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The article focuses on the interaction recorder, an electronic punched paper tape unit for recording speech behavior during interviews. The study of verbal interview behavior results in the accumulation of (and the ultimate necessity to process) large quantities of data. This is true whether the investigative focus is on such global phenomena as personality traits or personality change, analysis of the content or themes expressed, or on such structural characteristics as frequency and durations of single units of speech and silence. With both the Chapple Interaction Chronograph and the Interaction Recorder, a trained observer is needed in order to record the interview interaction.

Presents introduction to the January 1, 1955 issue of the "Journal of Clinical Psychology."

The article focuses on a simple quantitative measure of pressure for use in the projective techniques. It presents a brief description on the use of a measuring technique and some implications of the scores obtained by the use of it for quantifying the variable of pressure exerted by the subject in the various projective paper-and-pencil techniques. It is applicable to such tests as HTP, Bender Gestalt group administered TAT and Rorschach, and it is particularly useful in the draw-a-person technique. In essence, the method involves the multiple reproduction of the original drawing by means of carbon paper while the subject is drawing. The amount of pressure exerted by the subject will be reflected in the number and extent of reproductions that is made under standard conditions.

The article focuses on the administration and scoring of the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test (MPD). The MPD Test consists of the six cards. The cards are to be presented by the examiner in sequence 1 through 6. The early analysis points to the possibility that a variation of sequence influences degrees of rotations with certain populations so it is important to follow the exact sequence starting with Card 1. The scoring for degrees of rotation is easy to master and takes about five minutes to score the entire set. To measure degrees of rotation, a total of three lines are drawn. The departure of the actual axis line from the perpendicular line constitutes the degrees of rotation.

This article discusses psychological types and changes with age. A considerable quantity of observations concerning retests, self and supplementary-estimates, psychiatric estimates, discrepancies; discrimination of the given estimate as relating to true inborn type or admired type or imagined type or overt type; ambivalence and overlying factors like emotions, all part and parcel of so-called clinical experience, have been discussed in a separate paper. One thousand subjects in age groups from 10 to 80 with equal incidence of each sex have been tabulated in various relations and reported in other papers. The persons observed were unselected, the questionnaire being offered wherever opportunity was found.

The article presents a report of the similarity of reproductions of the Bender-Gestalt designs when two different methods of motor manipulation are employed. In this study 32 subjects duplicated all the Bender-Gestalt designs on paper and five of them by placing pieces of felt on a felt board. Their performances were rated as to degree of similarity to the standard stimuli on both media and the ratings obtained on the two compared. The results indicate that uniformity actually occurs a minimum of 77 percent of its theoretical possibility and that total disagreement or extreme disagreement occurs only 6 percent of the time. These data are interpreted as indicating that the reproduction of the Bender-Gestalt figures is more influenced by covert perceptual responses than by motor techniques.

The article examines the Sargent Test. Sargent has recently made an attempt to incorporate the principles of projective methods into a group paper-and-pencil personality test, thus combining the administrative advantages of a written test with the diagnostic value of a projective technique. The theory and principles which lie behind this Test of Insight into Human Motives are reviewed. The present study seeks to investigate the Sargent test to further examine the reliability of the test; and to develop a simpler scoring system. The subjects were women from the beginning psychology classes at the University of Wisconsin in the fall of 1945, who volunteered for "a simple written experiment in connection with the study of group tendencies in college students."

The article focuses on research papers of clinical psychology. It informs that the same definition of research was applied in culling these journals; papers were included in the survey if they presented systematic investigation of a specifically described group of subjects and the derivation of normative or comparative data from psychometrics, case histories, or therapeutic interviews; or analysis of administration, scoring, and interpretation of a given instrument. It further informs that it is necessary to recognize, however, that changes in editorial policy of certain of the journals have resulted in the acceptance for publication of a larger number of shorter papers.

The article presents suggestions for more accurate measurement of some figure drawing variables. Suggestions are offered to increase the precision and reliability of scoring certain traditional drawing variables. If drawings done along different axes are to be compared for location, they may be more accurately scored using a procedure. Vertical imbalance may easily be scored with an inexpensive protractor. The score might be the angle the center of the figure makes with the bottom edge of the paper. The angle can be read from the protractor in degrees.

The article focuses on the periodical literature on techniques of psychotherapy. In spite of the considerable number of articles and books which are now being published on the subject of psychotherapy, it is often difficult to determine exactly what therapists do, or think they do, to help their clients overcome psychological and psychosomatic difficulties. In the article, the authors have surveyed only recent periodical literature on psychotherapy, since the authors do not consider broad conception of psychotherapy novel to the article.

This article reports the results of a pilot study that sought to merge two lines of scientific approach. Brief paper and pencil psychobehavioral assessment was completed on subjects to determine whether the psychobehavioral variables could differentiate between high and low risk subjects and subjects with previous documented myocardial infarction from those who are still healthy. Specifiable measures of behavior and coronary risk status appear to be related. Furthermore, a basic pattern of interpersonal recall was associated with coronary risk status.

This article focuses on the stimulus factor psychiatric patients in Bender-Gestalt test rotations (BG). Hospitalized psychiatric patients were individually ad ministered the BG with varying orientational clues as follows: first, 40 newly admitted patients sat at a bare desk in a relatively bare room with the BG design cards always placed parallel to the tops of their sheets of paper, second, 37 patients due to be discharged within a week took the test, third, 33 patients varying in psychiatric diagnosis but all manifesting alcoholism drew the designs on horizontally oriented graph paper held in a fixed position relative to the BG cards in an apparatus in which the cards were framed and presented in an upright position.

The article presents information on a survey that attempts to study the approximate amount of instruction and research relevant to community mental health presently included in psychology graduate programs. The questionnaire was sent to the chairmen of the 61 Departments of Psychology listed in 1960-61 as having doctoral programs in clinical or counseling psychology approved by the Education and Training Board. Replies were received from 52 departments, an 85 percent return. The data support the observation that relatively few Departments of Psychology offer much explicit instruction in community mental health concepts or techniques to their doctoral students.

The article cites a study to assess performance of personality. The individual responds to actual, physical stimuli of some potential significance rather than to conceptual or verbally defined stimuli. In devising the tests it was assumed that a person enters a situation with relatively stable tendencies to perceive and to respond selectively, endowing the stimuli with positive, negative, or neutral incentive values according to his unique personality characteristics. It was also assumed that personality characteristics are revealed, in some respect, by the stimulus materials he values or rejects and through the kinds of changes he physically imposes on these objects.

The article presents information on operational psychological report. Modern science faces the problem of maintaining open channels of communication in spite of the increasing complexity of subject matters. Perhaps the most important problem is the proliferation of new vocabularies in every subdivision of science to the point where only a semantic specialist can differentiate all the meanings involved. Psychological science, particularly, is greatly handicapped by an undue proliferation of vocabularies related to systems and schools to the extent that even well trained basic scientists find it difficult to comprehend the content of specialty journals.

The present report deals with the validity of the Shipley-Hartford Retreat Scale as a brief paper-and-pencil measure of current intellectual functioning. Although the Shipley-Hartford scale was devised primarily as a scale to reflect intellectual deficit, and its subsequent evaluation has indicated limited utility as a measure of deterioration, several investigators have been interested in its usefulness as a measure of functioning intelligence. This paper presents a table that summarizes some relationships between various brief measures of intelligence and the Wechsler Bellevue Scales.

The article discusses some of the major implications of the developing area of objective psycho-diagnostics that were selected for special consideration and for the bearing they have for some of the research papers appearing in 1955. The antecedent probability, or base rate, of a given characteristic in the general run of clinical cases being seen is of crucial importance in determining the efficiency of a cutting point on any score distribution. Since these values will fluctuate from installation to installation and undoubtedly from time to time in any given clinical agency, the test producer cannot provide this additional information for the individual clinician in the use of a diagnostic device.

The article presents a study, which attempts to determine the different ways in which spontaneous colored chalk productions differentiate between patients with psychoneurosis and those with cerebral pathology. The materials used were white paper, an ordinary stopwatch, five colored chalks, blue, green, red, yellow, and black. The most significant finding refers to the high percentage of patients with cerebral pathology who produce either a series of simple colored strips or use one color in completing the entire surface of the page. The neurotic patients, on the other hand, tend to organize their work into higher-level designs.

This article focuses on quantification on the Eight Card Redrawing Test (8CRT). The 8CRT is an attempt to answer this problem of quantification. The 8CRT consists of eight interrelated drawings, each a development of the immediately preceding one. Transparent paper is used so that the subject sees the immediately preceding figure as he draws over it. In this way change can be observed on a continuum. Group administration is just as effective as is an individual administration and does not decrease the projective nature of the test.

This article discusses research in the field of clinical psychology. In view of the great need for knowledge of a factual nature in the field of psychotherapy, it is encouraging to find that the frequency of research reports concerned with objective evaluation of the effects of psychotherapy remains high. H.J. Eysenck's recent provocative summary should prove challenging rather than discouraging to clinicians and should operate to enhance collaborative investigation by psychologists and psychiatrists who need to demonstrate the evidence which underlies their subjective convictions that psychotherapy is a socially useful function in which to be engaged.

The article presents a discussion on the reflection hypothesis, proposed by psychologist Carl Rogers. Rogers defined reflection as a type of response to the client in which the counselor tries to understand from the client's point of view and to communicate that understanding. To test this hypothesis, an investigation was made on the responses made by clinically trained and untrained people to hypothetical counseling situations via pencil-and-paper methods. Findings suggest that clinical skills have been shown to be considerably more than a simple extension of knowledge of interpersonal relations possessed by any reasonably intelligent and emotionally mature person. This appears to be the case at least insofar as one testable notion about therapy, namely, reflection, is concerned.

The article cites the study to approach the adult female obese personality through the use of the Rorschach test. The authors' plan is (1) to determine if there are reliable and differentiating Rorschach quantitative indices which characterize the personality structure of obese women as contrasted with women within the ideal weight range, (2) to determine the degree in which these differentiating indices are present, and (3) to attempt to reconstruct a pattern of psychic-economic distribution of personality energy typical of the personality structure of obese women. Later papers will treat nuclear conflicts and crucial relationships in the personality of obese women as reflected in other projective techniques.

The article focuses on a comparison of personality test scores and medical psychiatric diagnosis by the inverted factor techniques which is concerned with a population of n individuals each of whom has been measured by m tests. The author administered four paper and pencil personality tests including the Bernreuter Personality Inventory, the Bell Adjustment Inventory, the Guilford Martin Series, and the Minnesota Multiphasic inventory to twenty five neuropsychiatric patients at a the Mare Island Naval Hospital in northern California. It was found that the symptomatology of the cases on each factor--both negatively and positively loaded cases--were similar enough to make tentative interpretation.

The article presents a rational analysis of certain concepts and their associated phenomena of clinical and applied psychology. Catinuum is unuiterrupted extent such that adjacent parts which are barely difierentiable in space or in a spatial model exhibit the same class character but when parts are sufficiently non-adjacent they exhibit different class characters. The catemenison is a dimension which is indicated only by a set of ordered categorical phenomena. It informs that it seems that the catscale technique is applicable wherever rating scales or tests are applicable.

The article reports that this 30-year anniversary issue of the "Journal of Clinical Psychology," was dedicated to Frederick C. Thorne ("Fred") to celebrate and commemorate Fred's 30 years as the founder and the editor of the journal. By invitation, this issue contains eleven papers contributed by Fred's colleagues. The authors of these papers represent a variety of different theoretical orientations, but nevertheless their papers provide consensus in their testimony as to Fred's prominent, multifaceted impact upon clinical psychology.

This article presents material which adds to that presented by W.C. Schutz in terms of intercorrelations among scales, construct validation of the control scales and data dealing with hospitalized psychiatric patients. Schutz's "FIRO-B" is a paper and pencil test composed of six nine-item Guttman scales. There are three dimensions: inclusion, control, and affection. For each dimension there are two scales, one for the person's behavior toward other people, i.e., expressed inclusion, control, and affection, and one for behavior desired from other people, i.e., wanted inclusion, control, and affection. The design of the test makes it eminently suitable for work with multi-person situations.

The article presents information on the effects of anxiety and conformity on the Structured-Objective Rorschach Test (SORT). This paper is an exploratory study concerning the effects of two empirically selected motives, anxiety and conformity, on the SORT. Following a common research procedure, the effects of motivational variables will be determined by selecting 55 with extreme scores on the devices used to measure the motives. The hypothesis for this study is that the SORT protocols will reflect differences in levels of anxiety and conformity. The interaction effects further emphasize the need for additional research on the SORT. It would appear that the instrument is sensitive enough to motivational variables to make further research in this area necessary. One hundred nineteen Ss were administered the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Bernberg Human Relations Inventory, and the Structured-Objective Rorschach Test.

The article reports on figure location in student and patient samples. Clinicians frequently attribute projective significance to the page location of drawings. Karen Machover interprets left placement as self orientated, while the right of the page signifies the environment. The top is related to optimism, and the lower portion to depression. The results of this experiment contradict the hypothesis that productions of geometric figures evoked in relatively unstructured situations have potential for differentiating populations varying across several parameters. Fifty hospitalized veterans and 47 college students were instructed to draw horizontal and vertical lines, a circle, square, and triangle on standard white bond paper. With the exception of the circle placement, the groups show marked similar preference for utilization of the upper left portion of the page. The importance of common learned behavior in limiting the range of "dynamically" determined choices is discussed.

The article states that the issue dated October 1952 marks the end of eight years of publication of the Journal, and it seems desirable to review the general objectives and policies which have controlled our actions. This attempt at self-evaluation is stimulated partially by several evaluative reviews of the Journal's contents from external observers but more particularly by our own editorial awareness of our responsibilities for periodically evaluating and publicizing our policies.

The article focuses on the increase of personality response consistency by prior response. Prior research has shown that item response consistency is increased by prior item response. That is, if an item is responded to repeatedly by the same person, his first and second responses are less likely to be the same than later pairs of sequentially adjacent responses. Previous research described above, thus suggests the general hypothesis that personality response consistency will be increased by prior response. In this paper, change in each of the following will be examined relative to the general hypothesis: scale reliability, scale score, and pattern of scale score.

The article focuses on the state-trait analysis of alpha density and personality variables in a normal population. The demonstration of biofeedback-assisted regulation of brain waves has kindled a renewal of interest in the interrelationship between psychological phenomena and electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns. Most intriguing to researchers and clinicians alike is the possibility that feedback-assisted self-control of EEG patterns may serve as a regulator of psychological states. The primary purpose of the present paper was to examine the relationship of some selected trait measures of personality with resting samples of alpha density in a normal population. A second purpose is to examine the implications of such data for a state-trait approach to alpha and the experiential states associated with alpha.

The present paper attempts to clarify further the meaning of life style from an Adlerian perspective and to elucidate the manner in which one's life style develops. During therapy the life style becomes the focal point for understanding present behavior. Since Adlerian theory is a here-and-now approach, little time is spent with past history. However, the life style can be used to make educated guesses as to the client's pattern of movement in the future. One whose need is to control will attempt to get into situations in which he can control; he will interact with others in a controlling manner. One of the here-and-now aspects of Adlerian therapy is the therapist's skill in pointing out to the client the manner in which his life style is manifesting itself with the therapist.

This article constructs a Terminators-Remainers scale composed of those items of the Social History Questionnaire that best differentiated between Terminators and Remainers. A formidable problem encountered in clinical practice concerns the large number of clients who start psychotherapy but for various reasons terminate treatment prematurely. The initial sample of this study consisted of 95 clients accepted for psychotherapy during a 11-month period at a small mental health clinic. The measure used was the Social History Questionnaire, a 393-item, forced-choice, pencil-and-paper intake interview.

This article scrutinizes the 28-year development of growth groups for those factors that have made the guidelines for psychologists conducting growth groups. Carl Rogers, the well-known proponent of client-centered therapy, first coined the term "basic encounter groups." Encounter groups tend to emphasize personal growth and the development and improvement of interpersonal communication and relationships through an experiential process. It is difficult to determine the extent of the growth group movement in the U.S. One estimate claimed that over five million people have been involved.

This article presents information about the books "Today's Neurotic Family," by Harry F. Tashman; "Epilepsy," by Letitia Fairdeal and "Meprobramate and Other Agents Used in Mental Disturbances," edited by Frank M. Berger. First book presents psychoanalyticaily oriented essays for the layman. Second book presents a summary for laymen by an English writer and the third book is a very valuable collection of original papers on the pharmacology and clinical effects of Meprobramate.

This article presents information about the books "The Rehabilitation of Speech," by R. West, M. Ansberry and A. Carr and "Alcoholism," edited by H.E. Himwich. This book presents transactions of a multidisciplinary symposium sponsored by the AAAS incuding an important selection of original papers by recognized authorities.

This article focuses on the book "Clues to Suicide," edited by E.S. Shneidman and N.L. Farberow. This book is a collection of papers presenting various approaches relating to the problem of suicide.

This article focuses on the book "Psychotherapy of the Adolescent," by Benjamin H. Balser. This is a collection of papers and interpretations on the treatment of adolescents at different levels of psychiatric practice with special emphasis on the role of the school.

The article presents an account of the book "Success in Psychotherapy," by Werner Wolff and Joseph A. Preckner. The book is a monograph consisting of seven papers mostly by psychologists discussing the definition and measurement of success in psychotherapy, changes in adjustment following psychotherapy, client defensiveness and circular patterns in behavior.

The article presents an account of the book "Ego Psychology and the Psychoses," by Paul Federn. The book is an interesting collection of theoretical papers by Paul Federn edited and with an introduction by Edoardo Weiss. Federn's ego psychology implies the necessity of evaluating ego strengths and weaknesses and the various ways in which ego libido manifests itself.

The article presents an account of the book "Direct Analysis," by John N. Rosen. The book is a series of papers written by a psychiatrist to illustrate the application of psychoanalysis to psychotics by the direct analysis and interpretation of psychotic unconscious contents. Selected cases are presented with discussion by the author and other psychiatrists.

The article presents an account of the book "Psychoanalysis and the Occult," edited by George Devereux. The book is a series of papers dealing with the relations of psychoanalysis and parapsychology including original contributions by eminent psychologists together with the more concurrent controversies in the field of telepathy in analysis.

The article focuses on age and a group test battery as predictors of types of crime. Age and a group test battery were used to predict types of crimes committed by offenders, classified according to offense as classified into three groups: crimes against persons, crimes against property, and paper-and-pencil crimes. The data were analyzed by a stepwise discriminate function regression analysis. The cases were classified correctly into the three groups by the tests, when compared to actual crimes committed better than would be expected by chance.