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IntroductionHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is prevalent worldwide. As it is a known carcinogen, causing multitude of gastrointestinal end extra-gastric disorders, the eradication therapy is now indicated for every patient diagnosed with this infection. This approach may prove however to be improper, since it is now known, that not every strain of this species is pathogenic, therapy may be unsuccessful and drug resistance is ever increasing problem.A brief description of the state of knowledge:H. pylori is a species representing multiple strains with distinct regional genetic markup. Its prevalence is high in the general population, but in the recent years there have been reports of decreased presence in the developed countries. This paper reviews most important known genetic diversity markers and their impact on virulence and toxicity of species. It also covers possible new ways to combat the infection.ConclusionWith increased possibility of genetic sequencing, there may be possibility for custom-tailored eradication therapy of H. pylori in the future.

Currently, forensic research foundation is comprised of the methods of genetic analysis. The study of DNA polymorphism became a source of highly reliable evidence, which allow the determination of the genetic profile of biological traces containing genetic material of barely a few cells, collected from all possible substrates, and their further comparison with the genetic profile of the victim or suspect. The forensic expertise of such research, supported by relevant statistical calculations is one of the few objective evidence in criminal proceedings.The process of DNA testing for forensic purposes is composed of several stages and a number of analyzes. After securing suitable test specimen, the isolation of genetic material is performed. For the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the isolate, the Real Time PCR reaction is performed. This is a crucial moment for the study because it is the assessment of the suitability of samples for further testing. The next step is the amplification of DNA fragments with Multiplex PCR technique. Then, as a result of electrophoretic separation of the sequencer we obtain a genetic profile. Thus obtained profiling results are interpreted as well as compared by specialists.For analysts in the field of forensic medicine it is necessary to obtain clear genetic profiles. Given the often small amount of DNA that can be obtained and the need for unquestionability of the evidence, it is very important to develop a method with high sensitivity, which allows to obtain completely reliable results. In order to ensure the quality of the research, forensic laboratories must apply the standards and guidelines set by international associations, periodically calibrate their testing equipment, keep complete records of the results and, above all, to validate the used methods. In the laboratory, which intends to apply the procedure in question, internal validation must be carried out. The aim of this process is to determine the reliability and limitations of the method. During the test, the results of manufacturers’ verification are validated and the level of efficiency of the said procedure within a particular lab is checked.

Distal fractures rank a special place among all fractures of the long tubular bones of the extremities. Complications are an inevitable companion of any surgical intervention, as well as an integral part of the work of every surgeon. Objective: To analyze the outcomes of treatment of distal fractures of the long bones of the extremities, to identify the causes of errors and the frequency of complications after perosseous osteosynthesis, and to outline ways for their prevention. Patients and methods: 1723 patients with distal fractures of the long bones of the extremities and further perosseous osteosynthesis have been under study. Distal fractures of the humerus were registered in 647 patients, those of the femur – in 392, and the bones of the lower leg were damaged in 684. Results: The most common complication of perosseous osteosynthesis is inflammation of the soft tissues near the pins - 21.8%. Non-infectious complications (secondary displacement of fragments, contractures, impaired innervation and trophism) were observed in 18.2% of cases. Residual effects of neuritis of the radial and peroneal nerves amounted to 0.1%. In the long-term period there were 2.1% of the knee and elbow joints contractures. Conclusions: Complications observed in the process of treatment of distal fractures of long bones of the extremities with the use of perosseous osteosynthesis are not inherent this method of treatment, since they are the result of medical errors in the choice of indications for its use, violations of osteosynthesis’ technique and postoperative management of patients, mainly in the period of minimally invasive technology of surgical intervention development.

The wording of this article raises fundamental doubts. Since the physician should also strive of obtain the consent of a minor, the question arises as to who else they should obtain it from? Or in fact who, in the case of a minor, should agree to the provision of healthcare. The main part of this article is a critical analysis of articles of the Polish Code of Medical Ethics.

The article analyzes the philosophical, psychological, pedagogical, educational, and methodological literature on the research problem; the essence of the concepts “structuring of educational information”, “professional and pedagogical training of masters of natural sciences for structuring educational information” is revealed, methods of structuring educational information are analyzed, forms of presenting educational information are revealed.

Humans have had to deal with toxic substances since times immemorial, and this remains the case in the present day. In case of forensic toxicology, of interest are those substances whose possession, use or effects of either imply an offense, a crime or a threat to life. Biological materials used in toxicological analyses are usually blood, urine and the vitreous body of the eye. In addition to the above-mentioned classic materials used for tests aimed at determining the presence of a given xenobiotic, alternative materials, such as hair, are increasingly being used. The primary goal of forensic and clinical toxicology is to look for a causal relationship between the presence of a toxic agent in the system and the specific biological effect caused by it. Carrying out the above objective requires the toxicology analyst to choose the appropriate diagnostic material and the appropriate analytical methods. Toxicological analysis can be performed for any type of material, including hair, which is an excellent sample for determination of individual substances. One of the most important tasks in the field of forensic toxicology is the analysis of addictive substances, whose presence or absence in the human body is one of the elements of a medico-legal report.

The wording of this article raises fundamental doubts. Since the physician should also strive of obtain the consent of a minor, the question arises as to who else they should obtain it from? Or in fact who, in the case of a minor, should agree to the provision of healthcare. The main part of this article is a critical analysis of articles of the Polish Code of Medical Ethics.

Humans have had to deal with toxic substances since times immemorial, and this remains the case in the present day. In case of forensic toxicology, of interest are those substances whose possession, use or effects of either imply an offense, a crime or a threat to life. Biological materials used in toxicological analyses are usually blood, urine and the vitreous body of the eye. In addition to the above-mentioned classic materials used for tests aimed at determining the presence of a given xenobiotic, alternative materials, such as hair, are increasingly being used. The primary goal of forensic and clinical toxicology is to look for a causal relationship between the presence of a toxic agent in the system and the specific biological effect caused by it. Carrying out the above objective requires the toxicology analyst to choose the appropriate diagnostic material and the appropriate analytical methods. Toxicological analysis can be performed for any type of material, including hair, which is an excellent sample for determination of individual substances. One of the most important tasks in the field of forensic toxicology is the analysis of addictive substances, whose presence or absence in the human body is one of the elements of a medico-legal report.

Background: Increasing problem of sexually transmitted diseases needs a well-organized effort allowing preserving and strengthening sexual health. Proper knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases (STD) allows not only to protect oneself against contagion but also others. Incorrect information in that field may give false sense of security and in consequence increase in STD rates. Appropriate sources of knowledge are inherent in awareness-raising and taking mature actions. Seeking effective methods of transferring knowledge and awareness-raising about STD is the subject of actions of many professionals. Objective: Analysis of chosen scientific work concerning the level of knowledge and the awareness of the threats of sexually transmitted diseases among Polish youth. Material & methods: The basis for this paper was the review of articles and scientific work in Polish magazines that were the results of studies of the awareness of the threats of STD among youth. Papers of high quality of presented studies and with interesting results were selected for analysis. Results: Analyzed studies were using questionnaires created by authors and containing questions dealing with knowledge about etiological factors, symptoms and risky behaviour leading to STD infection. The results of the studies confirmed significant yet in some aspects selective and limited knowledge of the subjects about threats and prevention of STD. The youth knew few diseases, did not realize STD were asymptomatic, and often did not notice the risk of infection caused by early sexual initiation and having many sexual partners. Women and residents of urban areas knew more about STD than men and residents of rural areas. Conclusion: Selective and not well-organized knowledge limits possibility of eliminating hazardous behaviour contributing to transferring STD. The lack of understanding of the threat and asymptomatic course of STD leads to unaware carriage of STD and, in consequence to spreading the diseases and their complications. Observed decrease of the age of sexual initiation requires to introduce effective prevention based on coordination of the actions of young man or woman, their surroundings and educational units. It is necessary to complement school educational programmes by regularly repeated information about etiology, clinical picture of reproductive system diseases, paying particular attention to early detection of cancer and STD prevention.

Aim: Comparison of the level of aggression between the women practicing judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu against the average aggression level among Polish women. Materials and methods: A group of 30 women practicing judo and a group of 27 women practicing jiu-jitsu were tested by using a questionnaire to show the aggression level- ‘Aggression questionnaire’ by Buss, Amity Institute with Polish adaptations. Results: The total decreasing in the aggression level was observed among the group of women practicing judo and partial among women practicing Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Conclusion: A longstanding practice of Brazilian jiu-jitsu by women results in decreasing of aggression level, what can be later used during planning therapeutic schemes.

The article presents a generalization of the results of scientific researches concerning the peculiarities of the professional activity of doctors. The necessity of their consideration during the construction and orientation of physical education classes with students is shown. It is determined that the most important among the physical qualities in the professional activity of the future physician is physical endurance, which involves low fatigue and high physical capacity. The obtained data of the conducted correlation analysis indicate the presence of neuro-emotional stress and decrease in motor activity of the students of the I-II courses, which are the main reason for unsatisfactory dynamics of physical preparedness of students during their studies at the university. In the conditions of physical inactivity, the physical capacity and physical readiness of the future specialist to the future work of work decreases significantly, which in the end does not lead to the successful implementation of the chosen kind of professional activity.

The issue of development concerns sustainable development at local level. An analysis and evaluation of the implementation of the concept of sustainable development was carried out in gminas constituting the Bydgoszcz district.