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Objectives: (1) To describe existing tools to assess the burden of informal caregivers of people with cancer, (2) to describe how these tools have been validated and (3) to describe the areas of interest of existing assessment tool entries. Background: The caregiver burden of informal caregivers of people with cancer greatly affects their lives. There is a wide variety of relevant assessment tools available, but there are no studies to help researchers to select tools. Methods: A search was conducted using the keywords 'cancer', 'caregiver', 'burden' and 'scale' in Medline (PubMed), CINAHL and EMBASE to include articles that developed or applied tools to assess the burden on informal caregivers of cancer patients. Once eligible tools were identified, we searched their 'primary reference' studies. If the original scale was assessed in a population other than informal caregivers of cancer patients, we again searched for psychometric measures in the population of caregivers of cancer patients. Results: This study retrieved 938 articles on developing or applying the informal caregiver burden instrument for cancer patients, including 42 scales. Internal consistency of the original scales ranged from 0.53 to 0.96. Nineteen scales initially developed to assess caregiver burden for patients with dementia, stroke and other disorders were later used for caregivers of cancer patients, eight of which have not yet been validated. Reclassifying all scale domains of concern revealed that scale assessments focused more on caregivers' physical health, emotional state and caregiving tasks. Conclusion: This review identifies many scales for assessing informal caregiver burden in cancer patients and gives scales recommended. However, a portion still needs to be validated. The development of a new scale proposes to be based on a theoretical framework and to consider dimensions for assessing support resources. Impact: What problem did the study address?: This paper collates assessment tools on the burden of informal carers of people with cancer. It also provides information on the applicable population, reliability and validity. What were the main findings?: 41 scales could be considered for use, eight of which have not been validated. The scales focus more on assessing caregivers' physical health, emotional state and caregiving tasks, and less on the dimension of support resources. Where and on whom will the research have an impact?: There are implications for informal carers of cancer patients in hospitals or in the community, as well as for relevant researchers. Reporting Method: Retrieved with reference to systematic evaluation. Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To synthesize evidence regarding the effectiveness of technology‐based psychosocial interventions in improving health‐related outcomes among family caregivers of stroke survivors. Design: A systematic review and meta‐analysis was reported by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines. Methods: Randomized controlled trials that investigated the effects of psychosocial interventions delivered through information and communication technologies on self‐efficacy, caregiving competence, caregiver burden, perceived social support, anxiety, depression, health‐related quality of life and cost‐effectiveness were included. Two researchers independently selected studies, extracted data, and appraised the quality of the included studies. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and narrative synthesis were conducted. Data Sources: Ten electronic databases (PubMed, CENTRAL, Web of Science, Scopus, CINHAL, Embase, Institution of Electrical Engineers Xplore, Ovid Medline, PsycINFO, ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis) were searched up to February 2023. Results: Nineteen studies involving 1717 participants fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Technology‐based psychosocial interventions significantly improved self‐efficacy (SMD =.62), caregiving competence (SMD =.55), depression (SMD = −.25) and anxiety (SMD = −.35). However, perceived social support, caregiver burden, and health‐related quality of life did not show significant improvements. Subgroup analyses revealed that the interventions, lasting from 4 to 6 weeks and encompassing comprehensive contents, exhibited larger effect sizes. None of the studies measured cost‐effectiveness. Conclusion: The technology‐based psychosocial interventions are effective in enhancing self‐efficacy and caregiving competence, as well as alleviating anxiety, and depression among family caregivers of stroke survivors. Future research should investigate interventions delivered through various digital platforms using well‐designed RCTs with in‐depth qualitative data collection and measurement of health and cost‐effectiveness outcomes. Impact: Through psychosocial interventions, healthcare providers in clinical and community settings, particularly nurses, could incorporate technologies into current stroke care practices. Patient or Public Contribution: It is not applicable as this is a systematic review. Registration: The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023402871). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The family caregivers as primary caregivers play a crucial role regarding the care of cancer patients. As defined in the literature, the care burden encompasses the negative objective and subjective outcomes including psychological and physical health problems, economic and social issues, deterioration of family relationships and feelings of loss of control that arise from caregiving responsibilities. Aims: This study aims to assess the care burden and to evaluate the associated factors among family caregivers of cancer patients receiving treatment at a state hospital in Türkiye. Methods: This cross‐sectional study was conducted with the family caregivers of patients undergoing treatment in the radiation oncology department of a state hospital in Türkiye. The study population consisted of 350 individuals, with a participation rate of 80%. Participants were administered a questionnaire concerning determining daily living activities and identifying the caregiving burden through their socio‐demographic characteristics. Results: The care burden among primary family caregivers while the delivery of health services was severe for 85.1% of them. The average ZBI score of caregivers was 55.92 ± 14.58. It was clarified that family caregivers' burden was influenced by several factors, including the duration of caregiving, difficulties experienced while caring for the patient, and the negative impact on their daily roles. Conclusion: Our study's findings indicate the need for health professionals to support caregivers of cancer patients while over half of the caregivers were identified as having a severe level of caregiving burden. It is important to raise awareness among nurses and the oncology team with a holistic approach. In the delivery of health services, caregivers' needs should be identified first, support mechanisms should be activated and interventions should be made to meet these needs. Impact: This study's findings highlight the need to identify and problems faced by family members during caregiving. This is important for sustainable and cost‐effective holistic care. Reporting Method: The results of this study are reported based on the guidelines of The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies (cohort, case–control studies, cross‐sectional studies) in Epidemiology (STROBE). Implications for practice: Our study's findings indicate the need for health professionals to support caregivers of cancer patients. It is important to raise awareness among nurses and the oncology team with a holistic approach. In the delivery of health services, caregivers' needs should be identified first, support mechanisms should be activated and interventions should be made to meet these needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To examine the effects of spousal support and parent–nurse partnership on caregiver burden of parents of children with chronic disease. Background: With the trend of increasing the global number of children with chronic diseases, the parental caregiver burden has become increasingly prevalent. Design: Cross‐sectional study. Methods: The study participants included 115 parents of children diagnosed with chronic disease at a general hospital in South Korea. The study duration was 4 June 2021–30 April 2022. Self‐reported measures included the parent–nurse partnership scale, the Korean version of the Parenting Alliance Inventory and the family caregiver burden scale. T‐tests, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients and hierarchical linear multiple regression were conducted using IBM SPSS version 26.0. This study followed STROBE guideline. Results: Parental caregiver burden was significantly negatively associated with spousal support and parent–nurse partnership. Factors significantly influencing caregiver burden were parental alcohol consumption; child's inherited metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, disease relating to haematological tumours or kidney disease diagnosis; child's health perceived as poor by parents; child's dependency perceived as high by parents; hospitalization recency; and low spousal support. These factors accounted for 65% of caregiver burden. Conclusion: Parental caregiver burden was related to spousal support and parent–nurse partnership, but the primary factor affecting caregiver burden was spousal support. Relevance to clinical practice: The results highlighted the role of healthcare professionals in educating parents of children with chronic diseases to facilitate spousal support and have implications for nursing and community‐based interventions to reduce parental caregiver burden. Furthermore, they underlined that policymakers and other stakeholders should pay attention to the parental caregiver burden through government‐based, family‐centered strategies. Patient or public contribution: Parents of children with chronic disease were recruited to perform the self‐administered survey in the phase of data collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While previous research has established that resilience is affected by various factors, these studies have primarily focussed on individual variables associated with resilience, without providing insights into how to influence the rate of change in resilience. Aim: To examine the trajectory of resilience and identify the factors associated with changes in resilience among spousal caregivers of patients with newly diagnosed advanced cancer receiving treatment during the first 6 months. Design: An observational longitudinal study. Methods: A total of 312 spousal caregivers of patients with newly diagnosed advanced cancer were recruited from January 2022 to December 2022 in Yancheng, China. Three data collection points were established, spanning from the first month to 6 months after initial cancer treatment. A latent growth model was employed to depict the resilience trajectory at various time points. A latent growth model with time‐invariant covariates was adopted to determine the factors influencing resilience trajectory. The study adhered to the STROBE checklist for proper reporting. Results: Throughout the follow‐up period, the participants experienced a significant increase in resilience. Gender, family income, the patient's health status, spirituality and belief in familism were significantly associated with the baseline resilience level. Moreover, family income, the patient's health status, spirituality, caregiver burden and belief in familism were significantly associated with the rate of resilience change over time. Conclusions: Spousal caregivers demonstrated a linear increase in resilience during the first 6 months after initial treatment. Meanwhile, changes in resilience were influenced by multiple factors during the early phase of cancer treatment. Thus, more attention should be paid to early identification and implementation of targeted interventions. Relevance to Clinical Practice: Healthcare professionals should understand the change in resilience among spousal caregivers and conduct timely mental health interventions to enhance the resilience of families affected by cancer. Patient or Public Contribution: The Guidance for Reporting Involvement of Patients and the Public‐Short Form reporting checklists were used to improve patient and public involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To examine the effectiveness of family‐centred interventions among family caregivers. Background: Family‐centred interventions are an emerging form of intervention that can be effective at improving physical and mental health outcomes for patients and family caregivers. To date, no reviews have examined the effectiveness of family‐centred interventions for family caregivers. Design: A systematic review, including a meta‐analysis, was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA 2020) checklist. Methods: Seven English and two Chinese electronic databases were compressively searched from the outset to March 2023. Two researchers independently reviewed the abstracts and full texts, extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias independently by using the Cochrane 'Risk of bias assessment tool'. Results: This systematic review and meta‐analysis included 20 articles. The results of the meta‐analysis showed that family‐centred interventions could significantly improve caregiver burden (p=0.003), quality of life (p = 0.007), depression (p = 0.0002), and stress (p < 0.0001) but not anxiety or family functioning. According to our subgroup analysis, the family‐centred empowerment model (p = 0.009) was superior to the other family intervention (p=0.004) in reducing caregiver burden. Family‐centred interventions are more effective at reducing the burden of caregiving on family caregivers of adolescent patients (SMD=−0.79, 95% CI[−1.22,−0.36], p = 0.0003) than on adult patients (SMD=−0.37, 95% CI [−0.61,−0.12], p = 0.004). Conclusions: Family‐centred interventions could enhance family caregivers' burden, quality of life, stress and depression but had no significant impact on anxiety or family functioning. Relevance to Clinical Practice: Family‐centred interventions have the potential to improve the health status and caregiving burden of family caregivers. Rigorous and high‐quality evidence is needed to confirm the long‐term effects of these interventions on family caregivers. Trial Registration Details: The protocol has been registered in the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews (Protocol registration ID: CRD42023453607). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Caregivers of children with chronic diseases suffer from great parenting pressure, which directly affects the treatment and rehabilitation of children, reduces the quality of life of caregivers and damages family functioning. Existing reviews have not systematically summarized and evaluated interventions for parenting stress in caregivers of children with chronic diseases. Data Sources: Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, OVID, CNKI, CBM, Wan Fang and Cochrane Library were searched for eligible reviews in November 2021 and October 2022. Methods: Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, reviewed full texts of articles for eligibility, and appraised the quality of reviews using JBI. The quality of the evidence was assessed using GRADE. Findings are reported in accordance with PRISMA checklist. Narrative summaries grouped findings by intervention types. Results: Out of 2632 records, we included 21 systematic reviews for a synthesis. Interventions for parenting stress in children with chronic diseases were divided into seven categories. Cognitive behavioural interventions, psychosocial interventions, child behavioural and/or developmental parent interventions and synthesized interventions have shown high‐level evidence in reducing parenting stress for caregivers of children with chronic diseases. Furthermore, outcome measures and intervention protocols were highly heterogeneous across interventions. Conclusions: This umbrella review suggest that reducing the parenting stress of caregivers of children with chronic diseases can directly target caregivers' parenting stress through cognitive behavioural interventions/psychosocial interventions and/or provide guidance to parents on the behavioural and developmental problems of children with chronic diseases. A more standardized approach to outcome measures is essential to assess efficacy and compare interventions across studies. Relevance to Clinical Practice: The findings provide information and evidence for reducing parenting stress among caregivers of children with chronic diseases to guide the development of comprehensive intervention strategies. Patient or Public Contribution: Patient or public contribution does not apply to this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]