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Objective: To summarize data from a serological survey of high‐risk populations in Guangdong Province, China, and to perform a meta‐analysis to investigate the prevalence and seroprevalence of celiac disease (CD) in the Chinese general and high‐risk populations. Methods: We collected data from the serological survey of high‐risk population of CD in Guangdong Province, China (N = 1390) by testing their serum tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin A (tTG‐IgA), deamidated gliadin peptides immunoglobulin A (DGP‐IgA) and deamidated gliadin peptides immunoglobulin G (DGP‐IgG). Additionally, a literature search was performed on PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and three Chinese databases for articles published up to 20 December 2020 to estimate the pooled prevalence and seroprevalence of CD in China. Results: In the serological survey, 0.94% (13/1390) of individuals were positive for CD antibodies. In a meta‐analysis of 18 studies, the seroprevalence of CD in the general Chinese population was 0.27% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.02%‐0.71%). While that in the high‐risk population was 8.34% (95% CI 4.90%‐12.54%) (odds ratio 7.27, 95% CI 4.06‐13.04). The prevalence of biopsy‐confirmed CD in high‐risk Chinese populations was 4.44% (95% CI 1.53%‐8.58%). The seroprevalence of CD varied with patients' geographical origin, being higher in northern China than in southern China. Conclusions: Early diagnosis of CD by serological screening in high‐risk population and generous serological testing in those with vague symptoms, especially in northern China, are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]