriage, this social harm can be reduced., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.)

Background: The health-promoting lifestyle by empowering individuals will increase control over their health, improve quality of life, and prevent diseases. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of the educational intervention based on the intervention mapping approach on health-promoting lifestyle in Iranian college students., Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental control study that was conducted in two groups of 65 students of Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2018-2019. The data were collected using the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Standard Profile II questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire based on the mapping approach, whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The educational intervention was designed according to the pretest results, including five training sessions and performed for the intervention group. The two groups were evaluated with the same questionnaires 1 month and 3 months later, and the data were analyzed using independent t -test, Spearman, ANCOVA, ANOVA test, and covariance., Results: Before the intervention, no significant difference was observed between the mean scores of health-promoting behaviors in the two groups, but after the intervention, the mean scores of attitude, subjective norms, enabling factors, and perceived self-efficacy and mean scores of health-promoting lifestyle and its dimensions increased significantly in the intervention group ( P < 0.001) compared to the control group., Conclusion: The educational intervention is effective in improving behaviors related to health-promoting lifestyle and its dimensions. Therefore, performing educational interventions are suggested to adopt and adhere to behaviors related to health-promoting lifestyle by utilizing and reinforcing perceived self-efficacy, subjective norms, enabling factors, and attitudinal change., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.)

Introduction: Hypertension is one of the most critical factors for chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, arrhythmias, heart failure, and renal disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of life and its related factors in hypertensive patients., Materials and Methods: This study was descriptive research. The sampling method was simple random, i.e., 137 were selected among the ten health centers of the list of the existing patients by simple random sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (Short Form-26). After collecting the questionnaires, the data analysis was carried out using SPSS software and using statistical methods (e.g., number, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and MANOVA tests)., Results: The results showed that the mean score for the physical domain (52.82), the psychological domain (50.26), the social domain (48.33), the environmental domain (46.1), and the total quality of life (49.60). Among the demographic variables, the education level variable ( P =0.000), job ( P = 0.013), and the duration of hypertension ( P = 0.039) were significantly correlated with the quality of life of patients. The "levels of education" variables are significantly correlated with the physical domain ( P = 0.000), psychological domain ( P = 0.000), social domain ( P = 0.000), and environmental domain ( P = 0.000) of the quality of life. The "job status" variable is only significantly correlated with the social domain of the quality of life ( P = 0.005). The "duration of hypertension" variable is only significantly associated with the physical domain of the quality of life ( P = 0.011)., Conclusion: The findings of the present study show that demographic variables such as educational level, occupation, and duration of hypertension have a significant relationship with the quality of life domains of hypertensive patients. It is recommended that the principled education of patients is a step toward the improvement of the quality of life of patients., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.)

Introduction: The need assessment is a fundamental part of any planning, and almost by neglecting it, the effectiveness of the programs is impossible. The purpose of this study was the prioritization of needs among students of the Iran University of Medical Sciences., Materials and Methods: The design study was conducted in two parts; in the first part, the design of the questionnaire was done by qualitative methods. The questionnaires were extracted by interviewing and obtained acceptable validity and reliability. Moreover, the second part created a questionnaire consisting of four categories: education, welfare, economic, and psychological and social. A simple random sampling method was used to select 363 people using the Cochran formula. Finally, 336 people (including 28 people excluded) completed the questionnaire. A questionnaire designed to collect sample data was used and analyzed using version 23 of SPSS., Results: A total of 336 students (26.77 ± 5.45 years) participated in the study. 123 (36.6%) were male and 213 (63.4%) were female. Psychological and social needs of students were prioritized, and educational priorities were ranked second. The findings showed that there was no significant statistical difference between the scores of welfares and psychosocial and educational needs and the gender of the research units ( P > 0.05). However, in the mean of economic needs scores, there is a significant statistical difference between the marital status of the research units ( P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The results of our study in the research units showed that the priority of psychosocial needs was more than other needs and the educational priority was the next. According to the results of this study, we suggest that, in future educational and educational planning, policymakers and planners should pay attention to psychological and social issues., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.)

Introduction: An individual's lifestyle is closely related to the health so that a healthy lifestyle improves the purpose of this study was prioritizing health promotion lifestyle domains in students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences from the students and professors' perspective., Materials and Methods: This study was done in cross-sectional method. The statistical population of this study consisted of students in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2018. In addition, 10 faculty members in this university and five students were questioned in Delphi method from different educational groups. The questionnaire was used consisted of two parts. The first part included demographic characteristics, and the second part included the standard questions for Pender's health promotion model. The Delphi needs assessment method was also used to collect the information., Results: The mean score of students' health-promoting behaviors was average (135.22 ± 19.35). The greatest score of health promotion behaviors was related to the spiritual growth scale (25.3 ± 5.4), and the lowest score was for physical activity (19.7 ± 05.1). The results of the Delphi method also suggested that both groups of faculty members and students believe that the dimensions of health accountability, physical activity, and prevention of high-risk behaviors in the students' lifestyle, need to be intervened., Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that the students' lifestyle at Qazvin University of Medical Sciences was in average condition and low scores in the dimension of physical activity. Planned interventions should be made to promote health-promoting lifestyle among these students., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2019 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.)

Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Introduction: Diabetes is a chronic disease; it can cause serious complications. Diabetes self-management is essential for prevention of disease complications. This study was conducted to evaluate self-management promotion educational program intervention efficiency among diabetic patients in Iran and health belief model (HBM) was applied as a theoretical framework., Materials and Methods: Overall, 120 Type 2 diabetic patients referred to rural health centers in Gachsaran, Iran participated in this study as randomly divided into intervention and control group. This was a longitudinal randomized pre- and post-test series control group design panel study to implement a behavior modification based intervention to promotion self-management among diabetic patients. Cross-tabulation and t-test by using SPSS statistical package, version 16 was used for the statistical analysis., Results: Mean age was 55.07 years (SD = 9.94, range: 30-70). Our result shows significant improvements in average response for susceptibility, severity, benefit and self-management among intervention group. Additionally, after intervention, average response of the barrier to self-management was decreased among intervention group., Conclusion: Our result showed education program based on HBM was improve of self-management and seems implementing these programs can be effective in the and prevention of diabetes complications.