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The article focuses on research papers of clinical psychology. It informs that the same definition of research was applied in culling these journals; papers were included in the survey if they presented systematic investigation of a specifically described group of subjects and the derivation of normative or comparative data from psychometrics, case histories, or therapeutic interviews; or analysis of administration, scoring, and interpretation of a given instrument. It further informs that it is necessary to recognize, however, that changes in editorial policy of certain of the journals have resulted in the acceptance for publication of a larger number of shorter papers.

The article presents a paper-and-pencil test that could discriminate the normal from manic and depressed states, a list of items was obtained which described behavior believed to be characteristic of these states. The test was ad- ministered routinely each week to patients on a research ward concerned with the manic-depressive illness. After five months, test scores were available from 9 patients who had been judged as clinically manic and 15 who had been judged as clinically depressed for various lengths of time.

This article presents a study, which focuses on the diagnosis of psychoses. Perhaps no other branch of psychology currently stresses and strains associated with attempts to evolve appropriate function, chart a direction for future training, and usefulness to society to the extent to which they are profession of clinical psychology. The evidence based on an analysis of the content of articles that appeared in five journals commonly used by clinical psychologists as publication outlets quite convincingly points to the diminished role of the diagnostic function on the cone temporary American scene.

The article presents information on the patient as a constant in psychotherapy. It demonstrates a procedure which enables certain aspects of the psychotherapeutic process to be held constant by using a highly resistant patient. Experimental studies of characteristics of therapists and observers are then possible. In terms of this study, each therapist had his own style and method which was little influenced by conscious attempts to standardize technique. There were individual differences in regard to the degree to which a therapist could alter his approach to the patient. Some tried hard to return occasionally to the agreed upon approach. Others acted as if there never had been any discussion or agreement on the subject.

The article discusses that the AB Scale has generated considerable research as a predictor of therapist effectiveness. Currently, there are over 35 studies using the scale, solidly establishing it as a useful research tool. However, in the rush to discover substantive findings, investigators have not provided normative data on the instrument. This article attempts to remedy this shortcoming. These results suggest that the AB Scale is fairly stable across different populations. It is important to note that distributions of the AB Scale scores are more symmetrical in the samples with greater professional training, samples from which psychotherapists--and likely subjects for further AB research--would be selected.

The article presents discusses that the paper "Reliability, Chance and Fantasy in Inter-Judge Agreement Among Clinicians" published in the July 1954 issue of the periodical deserves the most careful attention from all experimenters using small sample statistical because it points up grave inadequacies which are overlooked frequently in uncritical research design. Any person with long experience with games of chance will be aware of certain vagaries in statistical tendencies, which may grossly distort the characteristics of small samples of data taken in isolation from the long-term trends of the factors under study. Every elementary textbook in statistics contains illustrations of the apparent skewing which may occur with sampling inadequacies but which are smoothed out with collection of a sufficiently large sampling of data to eliminate atypical samplings.

The article presents information on a single illustrative judge protocol, based on Rorschach responses. the material includes the subject responses on which the judgment was based, the judge's running comment on the procedure she followed, the final judgment, and the like. The method used in obtaining the protocol is described, with a brief comment on the possible value of such protocols in research. A representative protocol was selected on an unbiased basis from 100 similar protocols, obtained as follows: Three experienced clinicians, each of whom had conducted and participated in somewhat similar previous studies, made 50 judgments each.

This article presents a study, which examines the relationship of SES, urban vs. rural residence and geographic region to the IQs obtained by children on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. Other investigators have related IQ to SES and to urban vs. rural residence, although typically there has been no way to evaluate whether groups that are being compared on one variable also differ on other important variables. However, one cannot rule out the possibility that the urban and rural children may have differed on other variables, such as SES, and that these other variables may have been responsible for the IQ difference.

This article presents a study, which focuses on the screening of organic brain impairment. The Memory-For-Designs test continues to enjoy wide usage as a brief screening device for organic brain impairment, although the cutting scores suggested by scholars have been challenged by others. The original study was inconclusive on several counts: There were no cross validation data; practice effects related to test Ss who were receiving both exposure times of the designs were not controlled adequately; and the method of group comparison did not allow an adequate statistical test of interaction.

This article presents a study, which focuses on judges' ratings. Intuition suggests that in studies that employ judges' ratings an increase in the number of judges employed should lead to a corresponding increase in the reliability of the mean of the judges' ratings, and the well-known Spearman-Brown result supports this intuition. The purpose of this note is to provide investigators with a table that will aid in the rapid estimation of effective reliabilities in studies that employ judges' ratings.

This article presents a study, which describes alcoholism as a predictive index of elapsed time between grand mal seizure. Patients who reported to a veteran's outpatient clinic because of a grand mal epileptic seizure were classified initially as to whether alcohol appeared to precipitate the seizure. These male patients were "followed" for up to 27 years, depending upon when they entered the study, and assessments of their alcoholism status were made at yearly intervals. A study of the elapsed times between the initial seizure at the time of first clinic visit and the subsequent seizure showed a statistically significant shorter time for the "definitely" alcoholic vs. the "obviously" nonalcoholic.

The article presents a method for assessing the saliency level of areas in a person's current life situation. The concept of saliency has a long history in psychology, and a variety of definitions of it have appeared over the years. In addition, it appears to be only one of a number of constructs that are now seen as similar abstract equivalents. Because high level abstractions such as motivation, purpose, saliency, etc., are difficult to research, investigators appear to be abandoning them in favor of more specific terminology.

The article focuses on perceptual changes in social isolation and confinement. A large scale program of research on groups in isolation provided an opportunity to chart certain perceptual changes related to personality functioning that might occur for pairs of men socially isolated and confined for a ten-day period. The design also permitted examination of the interactive effects of social isolation and group member composition with regard to need achievement, need affiliation, need dominance and dogmatism on perceptual changes. Changes in personality manifestations as a function of isolation and group composition were examined by comparing pre- and post-experimental responses to the Holtzman lnkblots of matched dyads living and working in radically different settings for a ten-day period.

This article reports a factor analytic study of sexuality in adult males utilizing "The Sex Inventory," a 200 item objective questionnaire especially constructed for the investigation of sex delinquency. The objective measurement of sexuality presents difficult technical problems due to the delicate nature of the issues involved, and the question of obtaining truthful answers as far as the subject can consciously report his sexual feelings. The very heterogeneous composition of the population under study provided an extremely vigorous test for the factorial research design. Pilot studies showed that different clinical groups were answering most of the items of "The Sex Inventory," in opposite ways depending upon their different backgrounds and ideological attitudinal composition.

The article presents information on the psychologist as a ward administrator. The duties and attitudes of clinical psychologists acting as ward administrators were sampled in a mail survey. Ward administration was currently practiced in 23% of the institutions polled. It was practiced equally in both state and Veterans Administration hospitals. This role was a controversial one with over one-half of the psychologists so employed being ambivalent about it. The psychologist is seen as attempting to find a place on the treatment team more compatible with his training. The role of ward administrator is not extremely popular to the clinical psychologist, as over half of the psychologists so employed have definite reservations.

The article presents information on the army classification battery general technical (GT) score as a measure of intelligence in a military prisoner population. The results of this study depart considerably from those reviewed earlier in which correlations between GT scores and more conventional estimates of intellectual capacity ranged from .60 to .88w. Several factors may be postulated to account for the findings in the present investigation: The results of the correlations reflect the study of a sample with a narrowed range of intelligence. The study of this severely truncated sample would be expected to produce a lower correlation. Some differences in test construction have been manifested here.

The article presents an analysis of variance model specifically designed to analyse intraindividual Q sort patterns. The dimensions presented are used for illustrative purpose and certainly do not preclude the adaptation of the approach to other types of patterning. This set of analyses is but one example of how Q sort data may lead to analyses yielding information about intra-individual personality patterns. The interested personality researcher undoubtedly will think of many sets of assumptions built around different Q sort structures. To the extent that patterns derived in this manner are replicable within specified groups, this approach provides a worthwhile extension of normative measurement.

The article presents information on normative data obtained with the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (CMAS), a report of results with another measure of manifest anxiety--the Children's Anxiety Pictures (CAP), and a discussion of some relationships that were obtained between the two techniques. The present study reports the performance of 30 boys and girls in residence at the Wayne County Training School on two measures purporting to tap manifest anxiety, the CMAS, a questionnaire-type test adapted from the Taylor Anxiety Scale for adults, and the CAP, a projective-type test consisting of black and white ambiguous figures. The subjects in the study were part of a larger project investigating tranquillizing medications, were all adjudged emotionally disturbed, and were considered free from neurological signs as determined by medical examination.

The article investigates whether or not the reliability of judgment will continue to be found when specific dimensions or aspects of schizophrenic thinking, that is, the potential intelligence exhibited in the response, the communicability of the response, and its position on a scale of concreteness-abstraction, are substituted for the general dimension of how schizophrenic each of these responses is. Moreover, as a more specific, supposedly more demanding task is substituted for the general one, will the gap in ability between the trained clinicians and the naive subjects increase, or will the performance of the naive subjects continue at its previous high level.

This article presents a study on the score equivalence of the Wechsler-Bellevue intelligence scales, Form I and II. The present research sample consists of 38 flyers who were referred for consultation concerning psychological factors related to inefficiency in flying duties. They were referred for evaluation during the first six months of 1954. They ranged in age from 20 to 36, and reported from 12 to 17 years of education. All were tested on successive days by experienced examiners, the form administered first being alternated from patient to patient. These patients are believed to be representative of the intellectually homogeneous group of flying personnel who comprise the principal category of patients referred for consultation in the Air Force for mildly incapacitating nervous complaints.

This article presents a conversion table to assist the research worker and clinician in analyzing the item content of the group and individual forms of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. The information presented is not readily available in the publisher a manual. It was prepared to meet needs experienced in the laboratory and is published in response to requests for copies. The chart is useful in relation to the following specific problems: in analyzing item validities with reference to specific criteria, the investigator may be interested in item content in relation to the clinical scales. This information is conveniently presented in the chart, which is keyed both for the Individual and Group Forms.

This article focuses on a validation study of the L-M Fergus Falls Behavior Rating Scale. In connection with a large research project, a behavioral analysis of a state hospital population, it was decided to make a further study of the validity of this scale. During this investigation the question arose as to the influence on the ratings of the sex of the rater. So a ward on which male and female aides get to know both male and female patients was used to get comparable ratings by both sexes. The total population of Fergus Falls State Hospital, 1940 patients on 26 wards, was rated on the eleven areas of behavior used in the L-M Fergus Falls Behavior Rating Scale.

This article presents a study, which predicts full scale WAIS IQs with the Shipley-Hartford (SH). Several tables for the conversion of Shipley-Hartford total scores to WAIS full scale IQs were compared on a sample of 37 psychiatric outpatients. The present study was undertaken to determine which conversion table works best in an outpatient psychiatry clinic and to see whether the SH can be used with confidence in that setting with patients who score poorly on the SH. Mental Health Center files from a 2-year period were searched for WAIS protocols from all patients who also had completed the SH within 120 days of WAIS administration. A sample of 37 records was found, which included 15 females and 22 males.

This article presents a factorial study of the in-patient muldiadjustment psychiatric scale. A factor analysis is reported of the scores on the IMPS first order factors and experimental syndromes obtained from a series of 100 consecutive admissions to a female psychiatric ward. Five factors that identify depressive states, manic states, paranoid schizophrenia and two types of nonparanoid schizophrenia were identified. These five factors possessed similarities and differences from the five published IMPS second order factors.

The article discusses comparisons of normal adolescents, psychiatric patients, and adults on internal-external control. Behavioral responses to rewards depend, in part, on whether the person perceives the reward as contingent upon his own behavior (internal-control) or independent of his own behavior and due to chance (external-control). The Internal-External Control Scale (I-E scale) was designed to measure the extent to which rewards are perceived as being internally or externally controlled. Development of the I-E scale and an extensive review of research with this instrument are reported by Rotter.

This article focuses on differential responding to achromatic and chromatic Rorscharch Stimuli. In a review of the literature, the necessity for placing greater stress on the study of the stimulus variables of the Rorschach test has been pointed out. A vast percentage of the studies reviewed were attempts to delineate the effect of color on responding. A major difficulty with previous studies on the stimulus variable of the Rorschach test was the complexity of the verbal responses used to measure the effect of the variables.

The article presents information on the schizophrenics' judgments of schizophrenic test responses. In the course of an extensive, empirical investigation of clinical judgment researchers have collected thousands of judgments from trained clinicians on the amount of confusion exhibited in test responses gathered from schizophrenic patients. the authors have also gathered comparable judgments on test responses of neurotics, organics, the mentally retarded, and normal patients. The judges were 15 schizophrenic patients randomly selected except for the qualification that they must be sufficiently in contact to cooperate in the experiment. The stimuli were 100 different schizophrenic vocabulary test responses previously standardized by the authors.

The article presents information on a study of clinical reliability into a different category of disorder employing a different dimension of judgment and another type of test item. Specifically, the authors were interested in the reliability of the scaling judgments obtained when clinicians were asked to rate the amount of asocial tendency exhibited in responses to Comprehension sub-test items from the Wechsler-Bellevue scale given to a group of Naval disciplinary cases. The clinical psychologists used were 15 professional clinicians scattered over the U.S. area. All had served in some of the previous experiments on the reliability of clinical judgment and were familiar with the use of a seven-point scale in rating the schizophrenic nature of responses to Vocabulary test items.

This article provide some validational data on researcher H. Stein's Sentence Construction Test (SCT) designed to measure cognitive disturbance through verbal behavior. Provided that the SCT can differentiate between degrees of cognitive disturbance, newly hospitalized psychotic patients should score higher than psychotic patients at the time of their release. No significant differences, in contrast, should be found between nonpsychotic admission and release patients, as cognitive disturbances are assumed to be only minimally evident in such diagnostic groups. The greater use of personal pronouns by the psychotic admission subjects supports one of Stein's hypotheses, which, however, was not substantiated by his own data.

The article presents information on the failure of some psychologists to individualize the client in their clinical reports, that is, to describe the client so that the reader knows how he differs from other people and in what important ways he is similar to others. The need for clinical psychological reports to more effectively portray the individual characteristics of the client was examined. Four types of report writing which defeat this purpose were discussed and remedial measures were suggested. There are several considerations which apply to individualizing a client in a psychological report. These may be used as guides for the psychologist to the extent his data permit.

This article focuses on computed values for Q-sort item factor arrays. J.W. Caeser in his article "An Aid in Calculating Q Sort Factor Arrays," has performed a very useful service to researchers working with the Q-technique by presenting a table of factor weights associated with each loading from give Q-factor solutions. These factor weights were computed by using Spearman's formula, where r is the factor loading for a given person. The aid of a high speed electronic computer made it possible for the author to carry Caeser's efforts one step further by multiplying of these factor weights by a range of raw Q-sort scores.

The article presents information on the book "The Focused Interview," by R.K. Merton, M. Fiske and P.L. Kendall.