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Inflammatory pathway from hyperglycemia to diabetic peripheral neuropathy is very important in diagnosis and management. Inflammatory cytokine can be used for prediction and progression of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Recently, the number of diabetic patients has increased very rapidly and is accompanied by an increasing development of diabetic neuropathies (DNs). The incidence and prevalence of DNs associated with duration of diabetes affects up to 50% of diabetic patients after 25 years of disease. Although DNs are known as the most common complications of diabetes, they was not adequately and properly diagnosed, and their severity is not estimated reliably in clinical practice by current methods. DNs have a wide variability in prevalence, from a few percentage points to over 50%. This could be explained by a lack of consensus about defining criteria; lack of sensitive, objective and quantitative diagnostic tools; and lack of homogeneity in research subjects of DNs. In addition, we do not have accurate and reproducible clinical end-point assessment modalities by each researcher. The importance of accurate and early detection of DNs is emphasized by the prediction of all-cause and disease-specific mortality in patients with diabetes accompanied with intensive glycemic control.

As diabetes mellitus rapidly increases worldwide, diabetic neuropathy is the most common long‐term debilitating complication of diabetes, and is the main initiating factor for foot ulceration and amputation without trauma. Foot ulceration and amputation is much more common in neuropathic patients, with the annual incidence rising from

From the ancient period to the current day, each cultural area has had their distinctive dietary pattern (combinations of dietary components, such as food or nutrients, to summarize a total diet) to adapt to their lifestyle and environments, such as a Western style diet (American style), Mediterranean diet and Asian diet (Japanese style). In recent years, chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension incidence and prevalence rate, have rapidly increased and have become a burden of public health management. Because lifestyle modification is the only confirmed preventive method for the rapid increase of these patients, several methods are recommended, such as nutritional modification and diverse exercise without drug therapy. In these lifestyle modification methods, dietary modification is extremely important for chronic disease prevention and management. So many dietary recommendations released by the international scientific committees and organizations state that a diet should be moderately low in caloric content, low in fat and carbohydrate content, and high in protein and fiber. These diets emphasize the reduction of carbohydrate intake and thereby encourage high protein intake, given that, in Western countries, high fat diets are also generally avoided. Many diets are low in carbohydrates and high in protein, such as the Atkins diet. Very low‐carbohydrate diets typically contain