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Background: AI can positively influence teaching by offering support for classroom management, creating inclusive learning environments, enhancing digital skills, personalizing teaching methods, and strengthening teacher‐student relationships. Objectives: This quantitative research study investigates the opportunities, difficulties, and consequences of incorporating AI into teacher education. Methods: Data were collected through structured questionnaires from 202 college students and 68 staff members. The analysis was conducted using SPSS software. Results: The study provides a novel contribution by its thorough investigation of the diverse effects of AI on teacher education. It offers beneficial perspectives on the possible benefits and challenges, illuminating the far‐reaching changes that AI could bring to the terrain of learning and instruction and teaching methods in the time yet to come. The research sought to assess the effect of AI adoption in teacher education across five main dimensions: (i) its influence on teaching support and classroom management, (ii) its role in creating inclusive and accessible learning environments, (iii) its contribution to improving teachers' digital literacy and computer skills, and enhancing access to digital teaching resources, (iv) its positive influence on identifying students' learning styles and facilitating the adoption of diverse teaching methods, and (v) its role in strengthening teacher‐student relationships through improved interactions. Conclusion: The findings elucidate the promising opportunities that AI presents in the field of teacher education, along with the obstacles that require resolution for the effective fusion of AI educational settings. Lay Description: What is currently known about this topic?: AI has the potential to enhance various aspects of teaching, including classroom management and personalizing teaching methods.Incorporating AI into education has garnered significant interest due to its perceived benefits in improving learning outcomes. What does this paper add?: This paper provides a comprehensive investigation into the effects of AI adoption in teacher education, highlighting both the opportunities and challenges associated with its implementation.It offers insights into how AI can influence different dimensions of teaching, such as classroom management, learning environment inclusivity, and teacher‐student relationships. Implications for practice/or policy: The findings of this study underscore the importance of integrating AI into teacher education programs to leverage its potential benefits in enhancing teaching practices.Policymakers and educators should consider the implications of AI adoption in education and develop strategies to address challenges while maximizing the advantages of AI technologies in teaching and learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Instructional videos constitute a pivotal component in flipped learning. Despite their significance, there is a dearth of research specifically dedicated to instructional videos within the context of flipped classrooms. This paucity has led to an empirical void in verifying the efficacy of instructional videos in flipped learning environments. Objectives: The present study endeavours to contribute to the extant literature on flipped pedagogical practices by providing empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of instructional videos in flipped learning environments. Methods: This study employs a convergent mixed‐methods design. Forty‐five instructional videos in three subtypes were administered in two classes over a 15‐week semester. Data, both quantitative (log data from the learning management system) and qualitative (from focus group discussions at two time points), were concurrently collected from a flipped class (n = 25) and a blended class (n = 28) with the aim of gauging student engagement and learning outcomes in the flipped class and understanding video‐viewing features typical of the flipped class. Results: Both datasets corroborated that participants in the flipped class outperformed their counterparts in the blended class in terms of video‐watching, peer interaction, knowledge retention, and transfer skills. Conclusions: The instructional videos within the flipped classroom setting serve to enhance student engagement in the learning process and improve learning outcomes. The efficacy of these instructional videos in flipped learning can be further augmented through strategic approaches in both their design and implementation. Lay Description: What is currently known about this topic: The flipping pedagogy is conducive to learning.Videos play a crucial role in flipped learning.Videos prepared students for classroom activities.However, engaging students with pre‐class videos presents a challenge. What this paper adds: This paper furnishes direct empirical evidence supporting the effectiveness of instructional videos in flipped learning.It uncovers factors affecting student engagement with videos in flipped learning.It offers insights into the design and implementation of videos in flipped learning. Implications for practice: Considering facilitating conditions and affective factors when creating videos.Acknowledging learner characteristics when designing videos.Utilizing instructional strategies when implementing videos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Both socially regulated learning and cognitive quality are important factors affecting collaborative knowledge building, but the current research lacks a joint quantified evaluation method that combines these two aspects. Objectives: Based on the existing framework, we proposed a joint evaluation method for regulated learning and cognitive quality in collaborative knowledge building, and further extracted the evaluation indicators. Methods: This study involved 74 learners enrolled in a course named 'the Application of Modern Educational Technology' as the subject of study, and made a case analysis with this method. Results and Conclusions: First, the indicators of this joint evaluation method could complement the indicators of traditional frequency statistics methods and facilitate an analysis of regulated learning and cognitive quality in collaborative knowledge building. Second, the group with a higher proportion of high‐level cognitive quality and socially shared regulation in collaborative knowledge building achieved better final scores. Finally, four types of groups were obtained through clustering: excellent, risky, mixed group, and highly collaborative group. This study introduced a joint evaluation method for regulated learning and cognitive quality in collaborative knowledge building and provides suggestions for future research. Lay Description: What is currently known about this topic?: Online collaborative knowledge building is increasingly important.Regulated learning and cognitive quality are considered very important for successful collaborative learning.Without quantitative methods, it is difficult to assess regulated learning and cognitive quality during collaborative knowledge building in a timely manner. What does this paper add?: This paper provided a joint evaluation method of regulated learning and cognitive quality (JERC) for online collaborative knowledge building.A case study was conducted to identify JERC's usefulness. Using descriptive statistics and visualization, it was determined that indicators of JERC can not only capture the state of cognitive quality and regulated learning status, but also elucidate the nature of that status (i.e., comprehensive, dynamic, cyclical).Through clustering analysis, four distinct groups were identified, each exhibiting different characteristics and moving patterns of regulated learning and cognitive quality over time. These patterns indicate that the quality of cognitive and regulatory learning cannot be determined solely by behavioural frequency. Moreover, an excessive proportion of individual regulation cannot predict better learning performance. Implications for practice: A computable representation model of regulated learning and cognitive quality was constructed to support automated perception and intervention in regulated learning and cognitive processing.With JERC, it is possible for researchers to capture, process, analyse and predict dynamic data to examine online collaborative knowledge building combined with shared physiological arousal events.The results of JERC can be used by researchers to develop advanced techniques, such as AI deep learning, for designing adaptive supports that can foster students' online collaborative knowledge building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given the advancement of mobile and sensing technology, the incorporation of augmented reality (AR) in context‐aware ubiquitous learning (CAUL) has offered significant benefits to oral communication development in foreign language learning. Although a great number of studies have been dedicated in this field, only a little research was conducted to formulate a facilitation framework aligning with established learning theories or pedagogies. Objectives: This review thereby examined the facilitation tenets conducive to the best practice of AR‐based CAUL projects for oral communication enhancement and further established a AR‐guided CAUL framework. Methods: The researchers systematically reviewed 17 related empirical AR studies from Web of Science from 2000 to 2021 and synthesized the results with focused second language acquisition theories. Results and Conclusions: Three practical tenets were identified, including facilitating learner‐centred pedagogies with personal and contextual learning supports, incorporating constructivist learning design, and encouraging collaborative learning and higher‐order cognitive skills. Furthermore, in accordance with the synthesized results, a facilitation framework combining situated learning, learning‐by‐doing, and social constructivist design was developed to engage students in a learning, applying, and reflecting process in formal and informal learning contexts. Major Takeaways: For the best practice of oral communication through AR, this review study offers practical facilitation tenets and theoretical framework which are in alignment with research‐proven theories. It is expected that the framework could provide frontline educational practitioners with guidance to foster students' learning outcomes and interactions. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic?: Foreign language learning has become interactive, contextual, and ubiquitous due to the development of mobile computing and sensing technologyThe incorporation of augmented reality (AR) an context aware ubiquitous learning (CAUL) is beneficial for the facilitation of oral communication in foreign language learning What this paper adds?: This paper offers practical facilitation tenets for oral communication development through AR‐based CAUL applicationsA theoretical framework is created for the best practices of AR and CAUL‐based listening and speaking projects Implications for practice and/or policy: The facilitation framework provides clear steps and details of implementation with learning theories to guide frontline educational practitioners and learnersThis paper can assist interested stakeholders to develop learning designs and effectiveness with the combination of theoretical foundation and pedagogical applications [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Learning analytics (LA) collects, analyses, and reports data from the learning environment, to provide evidence of the effects of a particular learning design. Learning design (LD) outlines the conceptual framework for a meaningful interpretation of Learning analytics data. Objectives: The study aims to identify the most relevant concepts at the intersection of learning design and learning analytics, how these concepts are integrated into more general thematic areas, and the implications for the research and practice of the learning design and learning analytics synergy. Methods: To this end, the study employs a critical interpretive synthesis (CIS) of the selected papers, and complements it with elements of systematic literature review as well as qualitative content analysis and text analytics that employ machine learning and language technology. Results and conclusions: The most important themes identified are 'analytics', 'learning', 'data', 'tools', 'research', 'framework', 'informed', 'model‐driven', 'participatory', 'technique', 'impact', insight', and 'findings'. The text analytics detected two topic rarely explicitly discussed in the literature: 'evidence‐informed instructional design approaches' and 'design‐based research'. Future research should attempt a holistic perspective towards the LD and LA synergy considering evidence‐informed instructional design approaches as part of a design‐based research methodology that implements evidence‐based teachers' practice and research‐based findings. Lay Description: What is currently known about the subject matter?: The number of studies exploring different aspects of the relationship between learning design (LD) and learning analytics (LA) has significantly increased.LD provides the context of LA and outlines the conceptual framework for a meaningful interpretation of LA data.LA collect, analyse and report data from the learning environment to improve learning design.LD and instructional design (ID) are closely related concepts and practices, although misinterpretation remains of their nature and relationship. What this paper adds to this?: Critical interpretative synthesis (CIS) approach for literature review is introduced.Text analytics to analyse the literature linking LD and LA is applied.The text analytics shows the most relevant concepts, their relationships, and how are they grouped into broader themes.The text analytics identifies 'design‐based research'(DBR) and 'evidence‐informed instructional design approaches' as important concepts that could be used in the future for improving research investigating the relationship between LD and LA. Implications of study findings for practitioners: Integrate the principles and guidelines of evidence‐informed instructional design approaches into a design‐based research process to promote effective, efficient and enjoyable learning implementing process and content types LA indicators.DBR is a natural way of integrating teachers' evidence‐based practice (LD) and research‐based findings (ID). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Studies: Captioning and repetition are widely used multimedia instructional devices for non‐native students. Generally, studies in this area have tended to focus on second language literacy skills rather than on learning new content knowledge. Additionally, posttests were administered immediately after the treatments, while the delayed influences of captioning and repetition have never been investigated. Objectives: This paper addressed these research gaps in two separate studies. More specifically, this study attempted to examine the influences of captioning and repetition on non‐native students' immediate and relayed retention. Methods: In Study One, three captioning conditions; word‐by‐word captions, closed captions, and no‐captions; were compared to examine their efficacies in immediate and delayed content knowledge retention on 82 Chinese university students. To address the limitations in Study One as the multimedia lesson was short and played only once, Study Two incorporated captioning and two repetition types in its design. One hundred and eleven Chinese university students watch a video lesson in one of four captioning and repetition conditions. Results: The statistical analyses of Study One indicated that there were no significant differences in both immediate and delayed retention test scores across the three captioning condition. Similarly, in Study Two, there were no significant differences in retention tests scores across the four captioning and repetition conditions. Findings: Neither the availability of captions nor the repetition types had any impact on the Chinese students' immediate or delayed content knowledge retention, which lent support to existing studies. Based on the research results, the limitations and future study possibilities are discussed. Lay Description: What Is Already Known About This TopicEmpirical studies on captioning have focused on immediate learning right after the treatment, so have studies on repetition.Empirical studies on multimedia lessons for non‐native students have focused on English language learning. What This Paper AddsThree types of captioning were compared to examine their efficacies in both immediate and delayed content retention of Chinese students.Two types of repetition were compared to examine their efficacies in both immediate and delayed content retention of Chinese students. Implications for Practice and/or Policy:Neither the availability of captions nor the repetition types had any impact on the Chinese students' immediate or delayed content knowledge retention.The availability of textual keywords adjacent to their corresponding graphics might have compromised the efficacy of captioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Augmented reality (AR) has been incorporated in context‐aware ubiquitous learning (CAUL) designs to guide learners but few of the designs adopt specific learning theories. Furthermore, there are no CAUL design models that align learning theories to CAUL effectiveness. In addition, CAUL review papers have not documented CAUL developments since AR technology has become normalized. Objectives: A phenomenological research method with expert design input was adopted to build theoretically informed CAUL design models and provide guidelines for AR‐driven CAUL. Methods: The researchers reviewed 38 empirical AR studies in education from 2016 to 2019 in seven high‐impact journals of educational technology using a taxonomy based on CAUL learning theories. Seven domain experts reviewed the findings and provided insights into current developments, patterns of variables, and the proposed AR‐guided CAUL model. The expert feedback was used to refine the CAUL models. Results and conclusions: Research into humanity‐related subjects are growing due to the features of AR, and the majority of studies were in primary education as AR corresponds well with lower‐level cognitive learning tasks. Many AR functions cooccurred with situated learning theory, inquiry‐based learning theory, and collaborative learning theory. A macro‐design model and three micro‐design models of AR‐guided CAUL with specific learning theories was proposed. Major takeaways This study offers a set of AR‐guided CAUL design models aligned with established learning theories. The variables in the CAUL studies are linked with learning theories to clearly show how AR guides learning. The models can guide instructors to meet their students' needs. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic?: Computer assisted ubiquitous learning (CAUL) can assist learners in developing various skills and knowledge.Augmented reality (AR) has been widely incorporated in context‐aware ubiquitous learning (CAUL) designs to enrich and guide learners.Lower‐level cognitive developments are research‐proven features of AR‐based systems. What this paper adds?: This paper offers a set of AR‐guided learning design modes aligned with learning theories.Humanity‐related subjects like English and history are growing due to the features of AR.Three stages of context‐aware ubiquitous learning were found: tag‐searching, image‐tracking, and panorama‐recognizing. Implications for practice and/or policy: The proposed model provides variables and patterns of the variables with learning theories to guide users.This paper can inform researchers on the potential of learning theories to guide learning designs, help instructional designers revise curricula, and help teachers by highlighting effective learning strategies to guide learners with AR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The potential of learning analytics dashboards in virtual reality simulation‐based training environments to influence occupational self‐efficacy via self‐reflection phase processes in the Chemical industry is still not fully understood. Learning analytics dashboards provide feedback on learner performance and offer points of comparison (i.e., comparison with one's own past performance or comparison with peer performance) to help learners make sense of their feedback. Objectives: We present a theoretical framework for describing learning analytics reference frames and investigate the impact of feedback delivered through dashboards with different reference frames on occupational self‐efficacy, while controlling for workplace self‐reflection. Methods: This experimental study engaged 42 chemical operator employees, aged between 18 and 55 years, each with at least one year of experience. We utilised a two‐group design to ask two research question each with three competing hypotheses related to changes in occupational self‐efficacy, employing Bayesian informative hypothesis evaluation. Results and Conclusions: Results for the primary research question suggest that dashboards with progress reference frames do not elicit greater change to self‐efficacy than those with social reference frames, however, they may elicit equal change. Furthermore, dashboards with social reference frames may elicit greater change to self‐efficacy than those with progress reference frames. Exploratory results found that dashboards with progress reference frames may elicit greater positive directional change than those with social reference frames and that they may elicit equal directional change. These findings contribute to the understanding of self‐efficacy beliefs within the Chemical industry, with potential impacts on skill development. The research may inform the design of targeted interventions and training programs to influence self‐efficacy. From a practical perspective, this research suggests that careful consideration is needed when choosing reference frames in learning analytics dashboards due to their potential consequences on the formation of learner self‐efficacy. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic?: Learning analytics dashboards often aim to stimulate self‐regulated learning by providing feedback.Feedback plays a crucial role in simulation‐based learning and learning analytics dashboards can be a valuable tool to deliver feedback and facilitate the learning process by providing learners with insights into their performance and progress.Previous research has highlighted the importance of reference frames as critical design features of learning analytics dashboards, as they assist learners in making sense of learning analytics feedback.Self‐efficacy is a powerful determine factor of workplace performance and is influenced by mastery experiences and social modelling information. What the paper adds?: A theoretical framework describes the mediating role self‐reflection phase processes of the self‐regulated learning cycle plays in the formation of occupational self‐efficacy.This paper introduces the concept of three learning analytics reference frame components which include the performance outcome component, point of comparison component and score delta component.The paper indicates that learning analytics dashboards designed with a progress reference frame does not elicit greater change to occupational self‐efficacy than the social reference frame.Exploratory results suggest dashboards with progress reference frames might produce greater positive directional change compared to social reference frames or elicit equal change. Implications for practice?: Learning analytics system designers who use reference frames to help learners make sense of their feedback should carefully consider which reference frames they use as these decisions likely have consequences on the formation of learner self‐efficacy beliefs.For LAD designers and stakeholders, recognising the absolute change and directional shift in self‐efficacy is crucial, as LAD designs significantly influence these dynamics and guide the tailoring of effective tools.In industries like the chemical sector, where overconfidence can result in severe consequences, understanding the nuance of self‐efficacy changes is especially pertinent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Social annotation (SA) allows users to collaboratively highlight important texts, make comments and discuss with each other on the same online document. This would not only accelerate and deepen learners' cognitive understanding of information, but also help build a sense of rapport, which is critical especially because of the worldwide shift from face‐to‐face class to remote education as a response to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Objective: To provide a systematic review of empirical SA studies, so that current development as well as issues in SA practices and research are identified. Methods: A total of 32 studies were identified and bibliometrical, instructional, and methodological analysis were conducted. Results and Conclusions: The United States has published the most SA research and technology‐related journals are most receptive of SA research; one‐shot quantitative designs with a sample size between 30 and 100 have been adopted most often; there is a lack of theoretical support for SA studies; higher education settings have been more frequently researched than other educational levels; SA technological features and activities have focused more on student uses and outcomes than on those of instructors; self‐designed technologies were more preferred than commercial ones; both cognitive and affective outcomes were emphasized and nearly all studies reported positive findings. Implications: Future SA studies may conduct blended designs with larger sample sizes that is grounded upon solid theoretical frameworks; more customized and affordable SA technologies that support both students and teachers should be developed. Learning analytics and emotional design may be capitalized more to meet the demand of remote education during the pandemic. Lay Description: What is Already Known About this Topic: The behaviour of annotating often helps learners obtain deeper understanding and retain longer memorization of learning content.Social annotation, which capitalizes the advantage of digital tools and collaboration, allows learners to annotate on the same document, and view each other's annotations to ignite discussion and maximize their individual learning.Social annotation has been widely used in educational settings amongst all ages of learners. What this Paper Adds: Provides a systematic review of empirical social annotation studies between 2000 and 2020, highlighting the analysis of bibliometrics, research designs, and learning outcomes and effects.Proposes a conceptual framework (the WIRE model) to guide the design and assessment of social annotation activities.Identifies challenges and gaps in existing research designs as well as instructional practices. Implications for Practice: Instructors can use the results to locate desirable social annotation technologies and design effective activities.Researchers may utilize the trend and research gaps to design future social annotation studies.Programmers can use WIRE to make an initial assessment of social annotation tool designs, and develop more customized products for formal education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Providing adaptive scaffolds to help learners develop effective self‐regulated learning (SRL) behaviours has been an important goal for intelligent learning environments. Adaptive scaffolding is especially important in open‐ended learning environments (OELE), where novice learners often face difficulties in completing their learning tasks. Objectives: This paper presents a systematic framework for adaptive scaffolding in Betty's Brain, a learning‐by‐teaching OELE for middle school science, where students construct a causal model to teach a virtual agent, generically named Betty. We evaluate the adaptive scaffolding framework and discuss its implications on the development of more effective scaffolds for SRL in OELEs. Methods: We detect key cognitive/metacognitive inflection points, that is, moments where students' behaviours and performance change during learning, often suggesting an inability to apply effective learning strategies. At inflection points, Mr. Davis (a mentor agent in Betty's Brain) or Betty (the teachable agent) provides context‐specific conversational feedback, focusing on strategies to help the student become a more productive learner, or encouragement to support positive emotions. We conduct a classroom study with 98 middle schoolers to analyse the impact of adaptive scaffolds on students' learning behaviours and performance. We analyse how students with differential pre‐to‐post learning outcomes receive and use the scaffolds to support their subsequent learning process in Betty's Brain. Results and Conclusions: Adaptive scaffolding produced mixed results, with some scaffolds (viz., strategic hints that supported debugging and assessment of causal models) being generally more useful to students than others (viz., encouragement prompts). Additionally, there were differences in how students with high versus low learning outcomes responded to some hints, as suggested by the differences in their learning behaviours and performance in the intervals after scaffolding. Overall, our findings suggest how adaptive scaffolding in OELEs like Betty's Brain can be further improved to better support SRL behaviours and narrow the learning outcomes gap between high and low performing students. Implications: This paper contributes to our understanding and impact of adaptive scaffolding in OELEs. The results of our study indicate that successful scaffolding has to combine context‐sensitive inflection points with conversational feedback that is tailored to the students' current proficiency levels and needs. Also, our conceptual framework can be used to design adaptive scaffolds that help students develop and apply SRL behaviours in other computer‐based learning environments. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: SRL, which involves the regulation of cognitive, affective, metacognitive and motivational (CAMM) processes, is an important construct for effective learning.Novice learners in open‐ended learning environments (OELEs) often engage in sub‐optimal SRL strategies and encounter learning and problem‐solving difficulties.These students are likely to benefit from in‐the‐moment scaffolding, but designing adaptive scaffolds for SRL in OELEs is a challenging task. What this paper adds: The design and implementation of an adaptive scaffolding framework in the Betty's Brain OELE, that (a) detects key cognitive‐metacognitive inflection points during learning, and (b) provides feedback (strategic hints and encouragements) to help students overcome their learning difficulties at the inflection points and develop more effective SRL behaviors.A method to evaluate the adaptive scaffolding framework by analyzing log data collected from a classroom experiment.Findings from the data analysis that provide evidence on scaffold effectiveness and inform future design of adaptive scaffolds in OELEs. Implications of study findings for practitioners: The adaptive scaffolding framework developed in this paper can be extended to other OELEs.The findings from scaffold evaluation can be used to improve the design of the adaptive scaffolding framework in OELEs, for example, by considering affect transitions and cognitive‐affective relationships to build more effective scaffolds for affect regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inquiry‐based learning is a salient instructional approach to cultivate students' higher order thinking skills (HOTS). With the presence and advancement of new technologies, their usage for inquiry learning in university context is increasingly ubiquitous. However, in most circumstances, college students cannot integrate technologies to their inquiry learning in efficient ways or their abilities to use technologies are not good enough. Previous studies found that intrinsic motivation (IM), peer interaction (PI) and classroom connectedness (CC) were key factors to influence students' approaches to using technologies from the personal, behavioural and environmental perspectives. Objectives: This study investigated the influence of these three essential learning factors (IM, PI and CC) on students' HOTS and the mediate influence of deep approach to using technologies (DAUT) between these learning factors and HOTS in the technology‐enhanced open inquiry‐based learning context. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to 80 university students who had studied with the technology‐enhanced open inquiry‐based learning approach. The partial least squares method was employed to investigate the relationships among learning factors, DAUT and HOTS. Results and Conclusions: Results showed that CC and PI were positively directly related to HOTS. DAUT was a significant mediator between two (i.e., IM and PI) of the three learning factors and HOTS. The findings of the study have practical implications for instructors, indicating that they should pay attention to students' IM and PI in deepening their approach to using technologies as well as to improve students' HOTS in technology‐enhanced open inquiry‐based learning. Lay Description: What Is Already Known About This Topic: Inquiry‐based learning is considered to be a salient instructional approach to cultivate students' higher order thinking skills (HOTS).Technologies usage in inquiry learning is ubiquitous in university context.In most cases, college students are not able to integrate technologies in their inquiry learning in effective ways. What This Paper Adds: This paper proposed a research model that explains and predicts the mediating influence of deep approach to using technologies on the association between learning factors and HOTS in the technology‐enhanced open inquiry‐based learning context.The mediating effect of approaches to using technologies between learning factors and HOTS was identified.Two of the three learning factors (peer interaction and classroom connectedness) had direct effect on HOTS.Deep approaches to using technologies variable significantly mediates two of the three learning factors (peer interaction and intrinsic motivation) and HOTS. Implications for Practice or Policy: Instructors should pay attention to students' intrinsic motivation (IM) and peer interaction in order to deepen their approach to using technologies.Instructors should pay particular attention to peer interaction and classroom connectedness when conducting technology‐enhanced open inquiry‐based learning activities to improve college students' HOTS.Students' interest improvement and IM in using technologies, the integration of technologies and open inquiry‐based learning activities could be discussed and decided by both the instructor and students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Higher vocational education is an essential part of the higher education system that complements conventional education. In the context of information and communication technology (ICT) development and academic competition, more and more literature has proved the importance of ICT use in educational development (academic achievement and mental health) and the relationship between information literacy and the educational development of higher vocational students. Objectives: Based on one of the most extensive surveys of higher vocational students, the study combined the Opportunity‐Propensity (O‐P) framework and ecological model to explore the direct effects of different types of ICT use on educational development and the indirect effects from psychological and social factors. Methods: The data involved 28,956 students from seven higher vocational colleges. The class fixed effect and causal mediation analysis models verified the results. Results and Conclusion: The results found differential effects of different types of ICT use on academic achievement and mental health. Information literacy ability can improve the academic achievement of higher vocational students, but at the cost of mental health. ICT use not only directly impacts the academic achievement and mental health, but also has an indirect impact through psychological factors represented by self‐efficacy and technostress and social factors represented by social support. Implications: This study promotes integrating and expanding the O‐P framework and ecological model, enriching the relevant research in ICT use and educational development. Meanwhile, it also provides practical suggestions for realizing rational interventions in ICT use and improving the educational development level of higher vocational students. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Information and communication technology (ICT) use is closely related to the educational development of higher vocational students.The trend of ICT use in higher vocational education has become increasingly apparent.The effects of ICT use are heterogeneous among groups with different information literacy. What this paper adds: O‐P framework and ecological model provide the perspective of theoretical integration.The impact of different types of ICT use on educational development varies.Information literacy can improve academic achievement at the cost of mental health.Psychological and social factors play a mediating role in educational development. Implications for practice and/or policy: The research is helpful to guide students to allocate their time reasonably for different ICT uses.Mental health counselling should be strengthened while cultivating information literacy ability.Develop appropriate ICT usage strategies for students with different information literacy.It is helpful to develop appropriate interventions from a psychological and social perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the significant emphasis on self‐determination in special education and the crucial role of mobile learning, there is a notable absence of path modelling studies that explore the effect of self‐determination on the usage of mobile learning by students with special needs. Objectives: This study sought to investigate the intentions of mobile learning usage among students with special needs by proposing a model rooted in the technology acceptance model, complemented by extraneous constructs from self‐determination theory (competence, autonomy and relatedness). Methods: The data of the study was obtained online from 1298 special needs university students with eight different types of disabilities. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modelling and bootstrapping. Results and Conclusions: The proposed model explained 78.4% of ease of use, 85.2% of usefulness, and 76.5% of intention. 11 of the 12 hypotheses tested within the scope of the model were supported. All hypotheses examining the impacts of self‐determination theory constructs on ease of use, usefulness, and intention were validated (8 hypotheses), with the exception of the autonomy → intention relationship. Substantial empirical evidence has been acquired to support the role of the self‐determination theory in exploring the intention toward mobile learning among university students with special needs. Concurrently, a robust theoretical framework has been introduced to the field of special education to elucidate the acceptance and utilization of technology by university students with special needs. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Numerous studies have demonstrated the significance of mobile tools and mobile learning in the realm of special education.Self‐determination holds immense importance in fostering independence and social engagement by empowering individuals with special needs to gain confidence, assume control and accountability for their own choices and actions.Self‐determination theory underscores the importance of providing individuals with support for three fundamental psychological needs—autonomy, competence, and relatedness—to foster healthy development. What this paper adds: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study stands as a unique contribution within its field due to its distinctive characteristics. The model, supported by exceptionally successful outcomes and its ability to elucidate technology acceptance constructs at remarkably high levels, offers a robust theoretical framework for enabling students with special needs to engage effectively with mobile learning in both special and inclusive educational settings.Investigating how self‐determination theory enhances the explanatory power of the technology acceptance model in special education.Illuminating the significance of basic psychological needs in the adoption of mobile learning, employing advanced statistical methods with a substantial participant base, and delivering valuable insights to advance the utilization of mobile learning in special education. Implications for practice and/or policy: Special education settings should encourage students to take initiative, make choices, and exercise autonomy, and curriculum design should include opportunities for students to make choices.Making students part of the design processes and emphasizing usability through the prioritization of customizable, user‐friendly designs should be an inherent aspect of educational technology.Educators and support staff must have training and professional development opportunities to effectively use mobile learning tools and create inclusive learning environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: TPACK is a widely used framework for assessing teachers' competence in integrating technology in education. However, previous studies have shown varying interpretations of the relationship between TPACK elements. Qualitative studies that assess the manifestations of TPACK by examining the practices of pre‐service teachers are rare. Objectives: This study investigates technology integration in innovative physics teaching and learning materials designed by pre‐service teachers and the manifestation of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) in empirical cases. Methods: We qualitatively extracted the components of PCK, TPK, and TCK from the innovative physics teaching and learning materials developed by 22 pre‐service teachers in their fourth year at a teachers' college in South Korea. We scored them based on the new evaluation criteria established in this study. Results and Conclusions: Based on the materials, we identified three types of technology integration: Learning Materials Providing, Learning Activity Providing, and Virtual Experiments Creating. This study identifies teachers' level of TK and integrates it with TPACK expression. Results confirm the connection between TK and TCK and show that a strong PCK can serve as a basis for TPK. The TPACK expression pattern can help achieve balanced development of TPACK in teacher education. Lay Description: What is currently known about the subject matter: TPACK framework combines pedagogical, content, and technological knowledge in teachers' professional expertise.Despite TPACK's widespread use, studies showed varied interpretations of the relationships between its elements.TPACK measurement often relies on self‐assessment, lacking a total reflection of technology use in teaching.Few qualitative studies explore TPACK manifestations through pre‐service teachers' practices. What the paper adds to the currently known about: There are three types of technology integration: Learning Materials Providing, Learning Activity Providing, and Virtual Experiments Creating.The study found that pre‐service teachers in the virtual experiments creating type exhibit strong subject‐specific TPACK.In physics education, TK is essential and can be divided into the use of ICT and programming.The study correlates TK levels with TPACK expressions, resulting in five patterns based on PCK, TPK, TCK, and TK. The implications of study findings for practitioners: The study presents empirical evidence of TPACK manifestation in pre‐service physics teachers, focusing on TK.High programming TK has a significant impact on subject‐specific TPACK.The study confirms the TK‐TCK connection and highlights PCK's role in TPK.TPACK patterns can guide teacher education, fostering balanced development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite a great deal of studies on blended language learning, synthesized empirical evidence of its effects on language performance is still lacking. Objectives: To bridge the gap, this study aimed to meta‐analyse the effects of blended language learning on EFL learners' language performance. Methods: Drawing on the framework of AT (Activity Theory), this paper reported results based on a meta‐analysis of the effects of blended language learning on EFL (English‐as‐a‐foreign‐language) learners' language performance with 43 valid effect sizes from 39 experimental and quasi‐experimental studies published during 2000–2021. Results and Conclusions: The results showed that the overall effect size was significantly moderate for language performance, suggesting that blended language learning is more effective than traditional methods. The moderating effects of AT‐related moderators were analysed. The educational levels, intervention durations, geographic regions and software types were found to be significant moderators, while others did not find a significant moderating effect. Implications: The results also provided some practical insights into the pedagogical implications for teachers, practitioners, and researchers in blended language learning. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: The facilitative effects and educational affordances of blended language learning have been well‐documented.Existing studies have been helpful in affording insights into the use of blended language learning.It is difficult to understand the effect size and potential moderators of blended language learning. What this paper adds: Few studies to date published have directly and systematically meta‐analyse the use of blended language learning.This study meta‐analyzes literature on blended language learning with respect to the framework of activity theory.Blended language learning is found to be more effective than traditional methods. Implications for practice: Pedagogical potentials of blended language learning should be encouraged to explore among EFL learners of different educational levels.Educational affordances of blended language learning should be integrated into the curriculums depending on the educational needs and purposes.Researchers should design the research with larger sample sizes and long‐term durations to increase the reliability of findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Collaboration has commonly been integrated in computational thinking education to foster novice learning. While the majority of existing studies on developing students' CT skills have been based on competency or personality factors, social factors have been largely ignored. Objectives: This systematic review, framed by social cognitive learning theories, aims to unravel the influencing factors of collaboration in developing computational thinking skills in K‐12 education. Methods: We searched four databases and located 79 publications for synthesis analysis to identify 10 social cognitive factors from personal and learning environmental perspectives. Personal factors are gender, prior knowledge, and motivational attitudes, while the learning environmental factors are roles, partnership, interaction, culture, tools, tasks, and scaffolding. Results and Conclusions: We examined the following five major issues: (a) collaboration elements designed in learning activities; (b) social cognitive factors that might influence the development of computational thinking; (c) the influences caused by social cognitive factors; (d) students' perceived benefits of collaboration; (e) major challenges of integrating collaboration in computational thinking education. The most reported challenges in collaborative classrooms are students' misunderstanding of computational thinking knowledge, negative sentiments, and communication problems. Accordingly, a design framework to facilitate collaborative learning activities was proposed. The design framework can provide a more focused research avenue for examining the effects of collaboration in the development of computational thinking in K‐12 education. Lay Description: What is already known about the topic?: Collaboration has commonly been integrated in computational thinking (CT) education to foster novice learning in K‐12 education.There have been disputes regarding the effectiveness of collaboration in achieving learning outcomes.There is a need for further examination of the influencing factors of collaboration, which might influence students' CT performances. What does this paper add?: Our review identified personal factors (i.e., gender, prior knowledge, and motivational attitudes) and learning environmental factors (i.e., roles, partnership, interaction, culture, tools, tasks, and scaffolding), and revealed their influences in students' CT performances in K‐12 education.The synthesis of students' authentic opinions can yield insights to the possible mechanism of how collaboration can bring benefits to students' CT performances.The design framework generated from the review can shed lights on design an effective learning environment which integrates collaboration in K‐12 CT education. Implications for practice and/or policy?: The collaborative learning process of CT is complex, whereby the effects of social cognitive factors do not stand‐alone but are influenced by personal and learning environmental factors simultaneously.Taking the identified challenges of students, instructors, and operation can help smooth organization of collaborative learning activities of K‐12 CT education.Future students could look more in‐depth into the impacts of the social and situation factors in developing CT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Zoomorphism, an obverse of conventional anthropomorphism, has been shown in many cases to be a powerful tool with respect to the metaphorical use of animals. Objectives: This study introduced zoomorphism into the instructional video design of pedagogical agents (PAs). Method: We first developed three image sets, each of which corresponded to a type of zoomorphic PA image construct (full panda, a human face with a panda body, and a human body with panda head imagery). Then, we conducted an image‐screening experiment in which 177 second‐grade students from a primary school were asked to select their favourite PA image for each image construct set. We used a realistic human PA as the baseline. Next, 114 second‐grade students from another school were randomly assigned to learn instructional videos on the topic of pandas using a PA with one of four imageries. Results and Conclusions: ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis tests indicated that students presented with PAs with full‐panda imagery achieved significantly higher learning performance, learning experience, social presence, and learning interest than those presented with other imageries of PAs. The regression results showed that the effect of zoomorphic PAs with full‐panda imagery on learning performance was exerted in a direct way and that its effect on learning experience was mediated by social presence and learning interest. Implications: Our findings suggest that zoomorphic appearance is an essential quality for video learning that merits further investigation for the efficient imagery construction of PAs. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: The inclusion of pedagogical agents with images that are attributed human qualities to animals known as anthropomorphism is very popular in multimedia education; however, the existing studies on the effects of such images on learning have shown inconsistent results. What this paper adds: We introduced the alternative philosophy of animal use‐zoomorphism, which is the obverse of anthropomorphism, into agent image building. Implications for practice and/or policy: Our study demonstrated that the zoomorphism of agent images increases learning performance and experience; thus, our findings suggest the prospect of zoomorphism in the development of agent image patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Integration of digital technologies in schools raises the need of students to master technological, cognitive, and social digital literacy (DL) competencies. Objectives: Based on Hofstede's dimensional paradigm for defining culture, we address the cultural context and examine perceived and actual DL of Arabic‐speaking minority students in Israel. Methods: First, 402 Arabic‐speaking minority students from elementary Arabic‐speaking schools and 232 students from middle schools reported their DL based on the DL framework. Among them, 347 elementary and 205 middle school students performed a battery of DL tasks. Findings and Conclusions: The findings revealed a very low level of DL performance by minority students in both elementary and middle schools. The highest performance score was in information literacy: M = 1.49 and M = 1.55 out of 5.00 for elementary and middle school students respectively. Despite ubiquitous use of social networks, the lowest score was obtained in social–emotional literacy—0.23 for both elementary and middle school students. In contrast to performance, both elementary and middle school minority students estimated their digital literacy competencies as high or very high. Among the elementary students, a weak correlation was found between their DL perceptions and performance of the photo‐visual, branching, and social–emotional literacies. Among the middle school students, the only significant correlation was found between perceptions and performance of reproduction literacy. The findings raise the need to improve DL competencies of minority students and develop their metacognitive abilities. This helps to assess their DL more accurately, in order to ensure their successful functioning in digital environments. Theoretical and educational implications of the findings are discussed. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Digital literacy (DL) is the ability to use information and communication technologies to find, evaluate, create, and communicate information.Previous literature discussed the concept of DL as a culturally situated phenomenon. What this paper adds: This study examined minority students from elementary and middle schools, and crosschecked their perceived DL with actual performance of DL tasks.The findings revealed a very low level of DL performance by minority students relative to the general student population in the same country.A digital over‐confidence effect was found. In contrast to performance, minority students estimated their DL as high or very high.Despite ubiquitous social networking of students, the lowest score was obtained in social–emotional literacy. Implications for practice and/or policy: DL cannot be regarded as detached from the students' context and cultural background.In strong uncertainty avoidance culture, innovation and technology integration in education seems to be perceived as a continuous threat.Educational decision‐makers need to promote a school culture with low power distance, high individualist values, and openness to uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cognitive load (CL) management is essential in safety‐critical fields so that professionals can monitor and control their cognitive resources efficiently to perform and solve scenarios in a timely and safe manner, even in complex and unexpected circumstances. Thus, cognitive load theory (CLT) can be used to design virtual reality (VR) training programmes for professional learning in these fields. Objectives: We studied CL management performance through behavioural indicators in authentic VR flight training and explored if and to what extent physiological data was associated with CL management performance. Methods: The expert (n = 8) and novice pilots (n = 6) performed three approach and landing scenarios with increasing element interactivity. We used video recordings of the training to assess CL management performance based on the behavioural indicators. Then, we used the heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) data to study the associations between the physiological data and CL management performance. Results and Conclusions: The pilots performed effectively in CL management. The experience of the pilots did not remarkably explain the variation in CL management performance. The scenario with the highest element interactivity and an increase in the very low‐frequency band of HRV were associated with decreased performance in CL management. Takeaways: Our study sheds light on the association between physiological indicators and CL management performance, which has traditionally been assessed with behavioural indicators in professional learning in safety‐critical fields. Thus, physiological measurements can be used to supplement the assessment of CL management performance, as relying solely on behavioural indicators can be time consuming. Lay Description: What is currently known about the subject matter: The advantages of VR training systems are clear in the safety‐critical fields.Cognitive load (CL) theory may help design of VR training.CL management is part of the professional competence in these fields. What this paper adds: The pilots performed well in CL management in VR flight training.The work experience of the pilot was not associated with the performance.The physiological data improved the explanatory level of the performance. The implications of study findings for practitioners: Pilots need time to get used to the immersive learning environment.Typical 1–2‐hour intensive VR flight training is not too demanding.The physiological data could complement CL management assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prior work has shown that middle school students struggle with algebra and that game‐based educational technologies, such as DragonBox and From Here to There!, are effective at improving students' algebraic performance. However, it remains unclear which aspects of algebraic knowledge shift as a result of playing these games and what game design features support algebraic learning. Objective: Using the data from a randomized controlled trial conducted in the 2020–2021 academic year, we (a) examined students' relative performance on assessment items measuring conceptual knowledge, procedural knowledge and procedural flexibility in algebraic equation solving, and (b) identified changes in these aspects of algebraic knowledge after playing DragonBox or From Here to There!. Methods: Eight hundred eighty‐seven seventh‐graders were randomly assigned to playing DragonBox or From Here to There! for nine 30‐min sessions throughout the school year. Students also completed a pretest, midtest and posttest measuring their algebraic knowledge. Results and Conclusion: First, prior to the intervention, students scored the highest on procedural knowledge and lowest on conceptual knowledge. Second, students significantly improved and maintained learning gains on conceptual knowledge throughout the intervention. Their performance on procedural knowledge and procedural flexibility items increased at midtest but decreased at posttest. Third, the pattern of results was consistent for students in the DragonBox and From Here to There! conditions, suggesting that both games may support students' conceptual understanding of algebra. The findings have implications for research and practice on supporting algebraic learning through game‐based technologies during and beyond educational disruptions. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Middle school students struggle with aspects of algebra.DragonBox and From Here to There! are two game‐based technologies designed to support students' algebraic learning.Both games implement point rewards and dynamic interactions; they differ in the uses of algebraic notation and problem structures. What this paper adds: Both games improved seventh‐graders' conceptual knowledge of algebraic equivalence.Students also improved on procedural knowledge and procedural flexibility, but the gains did not last to the end of the intervention. Implications for practice and/or policy: The games and their shared features may provide an engaging way to support students' conceptual understanding of algebra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this current paper is to investigate the salient embodiment features in the empirical studies on technology‐enabled embodied learning environments (TEELEs), and to contribute a comprehensive conceptual framework to direct the understanding and the designing of TEELEs – to embody and how to embody. Method: In this thematic paper, we carefully selected and reviewed 28 empirical studies (peer‐reviewed journal articles published in the recent decade between 2010 and 2020) on TEELEs, and analyzed their salient features concerning embodiment. Results and Implications: Synthesizing the characteristics distilled from the selected studies, we propose the conceptual framework of embodied immersion, which consists of three major dimensions, namely, physical, sensory, and cognitive immersions. Eight factors – means of embodiment, amount of motoric movements, point of view, media effects, haptic effects, operational congruency, learning congruency, and personalization – contribute to these three dimensions, and are carefully articulated, discussed, and explicated. The discussions around the embodied immersion framework are rooted in the concepts of presence, immersion, and agency. We regard our framework as a trinity borrowing the ingredients from each of those three that will guide through the understanding and the designing of TEELEs. Lay Description: What is currently known?: Embodiment contributes a specific modality in learning;Embodied interactions can bring mixed learning effects to learners;Learning through embodiment is often enabled by technologies in recent years;Immersion, presence and agent are often referred to in understanding the features in learning through embodiment enabled by technology; however, a comprehensive framework is needed to unify such concepts and features together. The paper adds the following highlights to the current literature: Presenting a framework of embodied immersion – a unique and creative contribution to understanding the technology‐enabled embodied learning environments;Synthesizing and analyzing the state‐of‐the‐art research studies in the field;Reaching thematic conclusions based on abundant empirical evidences;Clarifying the relationships among salient concepts and features in embodied learning from existing studies. The implication of the study for practitioners: Serving as a reference to evaluate technology‐enabled embodied learning studies, and to guide the designs of such systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Learning analytics (LA) research often aggregates learning process data to extract measurements indicating constructs of interest. However, the warranty that such aggregation will produce reliable measurements has not been explicitly examined. The reliability evidence of aggregate measurements has rarely been reported, leaving an implicit assumption that such measurements are free of errors. Objectives: This study addresses these gaps by investigating the psychometric pros and cons of aggregate measurements. Methods: This study proposes a framework for aggregating process data, which includes the conditions where aggregation is appropriate, and a guideline for selecting the proper reliability evidence and the computing procedure. We support and demonstrate the framework by analysing undergraduates' academic procrastination and programming proficiency in an introductory computer science course. Results and Conclusion: Aggregation over a period is acceptable and may improve measurement reliability only if the construct of interest is stable during the period. Otherwise, aggregation may mask meaningful changes in behaviours and should be avoided. While selecting the type of reliability evidence, a critical question is whether process data can be regarded as repeated measurements. Another question is whether the lengths of processes are unequal and individual events are unreliable. If the answer to the second question is no, segmenting each process into a fixed number of bins assists in computing the reliability coefficient. Major Takeaways: The proposed framework can be a general guideline for aggregating process data in LA research. Researchers should check and report the reliability evidence for aggregate measurements before the ensuing interpretation. Lay Description: What is currently known about this topic: Aggregating learning process data is common in learning analytics.The psychometric pros and cons of aggregating process data are rarely examined. What this paper adds: If the construct of interest is stable during a period, aggregation over this period is desirable.Aggregation over a long period masks meaningful changes in learning behaviours.A guideline for choosing proper reliability coefficients for aggregate measurements is proposed.Methods for computing reliability estimates when processes vary in length are provided. Implications for practice: Report reliability evidence for aggregate measurements for the sake of psychometric rigour.A short period causes unreliable action‐related indicators in learning analytics dashboards.A long period causes inaccurate indicators of learners' current state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Study: Several meta‐analysis studies have investigated the effects of mobile learning on learning performance. However, limited attention has been paid to pedagogy in mobile learning, making quantitative evidence of the effects of pedagogical approaches on learning performance in mobile learning scarce. Filling this gap can therefore help stakeholders understand which mobile pedagogical approaches might work or not under which learning conditions, hence achieving better learning experience and performance. Objectives: To address this gap, this study conducted a meta‐analysis and research synthesis of the effects of integrated pedagogical approaches on students' learning performance in mobile learning. Additionally, this study analysed the field of education, level of education, learning setting, sample size, and mobile device as moderating variables of the effect of pedagogical approaches. Methods: The software Comprehensive Meta‐Analysis V.3 was used for this meta‐analysis, where Hedges' g was calculated for the effect sizes. Specifically, 70 quantitative studies (N = 5575 participants) were coded and analysed. Results: The results indicate that pedagogical approaches in mobile learning have a large effect on students' learning performance (g = 0.93, p < 0.001). The most effective pedagogical approach was project‐based learning (huge effect), while collaborative learning, situated learning and game‐based learning had large effects. Finally, cognitive theory of multimedia learning and inquiry‐based learning had medium effects. The results also indicate that the effect is moderated by the field of education, the level of education, the learning setting, the sample size, and the mobile device. Finally, it is found that study quality might influence the overall effect size. Conclusions: The findings of this study can be beneficial to both researchers and practitioners as they highlight and discuss which pedagogical approaches could be more effective in mobile learning under specific conditions. Further research, on the other hand, should focus on covering additional moderators of learning performance like mobile device type and screen size which is one of the limitations of this study. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Mobile learning is widely adopted in education.Mobile learning can enhance learning outcomes. What this paper adds: Pedagogical approaches in mobile learning have different effects on students' learning performance.The most effective pedagogical approach in mobile learning is project‐based learning (huge effect).Which pedagogical approaches could be more effective in mobile learning under specific conditions. Implications for practice and/or policy: This study enriches the ongoing debate on how to design effective mobile learning interventions.This study provides substantial evidence about which pedagogical approaches in mobile learning would be more effective under which circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Undergraduates' collective epistemic agency is critical for their productive collaborative inquiry and knowledge building (KB). However, fostering undergraduates' collective epistemic agency is challenging. Studies have demonstrated the potential of computer‐supported collaborative inquiry approaches, such as KB—the focus of this study, and reflective assessment to foster collective epistemic agency. Objectives: This study used a quasi‐experimental design to examine the impact of reflective assessment on undergraduates' collective epistemic agency and the mechanisms of this impact. Methods: An experimental class, comprising 40 undergraduates, engaged in KB inquiry enhanced by analytics‐assisted reflective assessment, while a comparison class, comprising 41 undergraduates, engaged in portfolio‐supported reflective assessment in KB inquiry. Classroom observations, audio recordings of group discussions and reflections, and student artefacts were collected in both conditions. Results and Conclusions: The experimental class demonstrated significantly higher levels of collective epistemic agency than the comparison class, as indicated by their collective knowledge advancement and epistemic and metacognitive actions. Qualitative thematic analysis revealed that reflective assessment enhanced the undergraduates' collective epistemic agency through their collective monitoring and regulation of inquiry and ideas, negotiation and synthesis of the community's ideas, conceptualization of collective theories and identification of collective inquiry trajectories with an internal reflective structure. Major Takeaways: Higher‐level metacognitive actions are critical for productive collaborative inquiry and higher‐level epistemic agency that does not often occur naturally and should be promoted by appropriate scaffolding strategies. Students need data from learning analytics and accompanying prompt sheets to help them develop the internal metacognitive structure for agency and learning. Lay Description: What is currently known about this topic?: Undergraduates' collective epistemic agency (CEA) is critical for productive KB.Analytics‐assisted reflective assessment (AARA) are promising in fostering CEA. What does this paper add?: AARA has positive influences on students' CEAAARA helps students develop CEA through the following mechanisms.AARA supports students' collective regulation and negotiation of collective ideas.AARA enhances conceptualization and deepening of collective trajectories with an internal reflective structure. Implications for practice/or policy: Higher‐level metacognitive actions are critical for collaborative inquiry and CEAAnalytics‐assisted RA can enhance students' higher‐level metacognitive actions.Students should be provided with learning data and appropriate scaffolding strategies.These data and strategies can develop students' internal metacognitive structure crucial for agency and learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Deep discussions play an important role in students' online learning. However, researchers have largely focused on engaging students in deep discussions in online asynchronous forums. Few studies have investigated how to promote deep discussion via mobile instant messaging (MIM). Objectives: In this study, we applied learning analytical tools (i.e., KBdeX and word clouds) to enhance students' shared epistemic agency and thereby support their deep discussions in MIM. Methods: Forty Chinese college students participated in this study and reflected on their MIM engagement by participating in the learning analytics (LA)‐augmented meta‐discourse sessions. The study used multiple data analysis methods, including content analysis, statistical analysis, epistemic network analysis and lag sequential analysis. Results: We found that LA engaged students in deep discussions and shared epistemic agency‐related discourse, such as creating shared understanding, creating knowledge objects, and projective and regulative processes. In particular, word clouds engaged students in more complete shared epistemic agency discourse trajectory which started from creating awareness of unknowns, then progressed to setting projective plans and sharing information, and ultimately, creating shared understanding. Moreover, our analysis indicated that epistemic agency discourse moves of creating shared understanding led students to a high level of deep discussion. Implications: This study contributes to research by extending the 'comparison paradigm', which focuses on comparing (a)synchronous forums with MIM, to a 'design paradigm', which mobilises design features from (a)synchronous forums to MIM and using learning analytical tools to engage students in deep online discussions by promoting their epistemic agency. Lay Description: What is known in this subject matter: Supporting students' online deep discussions is important.Prior studies have shown multiple technological and pedagogical strategies to support deep discussions in (a)synchronous discussion forums, but few studies in mobile instant messaging (MIM).MIM is a quasi‐synchronous tool. It is difficult to transform the traditional external scaffolds (i.e., scripts or teachers' facilitation) which promote deep discussions from (a)synchronous forums to MIM. What this paper adds to this: We constructed a design framework which used learning analytical tools‐augmented meta‐discourse to engage students in shared epistemic agency discourse moves to promote their deep discussion in MIM.We conducted multiple types of analyses (content analysis, statistical analysis, epistemic network analysis and lag sequential analysis) on students' WeChat message (a major MIM in China).Results indicated both learning analytical tools helped engage students in shared epistemic agency discourse moves, such as creating shared understanding, creating knowledge objects, projective and regulative, thus, to promote students' deep discussions. Word cloud especially engaged students in more complete shared epistemic agency discourse trajectory. Moreover, analysis results indicated that shared epistemic agency discourse moves of creating shared understanding would lead students to a high level of deep discussions. Implications of study findings for practitioners: Our study provides a feasible way to educational practitioners who want to promote students' deep discussions in their online learning course (both fully online and flipped classroom mode).Knowledge Building Discourse Explorer (KBDeX presents the original analysis results of students' written messages in discussion forums as socio‐cognitive networks.) could be implemented in the classroom. The objective is to encourage students to understand the importance of connecting with peers' ideas in a one‐session implementation period.If time allows, teachers could use word cloud and meta‐discourse to engage students in socio‐metacognitive conversations in class to promote their shared epistemic agency discourse in online discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As adequate support, virtual reality (VR) has been increasingly introduced into the classroom to help students learn a new language. However, empirical studies exploring the educational potential of using 360° spherical video‐based virtual reality (SVVR) in high‐school Chinese language classrooms are still lacking. Objectives: A mind mapping‐based SVVR learning system is proposed for international high‐school students' Chinese courses and examines its effects on improving Chinese learning achievements and perceptions among Grade 10 students who learn Chinese as a foreign language. Methods: This study adopted a quasi‐experiment design. Participants (N = 66) were assigned to one of three conditions: mind mapping‐based SVVR (MMBSVVR), conventional SVVR (CSVVR), or traditional lecturing (TL). Our mixed‐method approach employed pre‐and post‐tests to measure Chinese learning achievements, questionnaires to measure Chinese learning motivation, problem‐solving ability, and self‐efficacy, and semi‐structured interviews to further explore students' feelings and attitudes about Chinese courses in corresponding learning environments. Results and Conclusions: The results showed that the MMBSVVR classroom significantly improved high students' Chinese learning achievements in Chinese vocabulary and making sentence, problem‐solving ability, and self‐efficacy. Moreover, SVVR stimulates students' learning interest and class participation, and mind mapping provides students with a clear guide to arrange the knowledge. These findings help interpret the relationships between MMBSVVR and learning achievements, Chinese learning motivation, problem‐solving ability, and self‐efficacy in an international high school Chinese courses, thus providing insight on integrating MMBSVVR into existing classrooms. Lay Description: What is Already Known about this Topic: By creating fully immersive 3D environments, 360° spherical video‐based virtual reality (SVVR) in promoting language learning has been confirmed by many scholars with a focus on English language learning.Mind mapping effectively enables second language learners to review and retain new words in the target language meaningfully. Also, it can create a more vivid learning atmosphere through images and graphics and promote learners' memory and learning motivation. What This Paper Adds: A mind mapping‐based SVVR learning system has been developed with the support of the constructivism theory.A mind mapping‐based SVVR learning system is proposed to facilitate international students' Chinese learning performance in Chinese vocabulary acquisition and sentence construction.In addition to promoting international students' learning outcomes, the proposed approach indicated promising results in learning motivation, problem‐solving ability, and self‐efficacy. Implications for Practice and/or Policy: This study provides an evidence base for further research through the utilization of VR learning environments in Chinese language classrooms.This study advocates introducing SVVR technology in the Chinese learning classrooms to increase the learning context for international students. It is also worth encouraging scholars to design VR learning systems with different learning strategies.Due to the cognitive requirements of the Chinese language learning process, it is necessary to introduce mind maps in the SVVR learning system to assist students in constructing knowledge and combining prior and new knowledge to generate long‐term memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the potential of captioned videos, limited attention has been paid to the role of vocabulary knowledge (VK) and working memory (WM) in incidental vocabulary learning under different captioning conditions. Objectives: The present study aimed to bridge this gap by assessing VK and WM in incidental vocabulary learning under different captioning conditions. Methods: A total of 101 Chinese primary school students were assigned to one of the three conditions: watch fully captioned videos (n = 33), watch keyword captioned videos (n = 35), and watch videos without captions (n = 33). A vocabulary test measuring recognition and recall of form and meaning served as a pretest, posttest and delayed posttest. The learners also completed tests for VK and WM. Results and Conclusions: The findings supported that both full captions and keyword captions made significant contributions to the incidental learning of form recognition and initial meaning recall and to the retention of form recognition but not of delayed meaning recall. The parameters of breadth and depth of VK and phonological WM impacted incidental vocabulary learning outcomes. The findings emphasized the important role of full captioning and keyword captioning for incidental vocabulary learning and the need to consider the role of VK and WM in incidental vocabulary learning from captioned videos. Takeaways: Captioning is a promising tool for vocabulary learning, but individual differences in VK and WM should be considered to maximize the benefits of captioning on vocabulary learning. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: The role of vocabulary knowledge in incidental vocabulary learning from captioned videosThe role of working memory in incidental vocabulary learning from audiovisual input without captions. What this paper: The effects of different caption conditions on incidental vocabulary learning.The role of vocabulary knowledge and working memory in incidental vocabulary learning from captioned videos. Implications for practices: Both full captions and keywords trigger the instillation of early form‐meaning connections of new words.Breadth and depth of VK as well as phonological WM make independent and significant contributions to incidental vocabulary learning from captioned videos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial systems can be complex and not intuitive to perceive. Therefore, students in technology and engineering programs can benefit from developing mental models of industrial systems during their journey in college. However, more often than not, these students do not have access to industrial facilities; thus, developing mental models for systems is a challenge. This paper examines the merit of an Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) framework application in creating proper mental models for industrial systems in technology and engineering students. Two IVR applications were developed. One IVR application afforded interaction with components of a prefabricated industrial cooling water system (CWVR). In the other application, students designed and built industrial systems with IVR (system designer VR [SDVR]). SDVR facilitated constructive‐generative engagement. A group of 33 students was divided into two; one group (the Design, experimental group) was tasked with building a system with SDVR and interacting with the cooling water system in CWVR. The other group was tasked with directly interacting with the CWVR without building a system with SDVR (the Interaction, comparison group). Students' mental models of the cooling water system in CWVR were evaluated following completing the interaction experience with CWVR. The results demonstrate that the causal model notion of the mental model of the cooling water system was significantly higher in the Design, experimental group. The results suggest that designing a rich IVR application that facilitates constructive‐generative engagements may carry merit in informing student mental models of complex technical concepts. Lay Description: Industrial systems can be complex and not intuitive to perceive.Students in technology‐related programs may struggle to develop mental models for systems.Immersive virtual reality applications for industrial systems were developed and tested.Results indicate that virtual reality might inform mental models of systems in students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Haptic feedback has been shown to be an effective facilitator of the learning of scientific concepts in a series of studies. However, little is known about the underlying salient learning mechanisms, which are activated when learning from haptic feedback. Objectives: We investigate the learning mechanism in a higher chemistry education setting, in which the students learned about the abstract concept of potential energy in a quantum chemical context. Methods: In this work, we present a mixed‐methods problem‐solving prior to instruction (PS‐I) study with chemistry bachelor students. In an interactive quantum chemistry learning environment, the students explored the energetic profiles of nucleophilic substitution reactions and the corresponding activation barriers experienced as repulsion and attraction. We measured cognitive and affective mechanisms which have been shown to be activated in PS‐I designs, such as knowledge gap awareness, state curiosity, and positive affect as well as the learning outcome quantitatively and the learning trajectories qualitatively. Results and Conclusions: Planned contrasts revealed a small hindering effect of the haptic feedback on the learning outcome. Thematic analysis of the qualitative data lets us attribute this effect to the lack of scaffolding of the haptic feedback and the spontaneous atomic movements in the simulation, which may be interpreted as a visual representation of force in itself. This work highlights the importance of accurate mappings of the haptic feedback unto the target domain and further delivers insight into the prior conceptions of chemistry undergraduate students. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Haptic feedback can facilitate learning by grounding abstract concepts in sensory experiences.While previous studies have reported positive affective results, the cognitive results are ambiguous.Moreover, it was frequently reported that the learning of potential energy in a (quantum) chemical context is particularly difficult due to (i) the lack of grounding opportunities and (ii) the diverse previous conceptions. What this paper adds: A learning environment to interact with molecular systems in real‐time is proposed.The concept of activation energy is grounded in sensory experience of pushing and being pulled.The mixed‐methods design allows to explore cognitive and affective variables as well as the specific prior conceptions activated by the environment. Implications for practice and/or policy: We found a small negative effect of the haptic feedback on the learning outcome, potentially due to insufficient introduction of it to the students.The spontaneous movement of the atoms was identified as a more suitable external representation of the force.Future studies should investigate, if explicit introduction of the embodied metaphor can reverse this effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Education is, after gaming, the second largest sector embracing augmented reality (AR) at an accelerated pace, yet studies on AR's potential as an efficient learning environment had mixed results. Objectives: This study's primary objective is to test students' interaction with graphical 3D elements in AR and its impact on information retention. The second objective is to compare information retention from AR engagement with information retention from exposure to identical 3D content delivered via instructional video. Finally, the third objective explores students' perceptions of AR as a learning environment. Methods: Sixty‐five college students participated in a two‐arm experiment followed by semi‐structured interviews. Results and Conclusion: AR can efficiently deliver a meaningful learning experience and promotes information retention. Nevertheless, AR's interactive features and novelty may distract learners while they engage with the virtual environment. Objective data obtained through eye tracking and video monitoring showed similar levels of engagement with a 3D model for both environments. While both AR and video groups showed significant knowledge gain from pre to post‐intervention, the video format was overall significantly more effective than AR in increasing topic‐related information retention. However, participants preferred the AR learning environment significantly more than the video. Takeaways: Although effective, AR is still a distracting instructional environment. Designing learning experiences tailored explicitly for AR environments requires additional research to ensure its successful deployment as a learning tool. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Education is the second‐fastest growing sector to adopt and experiment with augmented reality (AR).Hardware and software tools to create AR environments have reached the consumer level.The advantage of immersing learners in dedicated virtual environments seems obvious.Research has had mixed results in validating AR as a proper learning environment. What this paper adds: AR is a viable environment which supports information retention.For many students, the medium's novelty promotes engagement with the content.Students prefer AR to video lectures, but it may distract them from learning.Regarding information retention, video lectures do better than AR. The implications of study findings for practitioners: Learning experiences in AR should be reserved for some specific topics and designed purposedly.Progressive exposure of learners to AR environments may produce habituation and decrease distraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Video conferencing learning offers a more accessible and flexible learning mode for students who cannot attend face‐to‐face class in person. However, research about the video conferencing learning is still lacked, especially for students' engagement in this setting. Objectives: This study adopts the self‐system model of motivational development to uncover effects of the video conferencing learning environment (VCLE) to students' engagement. Methods: Two hundred and ninety‐eight primary school students involved in the VCLE were surveyed. The partial least square structural equation modelling was employed to explore the link between the VCLE and students' engagement with a mediating role of basic psychological needs satisfaction (BPNS). Results and Conclusions: Results showed that the BPNS played a mediating role in the processes from the VCLE to engagement. Both pedagogical and social affordance had a significant effect on the BPNS. However, their influences were different. Specifically, pedagogical affordance yielded a stronger effect on the BPNS for autonomy than social affordance. The predicting power of social affordance on BPNS for relatedness and competence was stronger than pedagogical affordance. Generally, social affordance yielded more contributions to behavioral and emotional engagement than pedagogical affordance. Moreover, BPNS for competence was the only significant mediator between the VCLE and behavioral engagement, and it owned the strongest mediating power on the relationship between the VCLE and emotional engagement, followed by autonomy, and the smallest of relatedness. This study suggests that practitioners and researchers should give more consideration to improve social affordance of the VCLE and to meet students' BPNS especially for competence in order to design and implement an engaged video conferencing course. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Video conferencing learning provides an accessible and flexible learning mode.Mechanism from learning environment to engagement is helpful to design an engaged video conferencing course.Less is known about how video conferencing learning affects students' engagement. What the paper adds: This study uncovered the functioning process of video conferencing learning to students' engagement.PLS‐SEM was employed to verify the mediating role of BPNS in this process.BPNS for autonomy, competence, and relatedness played mediating roles and their powers were different. Implications for practice and/or policy: More attention is needed to improve to social affordance to enhance students' emotional engagement.BPNS especially for competence deserves special consideration to improve students' behavioral and emotional engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The global COVID‐19 pandemic turned the adoption of on‐line assessment in the institutions for higher education from possibility to necessity. Thus, in the end of Fall 20/21 semester Tel Aviv University (TAU)—the largest university in Israel—designed and implemented a scalable procedure for administering proctored remote examinations. This procedure is applicable to different kinds of examinations in diverse disciplines and to disparate degree levels. Objectives: This study aims to deepen the knowledge with respect to the design and adoption of remote proctoring at an institutional level Methods: First, based on lessons learned from the first semester of COVID‐19, we describe the development and implementation of an institution‐wide protocol for conducting on‐line proctored assessment. We show the large‐scale applicability of the protocol for administering examinations via Moodle with remote proctoring via Zoom. The accurately designed procedures that included careful consideration of all parties involved—academic staff members, students, administrative staff and proctors—enabled TAU to successfully assess the learning outcomes of its 25,000 students, while maintaining validity, compatibility and reliability of the assessment. Second, we report combined data from surveys of 4380 students and 188 faculty‐members (18% and 12% response rate respectively), conducted at TAU following these examinations. Results and Conclusions: With over 90% of the students experiencing at least one, and 80% of faculty‐members administering at least one proctored remote examination, these heterogeneous sources of data allow us to investigate a unique and complementary perspective of the process. Some of the significant findings consist of the over‐all perception of the students' integrity by both groups surveyed; the discrepancy in the groups' perspectives of the adequate form of learning‐assessment—with the instructors preferring proctored examinations and the students—formative‐assessment; and the influence of the pedagogical challenges on the perception of validity that outweighed other factors, for example, the pandemic‐related stress, the on‐line assessment challenges and other. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Proctoring exams remotely is challenging, due to technical, ethical and other concerns.Proctoring can be conducted remotely by a human, record and review later technology, automated algorithms to detect atypical behaviour.Different methods for remote proctoring in higher education have been implemented on small scale. What this paper adds: Review of studies examining various facets of remote proctoring before and during COVID‐19.A protocol for remote proctoring in a large‐scale university, based on the first post COVID‐19 semester.The perspectives of students and faculty members regarding testing with remote proctoring. Implications for future practice and/or policy: The protocol can assist higher education institutions in developing their own guidelines.The implementation should take into consideration ethical norms and constitutional limitations.Unlike automated process using algorithms, remote human proctoring is not widely opposed by students.Further research comparing remotely proctored exam performance with the f2f proctoring is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Personalized learning (PL), conceptualized as an education innovation that tailors learning to meet diverse student needs, has drawn increased attention from different fields of study, such as education, learning sciences, and computer science. Regardless, there is a lack of a comprehensive understanding of PL instructional designs supported by technology. Objectives: This systematic literature review aimed to provide an empirical integration of PL designs and implementation across disciplines through the lens of the universal design for learning (UDL) framework. As an instructional framework that guides the design to embrace learner variability, UDL holds the potential to provide foundational considerations for instructional design components of PL. Methods: We used four databases including ERIC, OmniFile Full Text Select, Academic Search Complete, and Web of Science to search empirical studies investigating technology‐supported PL in PK‐12 school‐based settings. In total, 61 studies published between 2006 and 2020 were included in the review. We analysed PL design and implementation features and aligned these features to the UDL framework. Results and Conclusions: Our results indicated that current empirical PL design features were widely mapped onto the UDL framework. Most current PL studies investigated segmented aspects such as student attributes (e.g., interest, motivation, self‐regulation) and instructional practices (e.g., facilitating goal setting) that could contribute to PL design. Rarely did studies investigate how PL was operationalized in a system integrating various design components that consider learner characteristics, instructional support, and contextual implementation factors. Implications: The analysis of alignment between PL designs within the UDL framework can serve as a starting point for stakeholders to take a more holistic approach to designing PL experiences for all learners. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Personalized learning (PL) has emerged as an educational innovation that supports learning for all learners.Researchers across disciplines have investigated technology‐supported PL using different approaches.There is a lack of a comprehensive understanding of PL instructional designs supported by technology.The interdisciplinary framework of universal design for learning (UDL) lends itself well to evaluating instructional design variables across a vast number of PL studies. What this paper adds: A review of design and implementation features of PL supported by technology.An alignment of PL design and implementation features with the UDL framework. Implications for practice: Practitioners, researchers, instructional designers, educational technology developers, and other stakeholders should take a comprehensive approach to designing PL supported by technology for all learners.Educational stakeholders across disciplines should work collaboratively to explore how PL technologies, human‐driven factors for PL implementation, school‐level implementation systems effectively address varying learning needs of all students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Computational thinking (CT) is regarded as an essential 21st‐century skill, and attempts have been made to integrate it into other subjects. Instructional approaches to CT development and assessment in the field of computer science have attracted global attention, but the influence of CT skills on other subject areas is under‐researched. Objective: Our goal is to investigate the transfer effects of CT in different subject areas and examine the educational characteristics of CT intervention approaches that promote the transfer of learning. Method: We carefully selected and reviewed 55 empirical studies from leading bibliographic databases and examined the transfer of CT using a meta‐analysis and a qualitative synthesis. Results and Conclusions: We identified and summarized these effects in the fields of mathematics, science, engineering and the humanities. A meta‐analysis of these studies identified a generally significant effect of the transfer of CT skills to other subject areas. We also explored the characteristics of CT interventions that aid the transfer of learning by qualitatively assessing the identified studies. The results of the review offer a holistic view of the trends in CT transfer research that can be used as a reference for both researchers and instructors. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Computational thinking (CT) has been developed into cross‐disciplinary literacy and can lead to innovations in various academic fields.There is a need for a systematic understanding of the transfer effects of CT to improve the influence of CT and promote CT integration across domains. What this paper adds: Our review identified several subject areas beyond computer science in which the transfer effects of CT were observed.Our analysis revealed that the transfer of CT has a significant positive effect on students' learning in areas beyond computer science.Our review synthesized a series of intervention guidelines that can promote the transfer of learning in CT education. Implications for practitioners: Research on the transfer of CT in engineering and non‐STEM domains is required for a more comprehensive understanding of CT skills.Instructional design in CT education should attend to the facilitation of the transfer of learning to maximize the benefits of CT acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The idea of computational thinking is underpinned by the belief that anyone can learn and use the underlying concepts of computer science to solve everyday problems. However, most studies on the topic have investigated the development of computational thinking through programming activities, which are cognitively demanding. There is a dearth of evidence on how computational thinking augments everyday problem solving when it is decontextualized from programming. Objectives: In this study, we examined how computational thinking, when untangled from the haze of programming, is demonstrated in everyday problem solving, and investigated the features of such solvable problems. Methods: Using a multiple case study approach, we tracked how seven university students used computational thinking to solve the everyday problem of a route planning task as part of an 8‐week‐long Python programming course. Results and Conclusions: Computational thinking practices are latent in everyday problems, and intentionally structuring everyday problems is valuable for discovering the applicability of computational thinking. Decomposition and abstraction are prominent computational thinking components used to simplify everyday problem solving. Implications: It is important to strike a balance between the correctness of algorithms and simplification of the process of everyday problem solving. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Computational thinking is a problem solving skill.Computational thinking is different from programming.There is dearth of evidence on how computational thinking augments everyday problem solving. What this paper adds: Computational thinking practices are latent in everyday problem solving.Intentional restructuring of problems is required to uncover how computational thinking applies in solving them. Implications for practices: Decomposition and abstraction are critical in solving everyday problems.Computational thinking should be taught explicitly through everyday problems.Finding balance between the correctness of algorithm and simplification of the problem solving process is important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hyper‐video technology allows reflection on learning materials by writing personal notes and by interactions with lecturers and peers through shared posts and replies. While research shows that integrating hyper‐videos in educational systems can promote the learning processes and outcomes, an open question remains regarding its actual utilization patterns by students and teachers. Objectives: The study aimed to reveal the extent to which students utilize different functions of hyper‐videos in real‐life learning contexts, and to examine the role of instructional design on hyper‐video utilization. Method: In a mixed‐method design, the study characterized active and passive interactions in hyper‐videos in higher education courses, and amongst active interactions, compared shared versus private annotations. Additionally, the study compared voluntary and mandatory instructional design for promoting hyper‐video interactions. In particular, we used learning analytics to explore hyper‐video patterns in 25 undergraduate and graduate courses. Results and Discussion: A log analysis revealed that students wrote most of the posts, while lecturers mainly provided replies to students' posts. Private annotations were more prevalent than shared writing, pointing to the unfulfilled potential of hyper‐video annotations to benefit from collaborative learning. A qualitative analysis on instructional design was consistent with quantitative findings, revealing important differences between the courses with mandatory versus voluntary hyper‐video integration in pedagogical design, and in cognitive presence and teaching presence, based on the community of inquiry framework. Major takeaways: Findings point to an unfulfilled potential of hyper‐video technology to promote active and collaborative learning. This highlights the role of design and instructive guidance when integrating technology into educational systems. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Hyper‐video functions increase motivation and promote self‐regulation of learningIntegrating hyper‐videos in education can benefit leaning outcomesHowever, there is an imbalance between the availability ICT and its actual useThere is a gap in the literature regarding actual utilisation patterns of hyper‐video What this paper adds: A mixed method design exposes hyper‐video utilisation patterns in higher educationFindings show underutilisation of active and collaborative hyper‐video functionsMixed analysis reveals advantage for mandatory (graded) compared to voluntary designGender and degree do not moderate utilisation patterns of hyper‐videos Implications for practise and/or policy: Instructional design is required to guide students of effective use of hyper‐videosInstructors should use hyper‐videos to promote collaboration and peer dialogueDirect instruction does not engage students in active learning via hyper‐videosMandatory design can increase hyper‐videos' potential to contribute to learning [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Blended online courses, which combine synchronous and asynchronous online activities, have expanded rapidly in higher education. How to enhance student engagement in such courses is unclear, although it is recognized that student engagement is malleable through instructional strategies. Objectives: Given the above, this study aims to examine the influence of categories of strategies on student engagement in blended online courses. Methods: A conceptual framework of instructional strategies indicated as fostering student engagement in the relevant literature was first presented, divided in eight categories (structure, pace, relevance, active, choice, relationships, explanations, guide). Then a research framework linking the categories of strategies to student engagement dimensions (emotional‐cognitive, social, behavioral) was built and tested in blended online courses. Data collected in various disciplines and university levels at four universities (n = 482) were examined using partial least squares structural equation modeling. Results and Conclusions: The structural model examination confirmed the combined effects of categories of instructional strategies on student engagement in such courses in all disciplines. Particularly, this study revealed that 1) establishing trusting relationships, 2) demonstrating the relevance of activities, content, and resources, and 3) maintaining a sustained course pace significantly impacted student engagement in blended online courses in all disciplines. Takeaways: This study draws upon the blended learning literature to bring together key instructional strategies that foster student engagement while highlighting empirical quantitative evidence of their effects on student engagement in blended online courses. Detailed measures of categories of instructional strategies and student engagement dimensions also provide reliable instruments for future research. Lay Description: What is currently known about the subject matter?: Student engagement has important repercussions on perseverance, in‐depth learning, satisfaction, and academic success.Blended online courses merge the benefits of synchronous interactions and online flexibility in terms of time, place, or even study pace.Student engagement is influenced by contextual variations like course modalities and instructional strategies.The literature lacks a quantitative large‐scale portrait of how instructional strategies influence student engagement in blended online courses in higher education. What does this paper add to the existing body of research?: Partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to examine the effects of eight categories of instructional strategies on emotional‐cognitive, social, and behavioural dimensions of student engagement.Emotional‐cognitive engagement is largely affected by instructional strategies, while social and behavioural engagement are moderately affected by these.Establishing trusting relationships; demonstrating the relevance of activities, content, and resources; and maintaining a sustained course pace have the most significant effects on student engagement in blended online courses. Implications of study findings for practitioners: Teachers should explicitly support students in the process of developing interpersonal relationships in blended online courses to foster student social engagement, that is, interactions and sense of connectedness between them.Ensuring a sustained pace, dynamism, and a diversity of teaching and learning activities, both synchronously and asynchronously, promotes student engagement in blended online courses.Highlighting or demonstrating the relevance of activities and contents fosters emotional‐cognitive and behavioural student engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Collaborative problem solving (CPS) is important for success in the 21st century, especially for teamwork and communication in technology‐enhanced environments. Measurement of CPS skills has emerged as an essential aspect in educational assessment. Modern research in CPS relies on theory‐driven measurements that are usually carried out as manual annotations over recorded logs of collaborative activities. However, manual annotation has limited scalability and is not conductive towards CPS assessments at scale. Objective: We explore possibilities for automated annotation of actions in collaborative‐teams, especially chat messages. We evaluate two approaches that employ machine learning for automated classification of CPS events. Method: Data were collected from engineering, physics and electronics students' participation in a simulation‐based task on electronics concepts, in which participants communicated via text‐chat messages. All task activities were logged and time stamped. Data have been manually classified for the CPS skills, using an ontology that includes both social and cognitive dimensions. In this article, we describe computational linguistic methods for automatically classifying the CPS skills from logged data, with a view towards automating CPS assessments. Results: We applied two machine learning methods to our data. A Naïve Bayes classifier has been previously used in CPS research, but it is only moderately successful on our data. We also present a k‐nearest‐neighbours (kNN) classifier that uses distributional semantic models for measuring text similarity. This classifier shows strong agreement between automated and human annotations. The study also demonstrates that automatic spelling correction and slang normalization of chat texts are useful for accurate automated annotation. Implications: Our results suggest that a kNN classifier can be very effective for accurate annotation of CPS events. It achieves reasonably strong results even when trained on only half of the available data. This shows a promise towards reduction of manual data annotation for CPS measurement. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Collaborative problem solving (CPS) is important for success in the 21st century, especially when teamwork and communication occur in technology‐enhanced environments.Measurement of CPS skills requires classification and annotation of team interactions, in particular their communications, such as chat messages. What this paper adds: We explore possibilities for automated classification of CPS activities using machine learning approaches. Implications for practice: One of the approaches we explored is particularly effective and can help reduce the amount of manual annotations needed for CPS measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent years have seen the proliferation of online courses that have been initiated either in accordance with the natural rhythms of educational technology growths or in force majeure situations. This adds complexity to understanding the influence of potential factors on online student engagement. Objectives: The present study conducted an essential inspection to explore the relationship between student social media literacy and their engagement in online learning settings. Methodology: A sample of 1015 undergraduate students participated in this study and the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS‐SEM) was chosen for evaluating the research model. In addition, to provide more information on the prioritization of strategic actions, the importance‐performance map analysis (IPMA) was also performed. Results: In a two‐factor construct, social media literacy was found to have a significantly positive relationship with aspects of student engagement in the online learning environment. The influence of technical competence is still undeniable, but the effect of cognitive competence on online student engagement is more significant. In addition, appearing in the fourth quadrant (low performance ‐ high importance) in all IPMA presentations, the anticipatory reflection is the construct that should be prioritized for improvement to augment student engagement in online learning. Lay Description: What is already known about the subject matter: It is widely acknowledged that student engagement plays a pivotal role in the success of online learning.Computer self‐efficacy was also considered as a significant predictor of online student engagement.The use of social media can encourage active learning and promote the exchange of ideas and information. What this paper adds: Confirming that, in a two‐factor structure, technical competence reflected by technical usability indicator and cognitive competence organized as a second‐order construct with three dimensions (content interpretation, content generation, and anticipatory reflection), social media literacy positively influences aspects of online student engagement.Revealing that the influence of technical competence is still undeniable, but the effect of cognitive competence on online engagement is more significant.Indicating that anticipatory reflection, content interpretation, and content generation are located in the fourth quadrant of the importance‐performance maps, where they exhibit low performance but high importance. Implications for practice and/or policy: For an effectual online learning setting where students put down a robust engagement, more supports and opportunities need to be unleashed to help students develop skills for communicating and staying connected in their own critical voices.The instructions of the online course must be designed in such a way as being able to catch up and call up as much of the student's cognitive competence as possible.Anticipatory reflection should be prioritized for improvement to augment online student engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Knowledge of the structure and function of the human heart is fundamental to accurately understanding human physiology. As a complex biological system, naïve conceptions abound regarding cardiac anatomy and physiology for K‐12 learners and medical students alike. Objective: Textbooks and lectures, as well models and simulations, have had limited success in aiding learners in constructing accurate and cohesive knowledge of the human heart. Three dimensional (3D) modelling, haptic‐enabled (HE) feedback, and interactive virtual reality (VR) experiences aid tertiary learners, yet it is unknown if secondary learners benefit from learning with these technologies. Methods: An exploratory study examined secondary student knowledge of cardiac anatomy and physiology after participation in an interactive lesson on cardiac structure and function using a 3D, HE, VR technology system. Students from sixth grade (11–12 years old; n = 75) and ninth grade (14–15 years old; n = 76) completed a pre‐ and post‐assessment on cardiac knowledge, anatomy, and physiology punctuated by technology‐delivered instruction on the human heart. Results and Conclusions: Significant gains were found in knowledge from both groups in cardiac anatomy and blood circulation within the chambers of the heart; however, only ninth grade students demonstrated significant knowledge gains in pulmonary circulation. Takeaways: Results suggest that 3D HE VR technologies provide learners robust representations of and student‐driven interactions with complex biological systems that are innovative instructionally for strong conceptual and systematic learning. This study offers insight on technology‐assisted science visualizations for the promotion of knowledge acquisition and systems thinking of the human heart among secondary science students. Lay Description: What is already known: An ongoing challenge for science and medical educators alike is teaching their students about the human heart—its form, function, and how the heart is integrated into a larger body system for homeostasis.Three‐dimensional (3D), haptic‐enabled (HE) and virtual reality (VR) technologies (emerging technologies) provide robust visualizations to help improve learning among tertiary‐level learners, like undergraduate, graduate, and medical students.To what extent, if any, do younger secondary science learners (like students in the sixth and ninth grades) receive similar benefits when learning with emerging technologies. What this paper adds: Significant gains were found in cardiac knowledge from both sixth and ninth grade students in cardiac anatomy and blood circulation within the chambers of the heart.Sampled ninth grade students had significant knowledge gains in knowledge of pulmonary circulation, whereas the sixth graders did not.This study suggests that secondary students, like their tertiary level counterparts, are able to learn complex ideas about the human heart using emerging technologies for science learning, albeit those affordances in learning increase with age. Implications for practice: Secondary science learners benefit from visual and haptic stimuli, provided by emerging technologies, to acquire robust knowledge of the human heart.Middle school aged learners, more so than high school aged learners, may lack prior knowledge to connect their newly acquired knowledge of the human heart to the larger body system; additional scaffolding and teaching is needed for younger learners.Emerging technologies of 3D, haptics, and VR may provide new and robust means for teachers to aid secondary science students' learning of complex biological systems (like the human heart). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although some researchers have applied both cooperation and competition in the practice of robotics education, most of these practices were not systematic, and there was no integration design for intra‐group cooperation and inter‐group competition. Objectives: The study aims to examine the effects of different coopetition designs on students' intragroup cooperation and intergroup competition. Methods: A two‐stage study was conducted in two elementary schools. In the pilot study, two coopetition designs were developed by combining rewarded and unrewarded competition. In the follow‐up study, three coopetition designs (i.e., zero‐sum with real‐time reward, zero‐sum with delayed reward, and social‐comparison) were examined. Results and Conclusions: The study showed that both social‐comparison coopetition and zero‐sum real‐time reward coopetition can be more effective than zero‐sum delayed reward coopetition in teaching knowledge and skills in robotics education. Social comparison coopetition turned out to have a larger effect on affective outcome than the zero‐sum delayed reward coopetition. Implications: Social comparison coopetition seems to be a more advantages method for both cognitive and affective learning. However, more research is needed to confirm the difference in effectiveness between the three models of coopetition. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Pair learning as a form of cooperation learning is helpful to improve students' confidence, productivity, achievement and the quality of cooperation.How to combine cooperation and competition is a key issue. What this paper adds: New coopetition models were designed by combining rewarded and unrewarded competition with pair learning.Social‐comparison coopetition based on pair learning shows great potential to promote intragroup cooperation and intergroup competition.Zero‐sum coopetition with real‐time reward was superior but not overwhelming to the zero‐sum coopetition with delayed reward. Implications for practice and/or policy: Social‐comparison coopetition and zero‐sum with real‐time reward coopetition can be effective teaching methods for robotics learning.Both social‐comparison coopetition and zero‐sum real‐time reward coopetition may be effective methods for teaching knowledge and skills in robotics education.For affective outcome, social comparison coopetition seems to be slightly more effective than zero‐sum delayed reward coopetition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mobile learning studies often focus on teachers' perspectives. This study instead considers students' experiences of learning with mobile devices (i.e., m‐learning) in secondary school mathematics and science. Objectives: The research aims to describe the m‐learning experiences of secondary mathematics and science students, and to determine the extent to which distinctive pedagogical dimensions impact students' perceived learning. Methods: A survey instrument using the iPAC mobile pedagogical framework as a theoretical lens is developed and validated. This framework highlights three pedagogical dimensions: personalization, authenticity, and collaboration. Structural equation modelling is used to investigate how each dimension predicts students' perceived improvement in learning, whilst accounting for usage context, among a sample of students in schools where mobile devices are used extensively. Results and Conclusions: Students were in agreement that personalization was a characteristic of their m‐learning experiences, but authentic and collaborative learning were not as strongly featured. M‐learning activities fostering personalization were most important for improving perceived learning; authenticity and collaboration were also significant, but no differences in perceived learning improvement due to location were found. Authentic m‐learning and perceived improvement in learning with mobile devices were significantly higher in science than mathematics subjects. Implications: When teachers design m‐learning tasks that enhance personalization, collaboration, and authenticity, students are predicted to perceive improvements in their learning. The findings suggest that teachers should consider designing technology‐enhanced tasks that improve students' experiences of collaborative and authentic learning, particularly in mathematics for greatest gains in students' perceived improvement in learning. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic:Mobile learning studies often focus on teachers' perspectives and practices or expert commentaries.Issues of usability, access, engagement, motivation, and potential risk are often highlighted rather than pedagogical factors.Mobile technologies provide students with opportunities for more personalized and autonomous seamless experiences across learning contexts.Science teachers frequently use authentic and project‐based m‐learning opportunities, whilst mathematics teachers prefer didactic, drill and practice approaches.What this paper adds:This study focuses on students' m‐learning in secondary mathematics and science.A multi‐item scale considering aspects of authenticity, personalization, collaboration and context is developed and validated.Personalization in m‐learning activities are most important for perceived learning, followed by authenticity and collaboration.Science students report greater authenticity and perceived learning in m‐learning than mathematics students.Implications for practice and/or policy:Highlighting the student perspective is a valued lens to evaluate m‐learning pedagogy and outcomes in student learning.Efforts should be made to develop mobile pedagogies, particularly with respect to authenticity and collaboration.Teachers in mathematics would benefit most from examining practices that improve authenticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the increasing popularity of distance education, how to engage students in online inquiry‐based laboratories remains challenging for science teachers. Current remote labs mostly adopt a centralized model with limited flexibility left for teachers' just‐in‐time instruction based on students' real‐time science practices. Objectives: The goal of this research is to investigate the impact of a non‐centralized remote lab on students' cognitive and behavioural engagement. Methods: A mixed‐methods design was adopted. Participants were the high school students enrolled in two virtual chemistry classes. Remote labs 2.0, branded as Telelab, supports a non‐centralized model of remote inquiry that can enact more interactive hands‐on labs anywhere, anytime. Teleinquiry Instructional Model was used to guide the curriculum design. Students' clickstreams logs and instruction timestamps were analysed and visualized. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine whether engagement levels influence their conceptual learning. Behavioural engagement patterns were corroborated with survey responses. Results and Conclusions: We found approximate synchronizations between student–teacher–lab interactions in the heatmap. The guided inquiry enabled by Telelab facilitates real‐time communications between instructors and students. Students' conceptual learning is found to be impacted by varying engagement levels. Students' behavioural engagement patterns can be visualized and fed to instructors to inform learning progress and enact just‐in‐time instruction. Implications: Telelab offers a model of remote labs 2.0 that can be easily customized to live stream hands‐on teleinquiry. It enhances engagement and gives participants a sense of telepresence. Providing a customizable teleinquiry curriculum for practitioners may better prepare them to teach inquiry‐based laboratories online. Lay Description: What is currently known about the subject matter: Engaging students in inquiry‐based laboratories is challenging for science teachers.Remote labs represent good approximations to physical labs and can broaden participation in distance learning.Most remote labs follow a centralized model for users to interact with predefined parameters.Backend logs recording user clickstream provide means to study behavioural engagement. What this paper adds: Providing an instructional model to facilitate synchronous student–teacher–lab interactions on remote labs 2.0.Visualizing collective and individual behavioural engagement patterns about the teleinquiry instructional cycles.Disengaged participation during live stream lab is a strong predictor for students' lowered learning gain.We corroborated behavioural engagement patterns with survey responses. Implications of study findings for practitioners: Telelab offers a non‐centralized model of remote labs 2.0 that allows users to live stream hands‐on teleinquiry easily.Teleinquiry Instructional Model enhances student–teacher–lab interactions and gives participants a sense of telepresence.Identifying common engagement patterns during teleinquiry activity may be a valuable signal for early intervention.Providing a customizable teleinquiry curriculum for practitioners may better prepare them to teach inquiry‐based laboratories online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Project‐based learning (PjBL) engages students in knowledge acquisition, application, and construction through artefact development. Based on the Community of Inquiry framework, this study characterized college students' social and cognitive presences in online PjBL and examined how presence was related to their academic performance. Twenty‐four groups of students participated in a 3‐week project via WeChat discussion groups and created a final product. Transcripts of students' online discourse were collected and analysed by a coding scheme. The quality of students' artefacts was evaluated by a grading rubric. Descriptive results showed that the component of affectiveness and the level of exploration accounted for the majority of students' social and cognitive presences, respectively. Stepwise regression analyses revealed that certain components and sub‐components of students' social presence, and levels and sub‐levels of their cognitive presence were positively associated with their academic performance. Practical implications for teachers and suggestions for further research are provided. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Social and cognitive presences predict academic performance in non‐project‐based online learning. What this paper adds: Various components of social presence predict group artefact performance in online project‐based learning.Different levels of cognitive presence predict group artefact performance in online project‐based learning. Implications for practice and/or policy: Students should acquire basic content knowledge before participating in online project‐based discussions.Teachers might consider assisting students with the direction of online project‐based discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blended synchronous learning (BSL) represents several contexts that enable to bring remote students into the classroom, in real time, by the means of videoconferencing, web conferencing and virtual world. As BSL seems to be more and more implemented in many higher education institutions, especially in the current context of the COVID‐19 pandemic, and given the recent interest and scarce published research in BSL, more studies are needed on this kind of learning. The purpose of this research was to explore students and instructors perspective regarding their experience in BSL, according to three dimensions: pedagogy, technology and organization/logistics. To meet the study objective, a qualitative methodology was adopted. The study participants were remote students (n = 4) and face‐to‐face students (n = 4) enrolled in a graduate program in education offering only blended synchronous courses, and instructors (n = 5) in this program. Semi‐structured interviews were selected as the data collection method. Nine sub‐themes in reference to the three dimensions emerged from the study participants. They have also highlighted some challenges associated with BSL. The results reported in this study should provide faculties and higher education administrators with additional information and guidance, based on empirical data, on the use of BSL if they wish to implement it in academic programs. Moreover, in regard to the challenges revealed by the study participants, the results will permit to surpass the obstacles when implementing BSL successfully. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Blended synchronous Learning (BSL) is more and more used in higher education.BSL may be a good alternative for higher education institutions in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic, as it permits to reduce the number of involved students in face‐to‐face activities, by offloading some students to online from their home or a remote site.Despite its gain in popularity, little research has been performed on BSL and this research is somewhat sparse.Further research and recommendations are needed for faculties and higher education administrators to assist them in ascertaining what works and what does not in BSL. What this paper adds: The purpose of this study was to report on students and instructors experience on BSL, with remote students participating from multiple sites and face‐to‐face students from a single site.Students and instructors perspectives were explored using three dimensions: pedagogy, technology and organisation/logistics.Challenges associated with BSL were highlighted by the study participants Implications for practice and/or policy: The results of this study will guide faculties in designing and implementing BSL for their students.The challenges highlighted in the study results should be taken into account when implementing BSL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In this technologically advanced era, media literacy is necessary to effectively evaluate the information and understand various biases inherent in media messages. Several media literacy (ML) tools are available; however, we need generic and objective tools that can be applied to all forms of media messages. Objectives: The current study aimed to develop and validate an objective and generalized measure of media literacy based on the previously available tools. This study suggested that the access component should be removed from the media literacy tools as recommended in previous literature. Methods: The total of 386 respondents, both males and females, were recruited from different universities in Lahore. The age of the sample ranged from 18 to 25 (M=20.98, SD=2.12), with an approximately equal proportion of males (47%) and females. Results and Conclusions: This study proposed a compact Media Literacy Scale (MLS) with 3 constructs: analyze (09 items; α=.76), evaluate (08 items; α=.72), and comprehend (07 items; α =76). This 24 items scale explains 55.4% variance was administered to 386 respondents aged 18 to 30 years (M=20.98, SD=2.12). This developed scale will help assess the baseline level of media literacy in the audience so that in the future, evaluation of the efficacy of media literacy, and media literacy programs could be provided. Lay Description: Numerous tools and scales have been developed to study media literacy (ML) in the late1990s.Still, none of them provides an objective and generic tool of media literacy that could help access the level of ML that can be applied to all forms of media messages.Therefore, there is a dire need to develop a tool that can evaluate the level of media literacy in terms of a person's ability to understand, analyze and evaluate media messages.Thus, the developed 24 items ML scale implied the quantification of the generic measure of media literacy besides already developed measures relating to specific concepts of ML like smoking‐related media literacy or digital media literacy.Hence, this scale could be incorporated into larger‐scale prevention programs where these tools could be classified as part of the primary prevention series for establishing baselines for ML education and training. Practitioner notes: Numerous tools and scales have been developed to study media literacy (ML) in the late1990s. Still, none of them provides an objective and generic tool of media literacy that could help access the level of ML that can be applied to all forms of media messages.While the field of ML is growing in interest, but till now the field lacks empirical research evidence it might be, as previously, media literacy was referred to as knowledge about media devices and media contents, aspects of technology, and the media industry.Although, media literacy is a much wider concept than mere access and use of applications by individuals, therefore, there is a dire need to develop a tool that can evaluate the level of media literacy in terms of a person's ability to understand, analyse,This study used the above given definition of ML based on Aufderheideand Firestone (1993) and the NAMLE (2016) framework but with the exclusion of assess and creation domain of ML as it falls beyond the scope of ML as recommended in previous literature.Moreover, creating media messages requires skill and expertise that can only be attained through proper media education. It is also not needed for educating the general audience about media messages.These 24 items developed ML scale implied the quantification of the generic measure of media literacy besides already developed measures relating to specific concepts of ML like smoking‐related media literacy or digital media literacy.Hence, this scale could be incorporated into larger‐scale prevention programs where these tools could be classified as part of the primary prevention series for establishing baselines for ML education and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]