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Excessive alcohol consumption is harmful to many human organs, but the association with kidney function is still controversial. The disagreement in findings might be caused by ADH1C polymorphism's influence on alcohol metabolism rate. This study aims to determine the correlation between ADH1C polymorphism and kidney function status in Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) ethnicity, a population with highly prevalent alcohol consumption in Indonesia. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 76 subjects, who are natives of NTT, Indonesia. The genotyping of extracted DNA for ADH1C was done by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using restriction endonuclease SspI. Kidney function status was defined by serum urea level and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) that had been categorized according to percentiles. The correlation with the ADH1C allele was analyzed using chi-square tests. The genotype of ADH1C in NTT ethnicity was ADH1C*1/*2 (51.3%), ADH1C*2/*2 (47.4%) and ADH1C*1/*1 (1.3%). The results showed that the population had the ADH1C*2 (73.03%) and the ADH1C*1 (26.97%) allele. There was a significant association between ADH1C polymorphism and eGFR among NTT ethnicity ( p =0.005) when eGFR was analyzed at the 25 th percentile (74.75 mL/minute/1.73m 2 ). However, we found no associations when eGFR was analyzed at 50 th ( p =0.571) and 75 th ( p =0.335) percentiles. The odds ratio shows that having the ADH1C*1/*2 genotype escalates the probability of declining eGFR 6.620 times compared to ADH1C*2/*2 (95% CI: 1.539-28.478), after adjusted for smoking behavior. We found no association between ADH1C polymorphism and serum urea level ( p =0.123, 0.421, and 0.335). The majority of NTT ethnicity have the ADH1C*1/*2 genotype. Populations with ADH1C*1/*2 have higher odds ratio for eGFR below 74.75 mL/minute/1.73m 2 than those with ADH1C*2/*2 genotype. There was no association between ADH1C polymorphism and serum urea levels.

Chronic kidney disease is a preventable high-burden disease. Several risk factors for impaired kidney function have been identified, including lifestyles, such as alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking. However, the evidence remains inconsistent. East Nusa Tenggara has the largest proportion of heavy alcohol drinking among all provinces in Indonesia. Genetic polymorphism of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is related to alcohol drinking behavior through the inactivity of the ALDH2 enzyme, which leads to toxic acetaldehyde accumulation. This study aims to recognize the linkage of ALDH2 genotypes to kidney function among alcohol drinkers and cigarette smokers in East Nusa Tenggara. This study was a cross-sectional study of East Nusa Tenggara ethnicity, aged 18-60 years old. Demographic and lifestyle data were obtained via a questionnaire. DNA analysis was conducted with the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Creatinine and BUN levels were measured with a chemistry analyzer. Afterward, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated from creatinine value using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. The association between kidney function status and alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking habits were analyzed using the chi-square test, then stratified based on genotype groups. Fifty-one subjects were included in this study, while the mean age was 26.33±1.33 years and the median age was 22 years. There were 37 (72.5%) alcohol drinkers and 14 (27.5%) non-drinkers; 28 (54,9%) cigarette smokers and 23 (45.1%) non-smokers. This study revealed no significant association between kidney function status and alcohol drinking habits. Cigarette smoking habits were inversely associated with eGFR decline and creatinine elevation in wild-type ALDH2 groups.

Synthetic batik coloring often uses heavy metals element such as lead (Pb), chromium (Cr),silica (Si), and hydrochloric acid (HCl). The exposure of heavy metals in long period results in health impair on the artisans and eventually harming the environment. The purpose of this research is to analyze the waste characteristics and health impact towards the artisans in the Lendah, Kulon Progo. Seventy-six batik artisan, consisting of 37 from SB, 20 from FA, and 19 from SA underwent 5 ml blood sampling. The samples were used to determine their hemoglobin (Hb) level, packed cell volume (PCV), blood sugar, and total cholesterol. Blood plasma and wastewater were examined for Pb and Cr using the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) method; Si using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS); and Cl- using spectrophotometry. Respondents underwent health checks and were interviewed about the impact of waste and disease complaints experienced using a questionnaire. Cognitive disorders were examined using mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and peripheral neuropathy was assessed using diabetic neuropathy symptom (DNS) score. The results obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance and t-test. Correlation test was used to examine the relationship of Pb and Cr with cognitive disorders. Total cholesterol levels and blood sugar were analyzed descriptively. There is no difference in knowledge about waste in batik makers in SB, FA, and SA. The level of Pb, Cr, and Cl- within the three production centers showed no significant difference (p > 0,05), whilst Si level showed significant difference between centers (p < 0,05). There is no correlation between Pb and Cr blood levels with cognitive impairing according to MMSE and occurence of peripheral neuropathy according to DNS score (p > 0.05). Normal cholesterol levels (< 200mg/dL) andnormal blood glucose levels (< 200 mg/dL) were observed in 70.0-80.5% and 85.0-95.1% batik artisans, respectively. Si levels in all three production centers’ waste shows significant difference. The most frequent complaint was back pain and dizziness. There is no correlation caused by Pb and Cr levels toward cognitive impairing. Cholesterol level in batik artisans tended to be high.

Alcohol, narcotics, psychotropic substances and other addictive substances are substances that are often misused. The majority of drug users are adolescents with age ranging from 13 - 17 years old at which abuse can affect body composition. Considering the role of the younger generation as the nation’s successors, it sparks the urgency to alleviate this negative behavior. One of the measures that can be done is by shifting the negative activities to positive ones such as sports. In order to do this, it is necessary to identify the performance characteristics of the youths to maximize their potential. This study aimed to find out the performance characteristics of the younger generation in Ngablak Village and their association with drug abuse. A total of 50 youth members in Ngablak Village, Ngablak Subdistrict, Magelang Regency were examined for anthropometry, physical (pulse, respiration rate, blood pressure, temperature), and somatotype associated with performance. Identification of subjects involved in alcohol and drug abuse was carried out using a questionnaire. The results were displayed descriptively. Statistical analyses (t-test or Mann Whitney U test) were used to compare performance characteristics between groups. Age of subjects ranged from 9 - 19 years and 50% were male. A total of 13 boys and 2 girls consumed alcohol. The results of physical examination showed the normal range in all subjetcs. The average age, height, and weight of male subjects who comsumed alcohol were higher than those who did not (p < 0,05). There was no difference in somatotype between adolescents who consumed alcohol and those who did not. The body type of male subjects based on measurements was the ideal type, whereas the female subjects had endomesomorphic body type. The tendency of consuming alcohol does not cause differences in body type in adolescents, both in male and female.

Cara membatik di Indonesia mulai banyak beralih dari pemakaian bahan alami menjadi bahan cat sintesis. Cat sintetis yang digunakan sering kali mengandung logam berat di antaranya timbal (Pb) dan kromium (Cr). Pemakaian logam berat dalam waktu lama akan mengganggu kesehatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat hubungan kadar logam Pb dan Cr dalam darah dan limbah dengan kadar hemoglobin (Hb) dan packed cell volume (PCV) serta mengetahui prevalensi gejala toksisitas yang dirasakan pada pekerja di tiga sentra batik di Kecamatan Lendah Kulon Progo. Sebanyak 76 pegawai di tiga sentra batik terdiri atas 37 orang dari sentra SB, 20 orang dari FA dan 19 orang dari SA ditentukan kadar Hb, PCV, kadar Pb dan Cr-nya dengan metode inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Air limbah lingkungan dari ketiga lokasi sentra batik diambil dan diperiksa kadar Pb dan Cr-nya. Hasil antara ketiga lokasi diujinormalitasnya dan dianalisis dengan analisis varian atau Kruskal-Wallis. Hubungan antara kadar Pb dan Cr baik darah maupun limbah dengan kadar logam berat dalam darah dianalisis dengan uji korelasi Pearson atau Spearman. Hasil dinyatakan berbeda bermakna jika p < 0,05. Gejala penyakit yang dialami pekerja yang diperkirakan berhubungan dengan toksisitas logam berat dihitung frekuensinya. Hasil pemeriksaan antropometri, tekanan darah, kadar Hb, PCV dan logam berat dari ketiga lokasi yang diperiksa tidak berbeda bermakna (p > 0,05). Kadar Pb darah dan krom di sentra SB dan FA berbeda bermakna dengan di sentra SA (p < 0,05). Tidak terdapat korelasi yang signifikan secara statistik antara kadar Pb darah, Cr darah, dan Pb limbah dengan kadar Hb dan PCV. Gejala iritasi kulit, pusing, dan nyeri sendi dirasakan oleh 36,8-48,7% responden. Kadar timbal dan krom darah pembatik di sentra SB dan FA lebih tinggi dari pada di sentra SA. Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara toksisitas Pb dan Cr dengan kadar Hb dan PCV. Gejala toksisitas di antara pekerja batik diperkirakan dapat terjadi karena toksisitas logam berat kronis akibat pemakaian cat batik. KATA KUNCI batik; hemoglobin; kromium; sel darah; timbal ABSTRACT The dye used to color batik has changed from natural to synthetic materials in several places in Indonesia. Synthetic paints often contain heavy metals including lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr). Chronic use of heavy metals can affect health. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between blood and waste water levels of Pb and Cr with hemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV), and to determine how many workers felt the toxicity symptoms in three batik centers in Lendah, Kulon Progo. A total of 76 batik center employees, consisted of 37, 20, and 19 people from the SB, FA, and SA centers were recruited. Determination of Hb, PCV, Pb and Cr levels were conducted with the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) method. Waste water from the three batik centers is taken and examined. The data were analyzed by Oneway ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis. Correlation analyses were performed with Pearson or Spearman correlation test. Results were considered significant if p < 0.05. Disease symptoms experienced by workers that were estimated to be associated with heavy metal toxicity were calculated in frequency. Anthropometrics, blood pressure, Hb levels, PCV and heavy metals levels were not significantly different between centers (p>0.05). Blood Pb and Cr from the SB and FA were significantly different from those at the SA center (p