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We provide a direct computation of the $F$-pure threshold of degree four homogeneous polynomial in two variables and, more generally, of certain homogeneous polynomials with four distinct roots. The computation depends on whether the cross ratio of the roots satisfies a specific M\"{o}bius transformation of a Legendre polynomial. We then make a connection between a long lasting open question, involving the relationship between the $F$-pure and the log canonical threshold, and roots of Legendre polynomials over $\mathbb{F}_p$.

Let P be a commutative Noetherian ring, K be an ideal of P which is generated by a regular sequence of length four, f be a regular element of P, and Pbar be the hypersurface ring P/(f). Assume that K:f is a grade four Gorenstein ideal of P. We give a resolution N of Pbar/K Pbar by free Pbar-modules. The resolution N is built from a Differential Graded Algebra resolution of P/(K:f) by free P-modules, together with one homotopy map. In particular, we give an explicit form for the matrix factorization which is the infinite tail of the resolution N.

The goal of this note is to quantitatively study the behavior of asymptotic syzygies for certain toric surfaces, including Hirzebruch surfaces. In particular, we show that the asymptotic linear syzygies of Hirzebruch surfaces embedded by $\mathcal{O}(d,2)$ conform to Ein, Erman, and Lazarsfeld's normality heuristic. We also show that the higher degree asymptotic syzygies are not asymptotically normally distributed., Comment: 6 pages. Corrected minor typos

Let $R=k[x,y,z]$ be a standard graded $3$-variable polynomial ring, where $k$ denotes any field. We study grade $3$ homogeneous ideals $I \subseteq R$ defining compressed rings with socle $k(-s) \oplus k(-2s+1)$, where $s \geq3$ is some integer. We prove that all such ideals are obtained by a trimming process introduced by Christensen, Veliche, and Weyman. We also construct a general resolution for all such ideals which is minimal in sufficiently generic cases. Using this resolution, we can give bounds on the minimal number of generators $\mu(I)$ of $I$ depending only on $s$; moreover, we show these bounds are sharp by constructing ideals attaining the upper and lower bounds for all $s\geq 3$. Finally, we study the Tor-algebra structure of $R/I$. It is shown that these rings have Tor algebra class $G(r)$ for $s \leq r \leq 2s-1$. Furthermore, we produce ideals $I$ for all $s \geq 3$ and all $r$ with $s \leq r \leq 2s-1$ such that $\textrm{Soc} (R/I ) = k(-s) \oplus k(-2s+1)$ and $R/I$ has Tor-algebra class $G(r)$, partially answering a question of realizability posed by Avramov., Comment: 24 pages

We give a criterion for rings with $\m^3=0$ which are obtained as connected sums of two other rings to have non-trivial totally acyclic modules.

Given an ideal $I$, the containment problem is concerned about finding the values $m$ and $n$ such that the $m$-th symbolic power of $I$ is contained in its $n$-th ordinary power. In this paper we consider this problem focusing on two classes of ideals of fat points. In particular we study the ideal of $n$ points on a line in $\mathbb{P}^N$ and the ideal of three nonlinear points in $\mathbb{P}^N$ for $N\geq2$.

The Lefschetz question asks if multiplication by a power of a general linear form, $L$, on a graded algebra has maximal rank (in every degree). We consider a quotient by an ideal that is generated by powers of linear forms. Then the Lefschetz question is, for example, related to the problem whether a set of fat points imposes the expected number of conditions on a linear system of hypersurfaces of fixed degree. Our starting point is a result that relates Lefschetz properties in different rings. It suggests to use induction on the number of variables, $n$. If $n = 3$, then it is known that multiplication by $L$ always has maximal rank. We show that the same is true for multiplication by $L^2$ if all linear forms are general. Furthermore, we give a complete description of when multiplication by $L^3$ has maximal rank (and its failure when it does not). As a consequence, for such ideals that contain a quadratic or cubic generator, we establish results on the so-called Strong Lefschetz Property for ideals in $n=3$ variables, and the Weak Lefschetz Property for ideals in $n=4$ variables., Comment: 24 pages. Substantial revision from first version, with new results

Let [math] be a graph obtained by taking [math] paths and identifying all first vertices and identifying all last vertices. We compute the Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity of the quotient [math] , where [math] is the polynomial ring on the edges of [math] and [math] is the vanishing ideal of the projective toric subset parameterized by [math] . This invariant is known for several special families of graphs such as trees, cycles, complete graphs and complete bipartite graphs. For bipartite graphs, it is also known that the computation of the regularity can be reduced to the [math] -connected case. Thus, we focused on the first case of a bipartite graph where the regularity was unknown. We also prove new inequalities relating the Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity of [math] with the combinatorial structure of [math] , for a general graph.

Let Q be a regular local ring of dimension 3. We show how to trim a Gorenstein ideal in Q to obtain an ideal that defines a quotient ring that is close to Gorenstein in the sense that its Koszul homology algebra is a Poincare duality algebra P padded with a non-zero graded vector space on which P_{\ge 1} acts trivially. We explicitly construct an infinite family of such rings., Corrected statement of Lemma 2.3 and updated proof of Theorem 2.4. Final version, to appear in J. Commut. Algebra; 11 pp

In this paper, we give a toric representation of the associated ring of a polyomino which is obtained by removing a convex polyomino from its ambient rectangle.

In this paper, we study the two different topics related to sequentially Cohen-Macaulay modules. The questions are when the sequentially Cohen-Macaulay property preserve the localization and the module-finite extension of rings., 7 pages. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1406.3423

We give an intrinsic characterization of Cox sheaves on Krull schemes in terms of their valuative algebraic properties. We also provide a geometric characterization of their graded relative spectra in terms of good quotients of graded schemes, extending the work of Arzhantsev, Derenthal, Hausen and Laface on relative spectra of Cox sheaves on normal varieties. Moreover, we obtain an irredundant characterization of Cox rings which in turn produces a normality criterion for certain graded rings., Comment: 25 pages

Let $R$ be a commutative, Noetherian, local ring and $M$ a finitely generated $R$-module. Consider the module of homomorphisms $Hom _R(R/\mathfrak{a} ,M/\mathfrak{b} M)$ where $\mathfrak{b} \subseteq \mathfrak{a} $ are parameter ideals of $M$. When $M=R$ and $R$ is Cohen-Macaulay, Rees showed that this module of homomorphisms is isomorphic to $R/\mathfrak{a} $, and in particular, a free module over $R/\mathfrak{a} $ of rank one. In this work, we study the structure of such modules of homomorphisms for a not necessarily Cohen-Macaulay $R$-module $M$.

Let $k$ be a field, and let $X,Y$ be two locally noetherian $k$-schemes (respectively $k$-formal schemes) with dualizing complexes $R_X$ and $R_Y$ respectively. We show that $R_X \boxtimes_{k} R_Y$ (respectively its derived completion) is a dualizing complex over $X\times_{k} Y$ if and only if $X\times_{k} Y$ is locally noetherian of finite Krull dimension., 13 pages, final version, to appear in the Journal of Commutative Algebra

In this paper, we prove that, if $I(G)$ is the edge ideal of a connected bipartite graph with regularity 3, then, for all $s\geq 2$, the regularity of $I(G)^s$ is exactly $2s+1$.

The delta set of a numerical semigroup $S$, denoted $\Delta(S)$, is a factorization invariant that measures the complexity of the sets of lengths of elements in $S$. We study the following problem: Which finite sets occur as the delta set of a numerical semigroup $S$? It is known that $\min \Delta(S) = \gcd \Delta(S)$ is a necessary condition. For any two-element set $\{d,td\}$ we produce a semigroup $S$ with this delta set. We then show that for $t\ge 2$, the set $\{d,td\}$ occurs as the delta set of some numerical semigroup of embedding dimension three if and only if $t=2$., Comment: 13 pages

A lattice-ordered group (an $\ell$-group) $G(\oplus, \vee, \wedge)$ can be naturally viewed as a semiring $G(\vee,\oplus)$. We give a full classification of (abelian) $\ell$-groups which are finitely generated as semirings, by first showing that each such $\ell$-group has an order-unit so that we can use the results of Busaniche, Cabrer and Mundici [8]. Then we carefully analyze their construction in our setting to obtain the classification in terms of certain $\ell$-groups associated to rooted trees (Theorem 4.1). This classification result has a number of important applications: for example it implies a classification of finitely generated ideal-simple (commutative) semirings $S(+, \cdot)$ with idempotent addition and provides important information concerning the structure of general finitely generated ideal-simple (commutative) semirings, useful in obtaining further progress towards Conjecture 1.1 discussed in [2], [15]., Comment: 16 pages; revised and slightly extended version

The application of methods of computational algebra has recently introduced new tools for the study of Hilbert schemes. The key idea is to define flat families of ideals endowed with a scheme structure whose defining equations can be determined by algorithmic procedures. For this reason, several authors developed new methods, based on the combinatorial properties of Borel-fixed ideals, that allow to associate to each ideal $J$ of this type a scheme $\mathbf{Mf}_{J}$, called $J$-marked scheme. In this paper we provide a solid functorial foundation to marked schemes and show that the algorithmic procedures introduced in previous papers do not depend on the ring of coefficients. We prove that for all strongly stable ideals $J$, the marked schemes $\mathbf{Mf}_{J}$ can be embedded in a Hilbert scheme as locally closed subschemes, and that they are open under suitable conditions on $J$. Finally, we generalize Lederer's result about Gr\"obner strata of zero-dimensional ideals, proving that Gr\"obner strata of any ideals are locally closed subschemes of Hilbert schemes., Comment: final version, accepted for publication on Journal of Commutative Algebra

We introduce the concept of an $s$-Hankel hypermatrix, which generalizes both Hankel matrices and generic hypermatrices. We study two determinantal ideals associated to an $s$-Hankel hypermatrix: the ideal $\I {s}{t}$ generated by certain $2 \times 2$ slice minors, and the ideal $\It {s}{t}$ generated by certain $2 \times 2$ generalized minors. We describe the structure of these two ideals, with particular attention to the primary decomposition of $\I {s}{t}$, and provide the explicit list of minimal primes for large values of $s$. Finally we give some geometrical interpretations and generalize a theorem of Watanabe.

We calculate the degree of the algebra of covariants $\mathcal{C}_d$ for binary $d$-form. Also, for the degree we obtain its integral representation and asymptotic behavior., 9 pages

This paper explores the relationship between real valued monomial valuations on $k(x,y)$, the resolution of cusp singularities, and continued fractions. It is shown that up to equivalence there is a one to one correspondence between real valued monomial valuations on $k(x,y)$ and continued fraction expansions of real numbers between zero and one. This relationship with continued fractions is then used to provide a characterization of the valuation rings for real valued monomial valuations on $k(x,y)$. In the case when the monomial valuation is equivalent to an integral monomial valuation, we exhibit explicit generators of the valuation rings. Finally, we demonstrate that if $\nu$ is a monomial valuation such that $\nu(x)=a$ and $\nu(y)=b$, where $a$ and $b$ are relatively prime positive integers larger than one, then $\nu$ governs a resolution of the singularities of the plane curve $x^{b}=y^{a}$ in a way we make explicit. Further, we provide an exact bound on the number of blow ups needed to resolve singularities in terms of the continued fraction of $a/b$, Comment: 20 pages, Corrected Author Information

We will prove that if $G$ and $H$ are modules over a principal ideal domain $R$ such that the endomorphism rings $\mathrm{End}_R(R\oplus G)$ and $\mathrm{End}_R(R\oplus H)$ are isomorphic then $G\cong H$. Conversely, if $R$ is a Dedekind domain such that two $R$-modules $G$ and $H$ are isomorphic whenever the rings $\mathrm{End}_R(R\oplus G)$ and $\mathrm{End}_R(R\oplus H)$ are isomorphic then $R$ is a PID., preprint version; the final version is accepted by JCA

Every artinian quotient of $K[x,y]$ has the strong Lefschetz property if $K$ is a field of characteristic zero or is an infinite field whose characteristic is greater than the regularity of the quotient. We improve this bound in the case of monomial ideals. Using this we classify when both bounds are sharp. Moreover, we prove that the artinian quotient of a monomial ideal in $K[x,y]$ always has the strong Lefschetz property, regardless of the characteristic of the field, exactly when the ideal is lexsegment. As a consequence we describe a family of non-monomial complete intersections that always have the strong Lefschetz property., Comment: 18 pages, 1 figure; v2: Updated history and references

We show that the linear strands of the Tor of determinantal varieties in spaces of symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices are irreducible representations for the periplectic (strange) Lie superalgebra. The structure of these linear strands is explicitly known, so this gives an explicit realization of some representations of the periplectic Lie superalgebra. This complements results of Pragacz and Weyman, who showed an analogous statement for the generic determinantal varieties and the general linear Lie superalgebra. We also give a simpler proof of their result. Via Koszul duality, this is an odd analogue of the fact that the coordinate rings of these determinantal varieties are irreducible representations for a certain classical Lie algebra., 17 pages

Let V be a complex representation of a finite group G of order g. Derksen conjectured that the pth syzygies of the invariant ring Sym(V)^G are generated in degrees at most (p+1)g. We point out that a simple application of the theory of twisted commutative algebras -- using an idea due to Weyl -- gives the bound pg^3., Comment: 2 pages

Let R* be an ideal-adic completion of a Noetherian integral domain R and let L be a subfield of the total quotient ring of R* such that L contains R. Let A denote the intersection of L with R*. The integral domain A sometimes inherits nice properties from R* such as the Noetherian property. For certain fields L it is possible to approximate A using a localzation B of a nested union of polynomial rings over R associated to A; if B is Noetherian, then B = A. If B is not Noetherian, we can sometimes identify the prime ideals of B that are not finitely generated. We have obtained in this way, for each positive integer s, a 3-dimensional local unique factorization domain B such that the maximal ideal of B is 2-generated, B has precisely s prime ideals of height 2, each prime ideal of B of height 2 is not finitely generated and all the other prime ideals of B are finitely generated. We examine the map Spec A to Spec B for this example. We also present a generalization of this example to dimension 4. We describe a 4-dimensional local non-Noetherian UFD B such that the maximal ideal of B is 3-generated, there exists precisely one prime ideal Q of B of height 3, the prime ideal Q is not finitely generated. We consider the question of whether Q is the only prime ideal of B that is not finitely generated, but have not answered this question., Comment: 32 pages to appear in JCA

There is a natural epimorphism from the symmetric algebra to the Rees algebra of an ideal. When this epimorphism is an isomorphism, we say that the ideal is of linear type. Given two determinantal rings over a field, we consider the diagonal ideal, the kernel of the multiplication map. We prove that the diagonal ideal is of linear type and recover the defining ideal of the Rees algebra in some special cases. The special fiber ring of the diagonal ideal is the homogeneous coordinate ring of the join variety., Comment: This work is based on author's Ph. D. thesis from Purdue University under the direction of Professor Bernd Ulrich

We prove upper and lower bounds for all the coefficients in the Hilbert Polynomial of a graded Gorenstein algebra $S=R/I$ with a quasi-pure resolution over $R$. The bounds are in terms of the minimal and the maximal shifts in the resolution of $R$ . These bounds are analogous to the bounds for the multiplicity found in \cite{S} and are stronger than the bounds for the Cohen Macaulay algebras found in \cite{HZ}., Comment: 20 pages

On the category of bounded complexes of finitely generated free squarefree modules over the polynomial ring S, there is the standard duality functor D = Hom_S(-, omega_S) and the Alexander duality functor A. The composition AD is an endofunctor on this category, of order three up to translation. We consider complexes F of free squarefree modules such that both F, AD(F) and (AD)^2(F) are pure, when considered as singly graded complexes. We conjecture i) the existence of such triplets of complexes for given triplets of degree sequences, and ii) the uniqueness of their Betti numbers, up to scalar multiple. We show that this uniqueness follows from the existence, and we construct such triplets if two of them are linear., 25 pages, minor improvements

We present several methods to construct or identify families of free divisors such as those annihilated by many Euler vector fields, including binomial free divisors, or divisors with triangular discriminant matrix. We show how to create families of quasihomogeneous free divisors through the chain rule or by extending them into the tangent bundle. We also discuss whether general divisors can be extended to free ones by adding components and show that adding a normal crossing divisor to a smooth one will not succeed.

For any non-zero finite module M of finite projective dimension over a noetherian local ring R with maximal ideal m and residue field k, it is proved that the natural map Ext_R(k,M)-->Ext_R(k,M/mM) is non-zero when R is regular and is zero otherwise. A noteworthy aspect of the proof is the use of stable cohomology. Applications include computations of Bass series over certain local rings., 7 pages

This paper contributes to the study of the prime spectrum and dimension theory of symbolic Rees algebra over Noetherian domains. We first establish some general results on the prime ideal structure of subalgebras of affine domains, which actually arise, in the Noetherian context, as domains between a domain $A$ and $A[a^{-1}]$. We then examine closely the special context of symbolic Rees algebras (which yielded the first counter-example to the Zariski-Hilbert problem). One of the results states that if $A$ is a Noetherian domain and $p$ a maximal ideal of $A$, then the Rees algebra of $p$ inherits the Noetherian-like behavior of being a stably strong S-domain. We also investigate graded rings associated with symbolic Rees algebras of prime ideals $p$ such that $A_{p}$ is a rank-one DVR and close with an application related to Hochster's result on the coincidence of the ordinary and symbolic powers of a prime ideal., 12 pages

We define, via Gorenstein homomorphisms, a class of local rings over which there exist non-trivial totally reflexive modules. We also provide a general construction of such rings, which indicates their abundance., Comment: Redundancy problem fixed. Most recent version to appear in the Journal of Commutative Algebra

We consider the homogeneous components U_r of the map on R = k[x,y,z]/(x^A, y^B, z^C) that multiplies by x + y + z. We prove a relationship between the Smith normal forms of submatrices of an arbitrary Toeplitz matrix using Schur polynomials, and use this to give a relationship between Smith normal form entries of U_r. We also give a bijective proof of an identity proven by J. Li and F. Zanello equating the determinant of the middle homogeneous component U_r when (A, B, C) = (a + b, a + c, b + c) to the number of plane partitions in an a by b by c box. Finally, we prove that, for certain vector subspaces of R, similar identities hold relating determinants to symmetry classes of plane partitions, in particular classes 3, 6, and 8., Comment: 21 pages, 15 figures

In this paper we extend an epimorphism theorem of D. Wright to the case of discrete valuation rings. We will show that if $(R, t)$ is a discrete valuation ring, $n \ge 2$ is an integer not divisible by the characteristic of the residue field $R/tR$, and $g \in R[X, Y, Z]$ is a polynomial of the form $g = b(X,Y)Z^n - a(X,Y)$ such that $R[X, Y, Z]/(g)$ is a polynomial algebra in two variables, then $g$ and $Z$ form a pair of variables in $R[X, Y, Z]$. We will also show that the result holds over any Noetherian domain containing $\mathbb{Q}$., Comment: 16 pages

Let (R;m) be a numerical semigroup ring. In this paper we study the properties of its associated graded ring G(m). In particular, we describe the H^0_M for G(m) (where M is the homogeneous maximal ideal of G(m)) and we characterize when G(m) is Buchsbaum. Furthermore, we find the length of H^0_M as a G(m)-module, when G(m) is Buchsbaum. In the 3-generated numerical semigroup case, we describe the H^0_M in term of the Apery set of the numerical semigroup associated to R. Finally, we improve two characterizations of the Cohen-Macaulayness and Gorensteinness of G(m) given in [2] and [3], respectively., 20 pages

Let $R$ be a one-dimensional, local, Noetherian domain, $\R$ the integral closure of $R$ in its quotient field and $v(R)$ the value set defined by the usual valuation. The aim of the paper is to study the non-negative invariant $b:=(c-\delta)r- \delta $, where $c, \delta, r$ denote the conductor, the length of $\R/R$ and the Cohen Macaulay type, respectively. In particular, the classification of the semigroups $v(R)$ for rings having $b\leq 2(r-1)$ is realized. This method of classification might be successfully utilized with similar arguments but more boring computations in the cases $b\leq q(r-1), $ for reasonably low values of $q$. The main tools are type sequences and the invariant $k$ which estimates the number of elements in $v(R)$ belonging to the interval $[c-e,c), e$ being the multiplicity of $R$., Comment: Journal of Commutative Algebra (JCA), Rocky Mountain Consortium

We consider a subset of projective space over a finite field and give bounds on the minimal degree of a non-vanishing form with respect to this subset., 6 pages. Citations are updated and a section on how to compute a non-vanishing form is added

We generalize known results on summands of completely decomposable and separable torsion-free abelian groups to modules over h-local Pr\"ufer domains. Over such domains summands of completely decomposable torsion-free modules are again completely decomposable (Theorem 3.2) and summands of separable torsion-free modules are likewise separable (Theorem 4.2). In addition, a Pontryagin-Hill type theorem is established on countable chains of homogeneous completely decomposable modules over h-local Pr\"ufer domains.

Let f: A\to B be a ring homomorphism between Noetherian normal integral domains. We establish a general criterion for f to induce a homomorphism Cl(f): Cl(A)\to Cl(B) on divisor class groups. For instance, this criterion applies whenever f has finite flat dimension; this special case generalizes the more classical situations where f is flat or is surjective with kernel generated by an A-regular element. We extend some of Spiroff's work on the kernels of induced maps to this more general setting., 17 pages, uses xypic; v4 contains minor changes; final version to appear in Journal of Commutative Algebra

We study the following question: Given two semidualizing complexes B and C over a commutative noetherian ring R, does the vanishing of Ext^n_R(B,C) for n>>0 imply that B is C-reflexive? This question is a natural generalization of one studied by Avramov, Buchweitz, and Sega. We begin by providing conditions equivalent to B being C-reflexive, each of which is slightly stronger than the condition Ext^n_R(B,C)=0 for all n>>0. We introduce and investigate an equivalence relation \approx on the set of isomorphism classes of semidualizing complexes. This relation is defined in terms of a natural action of the derived Picard group and is well-suited for the study of semidualizing complexes over nonlocal rings. We identify numerous alternate characterizations of this relation, each of which includes the condition Ext^n_R(B,C)=0 for all n>>0. Finally, we answer our original question in some special cases., final version, to appear in J. Commutative Algebra, 27 pages, uses XY-pic