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Head and neck cancers are highly prevalent worldwide. Most of these lesions are diagnosed in the advanced stages of the disease. Thus, they do not often have a good long-term prognosis. Like other cancer types, head and neck cancers are managed by surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Despite significant advances in the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), physicians encounter several challenges in the course of treatment. Various mechanisms mediate the clinical responses of a certain cancer to medications. Thus, efficient treatment planning requires adequate knowledge about the genes involved in drug resistance and the evaluation of the frequency percentage of resistance. Several studies have evaluated the causes and frequency percentages of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin resistance. In this systematic review, all the relevant articles published until November 30, 2019, were retrieved from the Scopus, Embase, Medline, ISI, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases using certain MeSH and EMTTree keywords. A total of 2164 articles were retrieved of which, 18 were included in the review since they had reported the frequency percentages of drug resistance. Of all, 10 articles had evaluated cisplatin (1317 samples). A meta-analysis of the results revealed a frequency of 33% for cisplatin resistance. Eight studies had evaluated 5-FU (476 samples). A meta-analysis of the results revealed a frequency of 40.2 % for 5-FU resistance. Overcoming cisplatin resistance or 5-FU resistance can significantly enhance recovery in advanced HNSCC. Attempts should be made to eliminate the cause and use multi-drug regimens to increase the success rate of treatment., (© 2021 The Author(s).)

Background. The present study was undertaken to compare the Hounsfield Unit (HU) in computed tomography (CT) with the gray level in CBCT in human tissues. Methods. In this study, 25 different soft and hard tissues were evaluated in 21 patients. CBCT images were taken with Newtom VGi machine (Verona, Italy) and CT images were prepared with Somatom Sensation unit (Siemens, Germany). The HU values of soft and hard tissues were compared with the gray level values of CBCT images. Results. There was a strong correlation between the HU in CT and the gray level in CBCT in soft tissues (P<0.001, R 2 = 0.85) and hard tissues (P<0.001, R 2 = 0.74) and in general (P<0.001, R 2 = 0.91). Conclusion. A high degree of agreement was seen between HU in CT and gray level in CBCT in both hard and soft tissues. Since the gray level in CBCT was similar to HU in CT and can be used as a parameter determine bone density in implant treatment and also to determine the bone type, the CBCT technique is recommended in such cases due to its low radiation dose, short time and low cost compared to CT., (© 2019 Razi et al.)

Background: More than 90% of oral cancers are cases of squamous cell carcinoma. Standard treatment of cancer includes a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Each of these treatments, however, brings about certain problems and side effects. Today herbal medicine, has become a more preferable option in dealing with health problems or preventing them because this type of medicine has better compatibility with the body and does not cause undesirable side effects. In this study , the effect of Ferula persica plant methanol extraction on Cox-2 levels in SCC induced rat tongue is conducted in vivo. Methods: In this lab research, 75 rats from SD race in the age - range of 2/5 - 3 months were selected and put in five groups. In order to induce tongue carcinoma, 4- Nitroquinoline 1 (4 NQO) powder was used 3 times a week for each rat. Furthermore, Ferula persica extract was given to each of the groups in order to examine Cox-2 changes in the blood. Results: Comparison of Cox-2 average in various groups resulted in the observation that there was significant difference between the Cox-2 levels in the groups which had only received carcinogen and the other groups. In this group, Cox-2 level was less and in the group that had received Ferula extract (500 mg) along with carcinogen , Cox-2 level was found to be more than other groups. Conclusion: Ferula persica extract does not have reducing effect on serum Cox-2.

Background and aims. Head and neck tumors are the most common complaints of people referring to different medical sections, especially in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of these tumors in children less than 12 years of age to provide a better perspective for future studies. Materials and methods. All the files in Department of Pathology at Tabriz Pediatric Hospital from 2001 to 2011 were screened for head and neck tumors in children under 12 years of age. Data including age and gender as well as the type, the location, and benign/malignant characteristic of the tumor were recorded. Data were analyzed by SPSS 15 statistical software, using descriptive statistics and chi-square test. Results. A total of 160 cases were identified. Most of the tumors were benign (68%) and most of the tumors occurred in the neck region (41%). The most frequent benign and malignant tumors were lymphangioma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, respectively. The majority of benign tumors were found in children younger than 2 years old (P=0.007), but there was no age predilection for malignant tumors. Conclusion. According to our results, benign tumors were more prevalent than malignant ones. Although a low rate of benign tumors in males shows that more attention should be paid to the early diagnosis of head and neck tumors.

Background and aims. The correlation between morphology of giant cells in peripheral granulomas of the jaws and the aggressive behavior of the lesion is unknown. This study investigated the correlation between the histopathologic features with demographic, gross and radiographic findings in giant cell granulomas. Materials and methods. In this analytical study, data from 23 cases of central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) and 42 cases of peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG) were analyzed, focusing on age, gender, location, and gross and radiographic features. For each patient, microscopic slides were assessed in terms of histologic features of giant cells and stroma. Results. No significant differences were found in the mean number of nuclei or the size of nuclei and giant cell distribution patterns between the jaws and genders in both lesions (P >0.05). Correlation between the mean number of nuclei and age was positively significant and correlation between the size of nuclei and age was negatively significant (P < 0.05). In addition, correlation between the mean number and size of nuclei and the size of the lesion was significant (P < 0.05). Correlation between stroma and aggressiveness of CGCGs was not statistically significant. Correlation between histopathologic features and radiographic findings was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion. There were correlations between the mean number of nuclei per giant cell and the size of the lesion and age, and between the size of nuclei and size of the lesion. No relation was observed between histopathologic and radiographic features.