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Anantharaja, K.; Krishnan, P.; Menaga, M.; Abuthagir Iburahim, S.; Hemaprasanth, K.P.; Swain, S.K.; Rani, B.; Panigrahi, A., and Routray, P., 2024. Global trends of biofloc research in the aquaculture sector: A metadata scientometric analysis. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(1), 167–178. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Biofloc technology is a sustainable tool for aquaculture production. This study is the first of its kind to provide insights into the quantitative visualization of global biofloc research trends in the aquaculture sector for the last two decades based on metadata analysis. The metadata on biofloc research retrieved during the period 1999–2021 from Web of Science was analysed. The results indicate that Brazil is the most active contributor to biofloc research—followed by China, Mexico, the United States, and India—in terms of number of publications; however, Israel holds the highest average citations per paper. The most cited paper in biofloc research has been cited 513 times, and Avnimelech from Technion Israel institute of Technology is the author of the most cited paper (513 citations) in biofloc research. The most widely studied species are shrimp and tilapia, specifically Penaeus vannamei and Oreochromis niloticus. The journal Aquaculture published a maximum number of research papers on biofloc (153 papers), followed by Aquaculture Research (96 papers) and Aquaculture International (47 papers). The trend analysis revealed that the topics related to disease resistance, different carbon sources, and microbial community are emerging in recent times. This study highlights the trends in biofloc research for its further advancements to guide researchers and policymakers to expedite the adoption of robust aquaculture practices to promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studied the ''go global'' strategy of ship building industry in China. This paper proposed two game models to analyze the situation faced by the ship building industry in China. The paper first considered the ''country selection'' problem (CS problem) to shed light on the situation when trying to find a right partner to fulfill the ''go global'' strategy. The results showed the conditions that guarantee the go global cooperation becomes a dominant strategy Nash Equilibrium. Then, the paper considered the ''product or technology'' problem (POT problem) to discuss the ''go global'' mode, i.e. what should be exported to the other country. The results showed that even technology export may generate more payoffs to China, the more likely cooperation mode will be the product export. Based on the results of the paper, some practical suggestions have been made to the ''go global'' strategy. As far as we know, this paper is the first paper which studies the ''go global'' strategy of Chinese ship building industry by game theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meenatchi, S.; Iburahim, S.A.; Nayak, B.B.; Rathinam, R.B.; Paul, T.N.; Seenivasan, P.; Ramteke, K.; Ramanan, S.S.; and Anantharaja, K., 2024. A meta-analysis of artemia global research over seven decades (1949–2021). Journal of Coastal Research, 40(2), 395–407. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Brine shrimp are little planktonic crustaceans found all over the world in hypersaline habitats. Brine shrimp populations are found in numerous inland salt lakes and coastal salterns across the world. Scientometrics is a branch of statistics concerned with measuring and analyzing scholarly publications. The current study used a Web of Science database to thoroughly analyze and document the Artemia research output over the last seven decades. For this study, 9738 papers were examined using R software to evaluate the scientific productivity in this specified topic area. The global publishing share, rank, and evolution in terms of research and bibliometric indices, such as total citations, h index, and average number of citations per paper, were analyzed. The United States ranks first among the most productive nations in terms of total publications, accounting for 18.895%. India came in sixth place, accounting for 5.812% of total publications. The findings of the current study revealed the trend of artemia-related research studies published between 1949 and 2021. This study also highlighted the focal areas on this issue, about which future topics of research can be chosen for conservation and sustainable utilization of these vital resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rahim, A.; Soeprobowati, T.R.; Putranto, T.T.; Hadiyanto, H., and Alfalah, M.H., 2024. Investigating the impact of climate and land use changes on mangrove ecosystems: A bibliometric analysis from 2013 to 2023. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(4), 768–778. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Mangroves are essential to the stability of coastal regions, especially when facing the threat of climate change. However, deforestation, land use changes, and rising sea levels destroy mangrove forests. Based on bibliometric analysis, this paper aims to gain insight into the impact of climate and land use changes on mangroves. By searching Scopus, 534 pieces of literature from 2013 to 2023 were found, and they were analyzed based on bibliometric information and article metadata. Trends and hotspots of the impact of climate and land use changes on mangrove research were explored using VOSviewer software. The results of a network co-occurrence analysis revealed that mangroves, climate change, land use change, blue carbon, and wetlands represent the most popular central areas of study. The results of this paper show that the countries with the greatest number of publications on mangroves and climate and land use changes are the United States, Australia, India, Indonesia, and China. The research findings revealed that remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) are the most recently used technologies to enhance the research field of ecosystem monitoring in mangrove research. Maintaining and increasing carbon sinks through sustainable management of mangrove ecosystems have been a potential priority in climate change and mangrove ecosystem research development. This research highlights trends in the impact of climate and land use changes on mangrove ecosystem research over the past 10 years. It identifies areas that require further research investment to promote future research collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ding, S., 2019. The game theoretical model for the "go global" strategy of Chinese ship building industry. In: Gong, D.; Zhu, H., and Liu, R. (eds.), Selected Topics in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 94, pp. 416–421. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. This paper studied the "go global" strategy of ship building industry in China. This paper proposed two game models to analyze the situation faced by the ship building industry in China. The paper first considered the "country selection" problem (CS problem) to shed light on the situation when trying to find a right partner to fulfill the "go global" strategy. The results showed the conditions that guarantee the go global cooperation becomes a dominant strategy Nash Equilibrium. Then, the paper considered the "product or technology" problem (POT problem) to discuss the "go global" mode, i.e. what should be exported to the other country. The results showed that even technology export may generate more payoffs to China, the more likely cooperation mode will be the product export. Based on the results of the paper, some practical suggestions have been made to the "go global" strategy. As far as we know, this paper is the first paper which studies the "go global" strategy of Chinese ship building industry by game theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For advantage of the environment, coastal region in China is more attractive to foreign direct investment, such as Yangtze River delta and Pearl River delta. To analyze the differences in foreign direct investment importation performance among different provinces in China from a sustainability perspective, this paper constructed a foreign direct investment importation performance model based on the intertemporal effect of dynamic factors. Furthermore, applying the dynamic Malmquist model and panel data, this paper evaluated the total factor productivity of the foreign direct investment importation model by considering four factors as energy, openness, human capital, and physical capital. To obtain a comprehensive perspective, this paper also identified the bottlenecks of sustainability for FDI importation performance, based on an analysis of factor contributions. The results reveal that dynamic technical changes are critical in promoting foreign direct investment importation performance. Though, the advantange of coastal region is obvious. They are also enslaved to lower dynamic technical changes. Thus, the development of soft power is the greatest bottleneck for most Chinese provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yu, H.; Wang, Y., and Li, D., 2023. Using the AHP-entropy weight method to study regional marine economy resilience in China. Journal of Coastal Research, 39(5), 960–969. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Marine economy has become an important part of China's national economy, but it is facing many constraints and disturbances from within and outside the region. Marine economy resilience can reflect to what extent the region will overcome these problems and achieve sustainable development. Nevertheless, evaluating marine economy resilience is a difficult task requiring considerable effort that is missing in the literature. This paper constructed the evaluation index system from the four dimensions of resistance, recovery, reorganization, and renewal and comprehensively used the analytic hierarchy process and entropy method to make a quantitative assessment of marine economy resilience in 11 coastal regions of China. Based on this, the paper then explored the spatial and temporal evolution of regional marine economy resilience. The evaluation results reveal that the overall level of China's marine economy resilience from 2006 to 2016 shows a fluctuating and rising trend. The resistance ability is generally in an upward fluctuating trend, the recovery ability fluctuates little but has no significant improvement, the reorganization ability also shows a fluctuating and rising trend, and the renewal ability has the largest increase in the four dimensions. This paper puts forward three suggestions for the coastal province governments to improve regional marine economy resilience in terms of technological innovation, green development, and coordinated opening up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jun, D.; Bo, Y., and Dongyi, L., 2023. Establishing an index system to evaluate marine resource endowment for the sustainable development of China's marine economy. Journal of Coastal Research, 39(4), 740–749. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Marine resource endowment is a significant supporting factor for the sustainable development of the marine economy. It primarily reflects the sustainable development level of the marine economy in a particular area. Based on literature analysis and expert consultation, this paper establishes an index system of potential evaluation of marine resource endowment for the sustainable development of China's marine economy, where the Analytic Hierarchy Process is used to determine the weight of each index within the system, thus securing the distribution of each index. This paper also evaluates the development potential with 11 coastal provinces (municipalities) being empirical research objects using a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The result is that the support potential of the resource endowments of marine minerals, marine space, marine tourism, and marine life (aquatic products) for the sustainable development of China's marine economy has been declining gradually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yang, S.M. and Lee, J.K., 2024. Evaluating the geoengineering performance of a gravity multiblock quay wall and jet-grouting on marine clayey soils along the Korean coastline. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(4), 672–682. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Jet-grouting has been widely used as a ground improvement method in several fields of geoengineering, but most of the case studies have focused on embankments and excavations. This paper describes the performance of a gravity block-type quay wall in the southwest coast of Korea where the underlying soft clayey soils were improved by jet-grout columns. The scheme and properties of jet-grouting and the construction history and measured behavior of the wall-soil system are presented. A finite element analysis was conducted to estimate the settlement, lateral displacement, and horizontal earth pressure of the quay wall. The computed results compare well with the field data during and after construction. The effect of area replacement ratio, quantifying the degree of ground improvement, on the response of the quay walls was also investigated. The field and numerical results show that the jet-grout columns enhanced the performance of the block-type quay wall over soft soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sun, Y.; Zhang, S.; Yang, S.; Zhou, W.; Cui, X., and Wu, Y., 2024. Review and analysis of electronic monitoring (EM) minimum standards for pelagic main fishing gear. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(4), 816–825. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Observer systems for monitoring and collecting catch information from pelagic fisheries are essential in ensuring the sustainable harvesting of pelagic fisheries resources. The emergence in recent years of electronic observers that rely on video surveillance is gradually becoming a complementary or alternative measure to human observers. Electronic observers' security and ease of use make full electronic monitoring (EM) of ocean-going fishing ships possible while ensuring complete data availability. The development and improvement of its standards are the keys to ensuring the large-scale application of EM. This paper summarizes and justifies the minimum standards for EM for pelagic fishing by analyzing the standards and current status of human observers, documenting the functions and applications of EM systems, comparing the monitoring capabilities of human observers and EM, and analyzing the characteristics of the three main fishing methods: purse seine, trawl, and longline, respectively, in terms of equipment platform technology, data collection, and data management. The development of EM standards can clarify the cost of the entire monitoring process, ensure the compliance and economics of EM, and achieve effective long-term monitoring of pelagic fishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

He, Y.; Hu, Y.; Xie, S.; Li, C.; Xu, M., and Chen, X., 2023. Risk and impacts associated with marine carbon sink projects: An example from Guangdong, China. Journal of Coastal Research, 39(2), 246–256. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. This paper aims to measure the risk and impact of the marine carbon sink project in Guangdong, China. This measurement increases the investors' willingness to participate in development and operation of such projects, and promotes the transformation of a low-carbon economy and society. This research employs triangular fuzzy number and Structural Equation Model to develop the risk measurement model of the marine carbon sink project. The net present value and risk equivalent methods measure the impact of risk factors on the project value and investment decision of the representative project in China. The results showed that: (1) there are certain risks in developing marine carbon sequestration projects, including policy, natural, market, and human behavior risks. The comprehensive risk value is 0.444. (2) Among the different types of marine carbon sink risks, the large ones are those caused by storm surges, invasion of alien species, and unknown ownership of marine carbon sink. (3) The risk of marine carbon sequestration reduces the profitability of its projects. (4) Compared with the traditional net present value method, the risk equivalent method is more in line with the development and operation of marine carbon sink projects. Based on this, combined with the risk characteristics and potential factors of marine carbon sequestration projects, and to promote their sustainable development, this paper has the following suggestions: (1) Strengthen policy evaluation and regulation, and formulate policies and measures in line with the development stage of marine carbon sequestration trading. (2) Strengthen the early warning of natural disasters and formulate targeted disaster prevention, mitigation, and relief plans. (3) Strengthen the dynamic supervision of marine carbon sequestration transactions and formulate emergency plans for market transaction risks. (4) Improve public participation and establish a reward and punishment mechanism for human behavior risk prevention and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

McNamara, G. and Vieira da Silva, G., 2023. The coastline paradox: A new perspective. Journal of Coastal Research, 39(1), 45–54. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. The coastline paradox, which suggests that coastlines have indefinite lengths, is a widespread and misleading concept that has endured in scientific literature for over 50 years. This paper argues that the length of a coastline is real and finite. The measurement of coastlines allows for the quantification of coastline dynamics and engineering responses to these changes. The real difficulties in measuring sometimes complex coastal shapes have taken the appearance of an unreal impossibility. The paradox is resolved using three methods. The first examines definitions used to establish the features to which "coastline" refers. The second applies these definitions to the measurement of real coastlines. Finally, a geometrical analysis is carried out to resolve the paradox mathematically. The purpose of this paper is to help resolve the paradox and reduce confusion surrounding the topic, which will be of direct use for coastal communities and planners to assess and respond to coastline changes and sea-level rise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bai, X.; Sun, M.; Niu, J.J.; Sun, H., and Sun, L.P., 2023. Energy-harvesting efficiency analysis of ocean currents: Proposing a flow-induced vibration power-generation system with linear generator damping. Journal of Coastal Research, 39(1), 73–82. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. The ocean current energy generation based on flow-induced vibration has mostly adopted a rotary generator, until now. In consideration of the possible shortcomings of the Vortex Induced Vibration for Aquatic Clean Energy system based on the rotary generator, this paper proposes a flow-induced coupling between the linear generator and the vibrator. For the vibration power-generation system model, this paper proposes a flow-induced vibration power-generation system model, in which the linear generator is directly coupled to the vibrator and the energy-harvesting efficiency is analyzed through numerical research methods. Results show that when the reduced velocity is 3.6 to 8.4, the energy conversion efficiency is greater and when the reduced velocity is 4.8 and the damping ratio is no more than 0.2, the maximum value of the energy conversion is 15.9%. The optimal efficiency can be achieved with the best combination of reduced velocity and damping ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pan, P., 2019. Research and design of marine underwater LED illumination system based on sliding mode variable structure. In: Li, L.; Wan, X., and Huang, X. (eds.), Recent Developments in Practices and Research on Coastal Regions: Transportation, Environment and Economy. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 98, pp. 239–242. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. This paper introduces the working characteristics of an underwater LED illumination system and analyzes the driving power supply of the LED illumination system and the application of its control mode. In addition, the sliding mode variable structure control (SMVSC) method of constant-current power supply for an underwater LED illumination system is studied and designed in this paper. By choosing appropriate sliding mode surface function and control parameters, the constant-current control of the LED load is realized. Finally, to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the SMVSC method design for the LED illumination system, the SMVSC method is modeled and simulated using MATLAB software and compared with the conventional PI control method, which proves the validity of the design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dong, W.; Yang, Q.; Huang, X.; Chen, Y., and Sun, S., 2022. Development of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs): Using MAC protocol with concurrent transmission based on slotted FAMA. Journal of Coastal Research, 38(1), 241–248. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. With the continuous development of ocean research in recent years, as an extension of terrestrial wireless sensor networks, underwater wireless sensor networks play an increasingly important role in ocean and coastal research. The handshaking efficiency in the traditional slotted floor acquisition multiple access (FAMA) is low. After a successful handshake, only one node is allowed to send data. Moreover, there are unnecessary back-off problems; thus, the channel utilization is low. Aiming at improving the shortcomings of the traditional slotted FAMA, this paper proposes a Medium Access Control protocol with concurrent transmission based on slotted FAMA (SFAMA-CT). The sending node uses the long propagation delay of the network to maintain a sending matrix according to the position information of the nodes in the propagation range. The value of each element of the sending matrix is determined by whether two nodes can simultaneously send data without collision. Then, the sending node determines whether it can choose to send in the DATA phase according to the number of received X Clear-To-Send (XCTS) packets (where "X" indicates a CTS packet intended for another node) and element information of the sending matrix. The proposed protocol has higher handshake efficiency and improves the concurrent transmission of the network compared to that of other protocols. The simulation results show that, compared to slotted FAMA and SFAMA-data train (DT), the throughput of SFAMA-CT is increased by approximately 115% and 20%, respectively. SFAMA-CT also has good performance in the end-to-end delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li, W.; Jiang, R.; Zhao, Y.; Xie, J.; Zhu, J., and Cao, R., 2019. Water ecological environment protection under changing environment: A systematic review and bibliometric analysis. In: Guido-Aldana, P.A. and Mulahasan, S. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources and Exploration. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 93, pp. 9–15. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Systematic review is usually used to reveal the change characteristics of the quantity and law of the citations focus on one research theme. The paper investigated the research status, development trend and hotspots of water ecological environment protection using bibliometric analysis. Based on bibliometric, mathematics and statistics, articles related to the water ecological environment protection in Web of Science for the period of 2008-2019 were selected. CiteSpace software was used to conduct the annual frequency analysis of papers, countries and research institutions analysis, co-occurring keywords analysis, clustering analysis and research frontier. Results show that: (1) The number of published papers and cited papers have increased for the past 12 years. Especially, the number of published papers has increased sharply since 2015, indicating that the research on water ecological environment protection has been transferred from the exploration stage to rapid development stage, which needs to be analyzed from the aspects of national policy. (2) China has more publications than other countries. The research institutions are mainly concentrated on universities, the cooperation among them is not close. It shows the characteristics of small distribution and large concentration. Keywords such as "model" and "water quality" are research hotspots. (3) The results of clustering analysis show that water ecological environment quality assessment, water and soil conservation, ecosystem services and aquatic ecosystem are four main research directions of water ecological environment protection. (4) Using method of burst detection, nine keywords are obtained, which indicate that water ecological environment protection has rich research perspectives. The burst strength of land use is high, it will become the research hotspot of water ecological environment protection in future. The results should be beneficial to systematically understand research progress and future trends of water ecologic environment under changing environment, and therefore it promotes ecological civilization construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three-dimensional visualization of coastal zones for sea-land integration faces difficulties such as multisource terrain data fusion, tidal dynamic changes, and sea surface simulation. This paper proposes a method to convert the depth reference of water depth data into the 1985 national elevation benchmarks, which integrates multisource sea-land terrain data by vertical datums, converts rectangular coordinates and establishes a digital elevation model for sea-land terrain integration. Based on the dynamic characteristics of the sea surface with tides, this paper calculates the tidal level of the nearshore tide station using numerical tidal harmonic analysis and a prediction model. The dynamic sea surface height field away from the mainland is established by inverse distance weighted spatial interpolation. The paper simulates the sea surface by Phillips spectrum analysis and fast Fourier transform and achieves dynamic effects for the sea surface by concave-convex mapping and wave mapping, enhancing the reality of dynamic sea surface expression. In addition, this paper designs and develops the Coastal Zone Terrain Three-Dimensional Dynamic Visualization System, which realizes functions such as sea-land integrated three-dimensional terrain roaming, sea surface simulation visualization and the automatic generation of instantaneous coastlines at any time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yu, H.; Sun, H., and Chen, M., 2021. The evolution of industrial structure for marine economic growth in China: An empirical study on the effects of rationalization and optimization. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(5), 1042–1052. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Against the background of China's new normal economy, the adjustment of the marine industrial structure is still a key issue, but current research on the relationship between the marine industrial structure and marine economic growth has not reached a consistent conclusion. This paper measures the structure of the marine industry with two indicators of the rationalization and optimization of the industrial structure and constructs a fixed effects model to explore the effects of the marine industrial structure on marine economic growth and the mechanism using panel data of China's coastal provinces, cities, and districts from 1997 to 2016. The results show the following. (1) In the study period, the rationalization of the marine industrial structure promoted marine economic growth, whereas the optimization of the marine industrial structure restrained marine economic growth. (2) The mediation test shows that the rationalization of the marine industrial structure promotes the growth of the marine economy by improving the labor productivity of the marine industry, whereas the optimization of the marine industrial structure restrains the growth of the marine economy by curbing the productivity of the marine service industry. (3) After adding the moderator of government intervention into the model, it is found that the higher the degree of government intervention is, the more significant the promoting effect of the rationalization of the marine industrial structure on marine economic growth, and the negative effect of the optimization of the marine industrial structure on marine economic growth is significantly reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huang, W.; Li, S.; Lu, Y., and Zhang, R., 2024. Hydrodynamic characteristics of an ecological revetment cavity structure under the propagation of ship-generated waves in a restricted channel. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(2), 382–394. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. With the rapid development of inland waterway transportation and the rapid increase of ship traffic in restricted channels, the role of ship-generated waves on the restricted channel shore slope becomes increasingly significant. Some river bank protection projects use cavity structures to prevent bank slopes from being scoured and have achieved remarkable results. However, the hydrodynamic characteristics under the action of ship traveling waves inside and outside the cavity are not yet clear. Thus, this paper studies the time and frequency domain characteristics of ship-generated wave fluctuations, flow velocity distribution characteristics, and turbulence distribution characteristics in the cavity, under the action of ship-generated waves, by conducting self-propelled ship model flume tests using a new type of cavity shore protection structure applied to a restricted channel. This study investigates the application of such a structure to shallow water coastal areas with frequent ship traffic. The corresponding results demonstrate that during the ship traveling wave transfer to the cavity, the fluctuation frequency did not change significantly, and fluctuation energy concentrated in the frequency range of 0–1.5 Hz. The high-frequency (0.40–1.5 Hz) energy is concentrated in the secondary wave process, and the low-frequency (0–0.40 Hz) energy is observed throughout the fluctuation process. The cavity structure changes the flow velocity from low-frequency periodic flow to high-frequency oscillatory flow, and the frequency of flow velocity change tends to be uniformly distributed with significantly enhanced turbulence. The cavity's maximum wave height, flow velocity, and turbulence energy positively correlate with the self-propelled velocity of the vessel Vc. Moreover, the characteristic values increase slowly for Vc in the subcritical velocity region (Frh < 0.84), and the characteristic values increase sharply for Vc in the transcritical velocity region (0.84 < Frh < 1.12). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aangri, A.; Hakkou, M.; Krien, Y.; Chtioui, T., and Benmohammadi, A., 2024. Risk assessment of marine flooding along the Agadir and Taghazout coasts (Moroccan Atlantic). Journal of Coastal Research, 40(1), 179–192. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's predictions highlight the probability that sea-level rise could exceed 1 m by 2100. As a result, coastal flooding episodes will increase. These will occur during events that simultaneously combine strong swells, spring tides, low-pressure conditions, and abnormally high surges. This behavior can seriously affect urban spaces along the sea. This paper investigated the risk assessment of marine flooding in the Agadir-Taghazout coastline by considering effects of the Sea Level Rise based on a hybrid model. The components of the hybrid model were obtained through NWW III (Wave Watch III), Simulating Wave Nearshore simulations of the propagation of the storm surge from the offshore to the nearshore, and by applying the Generalized Extreme Value method for Total Water Level (TWL) return value estimation. The simple static model calculates extreme levels based on the summation of tidal components, surge, run-up, and return value of TWL. The results obtained are mapped to determine the spatial extent on a height resolution Digital Terrain Model. Currently, the results of the study show, in first order, the high vulnerability of the southern part of the Agadir and Imourane beach. For future conditions, in 2100 the model predicts the submersion of the whole study area, threatening the infrastructures of the first line of the buildings facing the sea. This calls on, from now, the managers of this coast to prepare a protection strategy against this risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson, F.; Douglas, K.; Li, Z.; Meijer, A.; Stacey, C.D.; Kung, R., and Podhorodeski, A., 2024. A generalized semiautomated method for seabed geology classification using multibeam data and maximum likelihood classification. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(1), 1–16. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. This paper presents a GIS-based model to perform semiautomated seabed classification that can act as a first-pass, pseudoclassified surficial geological map. The user can then edit the output into a finalized map in less time than by manual classification. The model uses maximum likelihood classification with unsupervised classification through iterative self-organizing clusters. This model is fully contained within the ArcGIS software suite as a ModelBuilder workflow composed of geoprocessing tools and Python script tools. Model inputs tested include different combinations of multibeam echosounder–derived data: slope, backscatter, and terrain ruggedness. Furthermore, to test the assumption of Gaussian distribution of input data required for maximum likelihood classification, Box–Cox power transformations were applied to slope and backscatter data and were used as model inputs. To illustrate the performance of the model, two locations are highlighted as case studies: Milbanke Sound and Spiller Channel, located on the central coast of British Columbia, Canada. Association between model outputs and ground-truth classes was generally weak to moderate when measured using Cramér's V association scores. Overall, the slope and backscatter parameter model had the highest scores of association. Results from an overlay analysis comparing model outputs with user-confirmed polygons show that the slope and backscatter model performs best in regions with distinct changes in the hardness of sediments but that in fjord regions dominated geologically by steeper bathymetric change, the slope parameter model may perform better. However, all model outputs had difficulty delineating bedrock units. The model has the flexibility to identify certain seabed habitat features as well, including glass sponge reefs—biologically active bioherms that have led to marine protected area designations in other areas of British Columbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ''last mile'' service experience of catering O2O determines user satisfaction and user loyalty of catering O2O platforms. Evaluating user experience of catering O2O distribution link will help catering O2O platforms find problems in the distribution link and provide theoretical support for the improvement of user experience and user satisfaction. From the perspective of distribution link, based on the user experience theory, this paper uses the literature research method, Delphi method, and questionnaire survey method to establish user experience evaluation index system of catering O2O distribution link, including browsing experience, tangible experience, empathic experience, responsiveness experience, reliability experience, and assurance experience 6 factors, and also establishes the BP neural network model. On the basis, the paper selects the data of well-known platform users in East China coastal regions, and trains and simulates the model. The results show that the model can achieve the evaluation of user experience in O2O distribution link. Finally, suggestions for improving user experience in catering O2O distribution link in East China coastal regions are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the evaluation problem of technological innovation evaluation in equipment manufacturing companies, this paper proposes a comprehensive evaluation method based on entropy method and improved aggressive cross-efficiency model (EIA). First of all, this paper builds an evaluation index system for technological innovation of equipment manufacturing companies based on the existing research results of technological innovation evaluation and the Delphi method and obtains relevant indexes data by field investigation. Secondly, the basic DEA method is used to analyze the two aspects of the basic efficiency and effectiveness. Next, this paper prove the superiority of the EIA mode by comparing the basic DEA model and the EIA model. Finally, the efficiency of technological innovation of 200 equipment manufacturing companies in Liaoning Province is calculated and ranked by using [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the acceleration of the global economic integration process, the global manufacturing division is more refined, the logistics industry, especially the water transportation industry, has revitalized, and the development of port economy has also ushered in new opportunities. This paper summarizes the concept of logistics cluster effect and the concept and characteristics of port economy, and finds that there is a mutual promotion relationship between the two; By combining the theoretical basis of the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) model with the logistics cluster effect and the characteristics of port economy, this paper constructs a complete process and framework of the GRA model; With this model, the paper analyzes the role of logistics cluster effect in a city port in China, concludes the ranking of relevant indicators of logistics cluster effect on port economy indicators, and discovers key factors that play a major role in the development of port economy. The research results of this paper can provide certain advice and suggestions for the economic development of port cities at home and abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the problem that it is hard to analyze the non-linear and time-varying model in the traditional hydrogenerator system identification, based on the PID control parameters, this paper proposes a hydro-turbine governing system using the improved BFO-PSO algorithm, and introduces the sliding mode variable structure into the proposed improved governing system. The research results show that: the proposed BFO-PSO model has integrated the advantages of the two algorithms and has been successfully applied in the parameter optimization of the hydraulic turbine set. This paper also studies the selection of indices for optimization of PID parameters. Considering the deficiencies in the PID parameters in previous research, this paper proposes an improved fitness evaluation method, and also puts forward the concepts of stability and instability parameter sets and applies them in the stable search strategy, which effectively improves the local search capability of the model algorithm, and guarantees the stability and accuracy of the hydro-generator model. The design of multi-control-input hydro-turbine state equations can effectively solve the steady-state errors in the simulation process and explain the generation mechanism of such errors. The simulation results show that the optimization result of this algorithm significantly shortens the ITAE transition rising time of the hydro-turbine set and that the target population has been moving towards the global optimal solution, thus increasing the searching ability of the algorithm. The curve fluctuates slightly and reaches the steady state in a very short time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systematic review is usually used to reveal the change characteristics of the quantity and law of the citations focus on one research theme. The paper investigated the research status, development trend and hotspots of water ecological environment protection using bibliometric analysis. Based on bibliometric, mathematics and statistics, articles related to the water ecological environment protection in Web of Science for the period of 2008-2019 were selected. CiteSpace software was used to conduct the annual frequency analysis of papers, countries and research institutions analysis, co-occurring keywords analysis, clustering analysis and research frontier. Results show that: (1) The number of published papers and cited papers have increased for the past 12 years. Especially, the number of published papers has increased sharply since 2015, indicating that the research on water ecological environment protection has been transferred from the exploration stage to rapid development stage, which needs to be analyzed from the aspects of national policy. (2) China has more publications than other countries. The research institutions are mainly concentrated on universities, the cooperation among them is not close. It shows the characteristics of small distribution and large concentration. Keywords such as "model" and "water quality" are research hotspots. (3) The results of clustering analysis show that water ecological environment quality assessment, water and soil conservation, ecosystem services and aquatic ecosystem are four main research directions of water ecological environment protection. (4) Using method of burst detection, nine keywords are obtained, which indicate that water ecological environment protection has rich research perspectives. The burst strength of land use is high, it will become the research hotspot of water ecological environment protection in future. The results should be beneficial to systematically understand research progress and future trends of water ecologic environment under changing environment, and therefore it promotes ecological civilization construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li, Q.; Guo, X., and Zhang, L., 2020. Bibliometric analysis of water resource management. In: Hu, C. and Cai, M. (eds.), Geo-informatics and Oceanography. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 105, pp. 210–214. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Based on the Web of Science database, this paper systematically reveals a general trend of publication, country or region, and organization distribution; source publication distribution; frequently cited papers; co-occurring keywords; and time zone analysis of keywords in the field of water resource management (WRM) from multiple perspectives by using bibliometric analysis and visualization software. A corresponding visualization knowledge graph is obtained that clearly and intuitively shows the current situation and research hot spots of WRM research from a specific perspective. The results show that in the past 21 years, research in WRM has been increasing continuously. China's research on WRM is in the leading position, and "water resource management," "management," and "integrated water resource management" are the top 3 high-frequency keywords. These findings provide a knowledge basis for further research on WRM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fernandez, P.N.J., 2022. Using a low-cost green light emitting diode to measure total suspended solids in a marine protected area of the Philippines. Journal of Coastal Research, 38(1), 99–113. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Seawater parameters are important indicators of coastal water conditions. One of the essential parameters is the total suspended solids (TSS). This study probed how to use a low-cost 535-nm green LED to measure the TSS in marine protected areas of barangay Lo-ong, Concepcion, Iloilo, Philippines. It aims to examine the relationship of the total attenuation coefficients (TAC) to total suspended solids (TSS) values in coastal water. Sample sea waters were taken from various locations and brought to a laboratory for a filtration process known as gravimetry. Different available filter paper sizes (1.5 microns, 6 microns, 20 microns, and 50 microns) were used in the filtration process and were dried in a controlled constant temperature of 110 degrees Celsius for 24 hours using an electric oven. Dried filter papers' weights were measured using an analytical balance before using the infiltration of seawater. TAC values were also measured in different seawater samples using a prototype device made up of LED and photodiode. This study demonstrated that TAC values of green LEDs are positively correlated with TSS values (R value of 0.45). Results reveal that the moderate correlation between an LED's TAC values to TSS positively proved that a low-cost LED can be used as an alternative to the more expensive remote sensing satellite data. Findings of the study also showed that TSS values in the marine protected area under study were far below the acceptable limits for coastal waters. The performance of the LED-based measuring device can still be improved in the future by using collimating lenses and more sensitive photomultiplier tubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feng, H.; Zhu, L.; Wu, J., and Squires, V.R., 2023. A review of disaster risk assessment and mitigation in vulnerable coastal communities: An example from the South China Sea coast. Journal of Coastal Research, 39(2), 328–333. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. This review examines and analyses key issues that underpin the development and successful implementation of risk assessment. The focus is on coastal areas (including the nearshore hinterlands) on the coast of the South China Sea, especially the coastal zone around the Gulf of Tonkin (also known as Beibu Gulf) that borders Vietnam. Consideration is given to aspects of the process of engaging with local communities in areas at risk of disasters and in those sites that are affected with severe consequences on peoples' income, wealth, health, and social state. Vulnerability is an important factor and its nature and implications are examined. This paper first sets out the context for this review, including some key information about the study region. Second, risk assessments and recent developments in mitigation are discussed. Third, the focus shifts to mechanisms (and benefits) of engagement with local peoples from areas that are at risk or have undergone severe damage. Finally, concluding thoughts and a synthesis of the whole paper is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coch, N.K., 2020. Inland damage from hurricanes. Journal of Coastal Research, 36(5), 1093–1105. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Hurricanes result in severe wind and flooding along the coast. In general, their effects decrease in intensity inland. A less well-known feature is that some tropical storms can penetrate deep into the interior and cause severe freshwater flooding and wind destruction far from the coast. Exceptional inland damage can result from a number of meteorological and topographical scenarios. A deteriorating hurricane may merge with a moist extratropical low-pressure system, causing massive rainfall and river flooding (Tropical Storm Agnes in Pennsylvania, 1969). Winds can be channeled through passes on mountainous islands, like Kauai, to cause massive destruction on the lee side (Hurricane Iniki, 1992). Mountains can induce orographic precipitation that can result in massive debris flows (Hurricane Camille in Nelson County, Virginia, 1969). A decaying hurricane can have high convective centers inland that result in localized damage more typical of the hurricane at landfall (Hurricane Hugo, 1989). Finally, northern hurricanes can encounter polar air masses on their left sides as they move inland in the early fall (the New England Hurricane of 1938). While inland intensification is not common, it can occur under certain conditions as outlined in this paper. It is important to consider the possibility of inland intensification in every hurricane. Although the frequency is low, the consequences can be very high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cheng, B., 2020. Promotive effect of port trade on the international economy considering the effect of industrial clusters. In: Gong, D.; Zhang, M., and Liu, R. (eds.), Advances in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 106, pp. 221–224. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. China's foreign trade mainly relies on marine transportation, and the port trade develops rapidly and synchronously with the economy. With the continuous increase of the number of port-based enterprises, the effect of industrial clusters of port enterprises is becoming increasingly obvious, and its promotive effect on the international trade is getting stronger. With Shanghai Port as an example and taking the effect of industrial clusters into consideration, this paper explores the promotive effect of port trade on the international economy and conducts related analysis. The research results show that with the progress of foreign trade, industries that are closely related to port industrial clusters are also developing continuously. The economic effects of port industrial clusters are divided into two aspects: the micro-aspect and the macro-aspect. As an example, the industrial cluster effect of the Yangtze River Delta Region and the industrial clusters of port-based enterprises would enhance the promotive effect of Shanghai Port on the international economy. The study in this paper aims to provide a theoretical basis for promoting the effect of port industrial clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonic transducers are widely used in liquid sound velocity measurement. Acquisition of time-of-flight (TOF) is the key technology of high precision measurement of sound velocity. In this paper, to measure TOF with high precision, a Multi-strategy Measurement technique is proposed, which is able to locate the region of interest of the signals received echo waveform, and the wavelet denoising is carried out. To evaluate the proposed method, in an identified environment, the experiments were performed under defined the distance between transmitter and receiver in pure water at 30°C. The experiments were performed that, in the sound velocity measurement, the method has a high adaptability, which can achieve the goal of removing noise and improving detection accuracy. Although this paper focus on sound velocity in pure water, the method described may also find application in air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhang, J.; Zhang, Y.; Sun, S.-J.; Zhang, W.-W., and Zhang, S.-H., 2019. Analysis of the effect of low impact development on urban runoff control based on the SWMM model. In: Yu, T.-s. (ed.), Environmental Sustainability: Water Resources Integrated Management and the Development of Coastal Environments. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 96, pp. 62-67. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. In order to solve the problems of frequent urban flood disasters and the continuous deterioration of the water environment in the process of urbanization, the urban storm flood management method centered on Low Impact Development (LID) has become a new concept in urban construction. Taking one residential area in Beijing as the research object, and on the basis of the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), this paper simulates and analyzes the effect of LID measures on runoff control under different rainfall conditions, and deduces the functional relationship between the LID scale and runoff reduction. The results show that the runoff reduction rate decreases with the increase in rainfall level, and LID measures have the most obvious effect on runoff quantity reduction while having a small effect on the peak time delay. The research methods and results of this paper can provide a reference for sponge city construction, flood control and drainage management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tang, M.; Wang, H., and Huang, W., 2019. The influence of industrial policy on the industrial economy of the urban agglomeration around the coast of Hangzhou Bay. In: Yu, T.-s. (ed.), Environmental Sustainability: Water Resources Integrated Management and the Development of Coastal Environments. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 96, pp. 32–41. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. This paper first defines and clarifies the theoretical framework of industrial policy and industrial structure, and then analyzes the relationship between industrial policy and industrial structure of Hangzhou Bay through case studies about domestic and international cases and empirical research. The results revealed from the present study will have important theoretical and practical implication for governments to improve the relationship between industrial policy and industrial structure, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of the industrial structure of Hangzhou Bay. The main results are: first, from 2000 to 2018, the urban agglomeration around Hangzhou Bay (UAHB) has grown more than ten times, but there are considerable differences among different cities; second, the growth rate of the output of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries of UAHB is less than the growth rate of the output of the whole country, and there are significant differences among the output values of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries of different cities; third, the industries in Shanghai, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Huzhou, Shaoxing, Jiaxing, and Zhoushan are highly complementary, and the industrial structure problems brought by their capital are more serious than the problems brought by labor force; fourth, the total number of industrial policies and tertiary industry policies of the cities increased year by year, but the number of policy about the secondary industry begins to decrease. According to results revealed from a literature review and interviews with experts, this paper suggests that the urban agglomeration around Hangzhou Bay should focus more on the planning of policies about the development of the second industry. In making the policies, it is suggested to consider factors such as technological development, high quality, macroeconomic and microeconomic factors (e.g. market competition, administrative monopoly, scale discrimination and industrial clusters), and the latest industrial policies implemented in developed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yan, D.; Jiang, R.; Xie, J.; Zhu, J.; Liang, J., and Wang, Y., 2021. A multivariate and multistage streamflow prediction model based on signal decomposition techniques with deep learning. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(6), 1260–1270. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Accurate streamflow forecast plays an important role in the flood control operation of reservoir and water resource management, and how to build a prediction model with high accuracy is a research hotspot. In order to improve the prediction accuracy, this paper establishes a multivariate and multistage streamflow prediction model based on the combination of mode decomposition and deep learning models, including the variational mode decomposition (VMD), improved complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (ICEEMD), convolutional neural network (CNN), and long short-term memory (LSTM). Taking the Wei River Basin (WRB) of China as an example, streamflow in six hydrometric stations from the main stream of the WRB is used to validate the model. The results show that the proposed model have good prediction skills, and the prediction results of multistage models are better than single-stage models; however, the most complex models do not have the best results. The VMD also preformed better prediction skills than ICEEMD, and the optimal model was VCL (VMD-CNN-LSTM). The root-mean-square error, peak percentage of threshold statistic, and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient of VCL at Huaxian station are 43.82 m3/s, 10.02%, and 0.94, respectively. The models proposed in this paper are suitable for streamflow forecasting, which provide reference for streamflow forecasting and sustainable watershed management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wang, S.; Liu, D., and Wang, Z., 2018. The stability and reliability of the marine anchor rock mass under wave action. In: Liu, Z.L. and Mi, C. (eds.), Advances in Sustainable Port and Ocean Engineering. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 83, pp. 6–11. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. At present, most of the stability and reliability analysis of the coastal and anchor rocks is based on the genetic algorithm, while there is a problem that the efficiency of analysis is low. In this paper, a steady and reliability analysis method based on the wave action of the equivalent plastic strain is proposed. Firstly, the analysis model is established, and the uniform design method, radial basis neural network technology and maximum entropy principle are combined on this basis to complete the stability and reliability analysis. Experiments show that compared with traditional method, the error between the ultimate bearing capacity and the actual ultimate bearing capacity of the method in this paper is smaller, the stability and reliability analysis of the anchorage rock solid with different water content is more accurate and the effect is better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sun, L.; Liu, W.; Zhang, H.; Wu, M., and Xu, H., 2018. Cruise route simulation designs for South Asia. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia. With the increase in the popularity of cruise ships in recent years, several schemes and procedures have been developed for various related activities. While considering the attraction of tourist resources on the coastline and service competitiveness of port, this paper details the principal approaches to devising plans for cruise routes. First, each port is ranked according to its attractiveness under four indices, namely, marine services, customs clearance services, transport services, and tourism services. Second, with the aim of creating asymmetric links and the shortest path, a planning model is formulated to select and rank the ports of call. The aim of the model is to calculate the optimal revenue per voyage in light of the available time window and the duration of the voyage. The traversal and the randomised algorithms are used to calculate routes for small- and large-scale port collections, respectively. Furthermore, an empirical analysis of routes in South Asia is provided. The work in this study can aid in route planning in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Zhang, X.;Wu Q.Y., and Chen Y.X., 2018. Multiple Satellite Image Data Coordinative Computation Technology and Application in Coast Region. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 1436–1440. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Remote sensing data from different sensors have different advantages in wave band, space resolution, time resolution, imaging mode and different adaptabilities. The ecological environment and dynamic change monitoring of coast zones requires mutual image data coordinative computation. First, the earth observation net is introduced which can provide the cooperative observation ability. Second, this paper studies coordinative computing method of multi-source images which integrates multiple imaging advantages. This paper tests fine extraction and quantitative computing for pattern patches of the non-point source polluted scenery centralized layout in the coast zone, Fujian province, China. The results show that this method improves spatio-temporal recognition precision and quantitation precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhao, X.-N., Qiu, Y. and Zhang X., 2019. Sustainable local foreign direct investment performance in China: Based on the imbalance of coastal regional economy. In: Gong, D.; Zhu, H., and Liu, R. (eds.), Selected Topics in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 94, pp. 859–862. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. For advantage of the environment, coastal region in China is more attractive to foreign direct investment, such as Yangtze River delta and Pearl River delta. To analyze the differences in foreign direct investment importation performance among different provinces in China from a sustainability perspective, this paper constructed a foreign direct investment importation performance model based on the intertemporal effect of dynamic factors. Furthermore, applying the dynamic Malmquist model and panel data, this paper evaluated the total factor productivity of the foreign direct investment importation model by considering four factors as energy, openness, human capital, and physical capital. To obtain a comprehensive perspective, this paper also identified the bottlenecks of sustainability for FDI importation performance, based on an analysis of factor contributions. The results reveal that dynamic technical changes are critical in promoting foreign direct investment importation performance. Though, the advantange of coastal region is obvious. They are also enslaved to lower dynamic technical changes. Thus, the development of soft power is the greatest bottleneck for most Chinese provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xie, Y.; Li, P.; Xu, S.; Chen, J., and Feng, H., 2021. Failure probability and security risk analysis of gravity-wharf structures in port engineering. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(5), 1035–1041. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. To assess the security risk of the gravity-wharf overall structure, the failure probability of the overall structure of the gravity wharf is analyzed based on the Rosenblueth method combined with the structural reliability theory. By constructing the serial system of a gravity wharf, a simplified failure model of the overall structure of a gravity wharf is established to obtain the failure probability of the whole wharf structural system. Thus, the security risk assessment of the gravity-wharf structure is realized. The calculation and analysis of the failure risk of a gravity caisson wharf indicates that the reliability index of the gravity-wharf structure at design low water level is much lower than that at design high water level. And at the design low water level, the overall structure has the largest failure probability. The reliability index of antisliding stability of a gravity caisson wharf at design low water level is about 20.6% lower than that at design high water level. And the reliability index of anti-overturning stability at design low water level is about 11.9% lower than that at design high water level. Meanwhile, the failure probability of anti-overturning of the caisson wharf structure is higher than that of antisliding at the same water level. The analysis method in this paper needn't consider the distribution characteristics of each parametric variable, the calculation efficiency of which is high. The analysis conclusions can provide reference for the failure probability and security risk assessment of the gravity-wharf overall structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]