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Ecological resilience is one of the most compelling issues in the current research field, which aims to explore how to address environmental challenges such as climate change, natural disasters and ecological risks. As the main carrier of ecological development, it is of great significance to improve the ecological resilience of river basin for regional green high quality development. From the perspective of spatial-temporal characteristics of landscape ecological resilience, the changing mechanism of ecological resilience level in Jinghe river basin was explored. Based on SWAT model, CASA model and InVEST model, the ecosystem services and trade-offs(EST)model evaluated the basin ecosystem services, and considered the landscape pattern characteristics; the basin ecological resilience assessment model was constructed and the spatial-temporal characteristics of ecological resilience in Jinghe river basin were revealed. The results show that from 2000 to 2020, the ecological resilience of all sub-basins in Jinghe river basin continues to increase. Compared with the situation in 2000, all sub-basins exceed the low resilience level in 2020, and 44.55% of the area in Jinghe river basin is transferred from the low resilience level, and 12.59% of the area is converted to the high resilience level. Ecological resilience is fluid and can have beneficial effects in other regions. The improvement of ecological resilience is based on the ecological resilience hotspots of Liupanshan and Ziwuling forest areas, radiating to the entire river basin. The ecological resilience pattern gradually decreases from the south to the north of the basin, and similar “high→low→high” pattern appears from the southern part of the basin to the east and west, and the ecological resilience level of the basin shows a significant upward trend. Although the southern part of the basin maintains high ecosystem services, it has low ecological stability due to the expansion of building land and unreasonable landscape structure. In general, the grain for green in Jinghe river basin in the past 20 years is beneficial to the improvement of ecosystem services and has a positive impact on the ecological resilience of the river basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1999, China has implemented the Grain for Green Project(GFGP), which has significantly changed the vegetation coverage status and land use structure of the Loess Plateau. As a result, vegetation coverage and ecological quality have been greatly improved. However, the spatio-temporal trend of the vegetation coverage is very uncertain, while the comprehensive assessment of its ecological effects has been relatively weak. To this end, two vegetation indices, including normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)and fractional vegetation cover(FVC), were analyzed, and the changes in vegetation coverage and distribution on the Loess Plateau before and after the implementation of GFGP in the past forty years were reviewed. The results show that ① comparing five common data sets that record the dynamic changes of vegetation coverage, it is found that the data sources affect the authenticity of the eco-environmental benefits' evaluation results to a certain extent; ② the overall vegetation coverage of the Loess Plateau has been increasing in a fluctuating manner over the years, whose growth rate has surged due to the implementation of the project; its spatial distribution decreases from southeast to northwest, and is influenced by the ecosystem pattern, land use type, climate change, etc.; ③ with a rise of vegetation coverage, the water and soil conservation, and carbon sequestration capacity of the Loess Plateau ecosystem also gradually make a build-up, both of which are highly coupled with vegetation changes. According to the current situation of eco-environment management and food production level, it is recommended to strengthen the construction of high-standard farmland to alleviate the problem of arable land shortage caused by GFGP. Meanwhile, it is necessary to accelerate the promotion of ecological value transformation and eco-compensation, so that the lucid water and lush mountains can truly become invaluable assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]